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层层选举的会员制
新奇士合作社是美国十大非营利性供销合作社之一．也是世界上最大的水果蔬菜类合作社．每年销售水果约8000万箱。如今．新奇士合作社拥有长期工作人员300人．临时工500人,成员达6000多个．涵盖了加利福尼亚州和亚利桑那州的大部分果农。对于消费者来说,“新奇士”是一个统一的商标,而对于生产者和销售者来说．各成员是独立的水果生产者和经营者．他们拥有土地的所有权．通过合作社统一组织, 相似文献
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商标法的目的是通过商标的保护来维护商标使用者的商誉，从而保护工业的发展以及消费者的利益。商标是指生产者、加工者以及销售者等用于商业活动中以区分自己产品的任何注册的标志、文字、图形、三维形状以及颜色的组合。 相似文献
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【目的】分析林下经济产品供应体系存在的问题,应用契约理论设计林下经济产品交易决策模式,构建从生产到销售的林下经济供应链,为做大做强林下经济产业提供对策参考。【方法】利用数理统计方法建立1个销售商、多个生产者的二级林下经济产品供应链模型,通过构造市场需求函数,分别计算生产者(林区从事林下经济的职工、群众,简称生产者)和销售商(林区从事林下经济加工、销售的本阜、外阜企业,简称销售商)的期望利润,并对比分析不同交易决策模式下的生产者、销售者利润及系统效率。【结果】1)在分散决策模式下,生产者和销售商均以自身利益为出发点,组成有利于自身的生产、销售体系,致使林下经济产品供销系统整体物流成本高、损耗大,销售市场产品价格高,消费者福利低。2)在集中决策的非共享契约模式下,当生产者全部加入供应链时,供应链整体可获得最大利润,供销系统的物流成本降低,能够为消费者提供最多产品;但随着提供产品数量增多,容易导致消费市场上产品价格下降,引起供应链内部采购价格变化,生产者利润得不到保障,生产者的违约自销意愿增加,供应链不稳定。3)在集中决策的共享契约模式下,通过签订共享契约能够保证单个消费者利润水平,减少生产者违约的可能性;但对生产者的生产行为和违约行为不能监控,销售商利润易受损害。4)在基于惩罚机制的共享契约模式下,通过设定共享系数约束条件,并设立惩罚机制,可以在保证生产者利润的基础上约束生产者行为,保护销售商利润,实现供应链协调管理,从而达到最初设计目标。【结论】1)基于共享契约供应链管理模式可有效改善国有林区职工群众林下经济小农思想、家庭分散经营、抗风险能力弱的低端产业生产格局。2)签订满足约束条件的共享契约是保障林下经济生产者与销售商互利共赢的有效措施。3)完善细化共享契约能保障林下经济产品供应链协调发展。基于研究结果提出4点建议:第一,提高对林下经济产品供应链作用的认识,共同协力组建、管理供应链。第二,设计完善的林下经济产品供应链协调管理操作体系,充分发挥供应链作用。第三,建立政府保障机制,通过监督、管理促进供应链健康发展。第四,充分发挥市场竞争机制,避免垄断现象发生。 相似文献
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“工厂（林场）＋农户”发展用材林基地的调查徐兴发，陈平福（江西省宜黄县林业局３４４４００）“工厂（林场）＋农户”是一种国家、集体、个体等多种所有制成份组合的经营模式。它以市场为导向，以经济合同为制约，将生产者、加工者、销售者和经营者结成地位平等、利益... 相似文献
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安雅 《绿色中国(A版)》2007,(22):86-87
随着适婚单身男女数量的不断增加,一股单身潮悄然来临,随之催生的则是一种新的经济形态--"单身经济".
"单身经济"概念最早是由西方经济学家F.T.McCarthy在2001年《经济学人》上提出的,只是他将"单身经济"定义为"单身女性经济".在F.T.McCarthy眼中,"她们是广告业、出版业、娱乐业和媒体业产品和服务的生产者和消费者.因为独身且收入不菲,她们是最理想的顾客.与其他阶层相比,她们更有花钱的激情和冲动,只要东西够时髦、够奇特,她们就会一掷千金." 相似文献
7.
城市化:解决"三农"问题的有效途径 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
"三农"问题已成为影响内需、制约国民经济健康发展的一个突出问题。对此,政府也提出了一系列的方向性措施,如农业生产结构调整、农业产业化、税费改革等,但难以从根本上解决问题,只有积极稳妥地推进城市化进程、提高我国城市化水平才能从根本上解决"三农"问题。 相似文献
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我国自建计算机情报检索数据库综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
该文介绍了我国自建数据库的分类及现状,旨在向数据库生产者、经销者和用户提供我国自建数据库生产情况,以期更好地发展我国数据产业和把数据库应用提高到一个新水平。作者对我国数据库产业发展提出了建议。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献