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1.
Immunological species differentiation of keratein from hair has previously been demonstrated by the precipitin ring test in tubes (Pillemer et al. 1939) and by the indirect hemagglutination test (Simonsen 1970). In the present study the possibility of species identification of s-carboxymethylkeratein (SGMK) from single hairs was examined. SCMK and rabbit anti-SCMK sera from man, horse, dog and ox were prepared according to methods described by Gillespie (1962) and Simonsen (1970, 1971). Suitable antisera were used for the indirect hemagglutination-inhibition (IHI) test (Stavitsky 1954). The antisera were absorbed with heterologous SCMK and the inhibition test performed using SCMK extracted from 5 cm stretches of hairs by reduction and alkylation in 1 ml fluid volumes. To each vial containing 0.5 ml of antiserum in a serial 2-fold dilution row of the respective antisera was added 0.05 ml of a homologous or a heterologous single-hair SCMK. After incubation at 37 °C for 30 min. SCMK-coated goat erythrocytes were added and the test read after incubation at 20 °C for 18 hrs.  相似文献   

2.
Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were complexed with Aspergillus fumigatus ribosomes. The complexes were used as inocula to prepare antisera, in chickens, for somatic antigen typing by the gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT). Antisera made against 15 of 16 LPS reacted with their respective specific heat-stable antigens in the GDPT and homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test. Antisera could not be made against serotype 15 LPS. Correlation was not observed between intensity of the precipitin reaction in the GDPT and titer to homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test. Most antisera cross-reacted with other heat-stable antigens of other serotypes in the GDPT. Many of these cross-reactions were eliminated by dilution. Cross-reactions that occurred in the GDPT with antisera made against LPS of serotypes 2, 5, 7, and 8 could not be eliminated by dilution.  相似文献   

3.
Antigenic relationship of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype-8 isolates with other serotypes was studied, using tube agglutination, with and without 2-mercaptoethanol, indirect hemagglutination with and without 2-mercaptoethanol, ring precipitation, coagglutination, and immunodiffusion tests. Serotype-8 isolates possessed serotype-specific, group-specific common antigens cross-reactive with serotypes 3 and 6 and species-specific common antigens cross-reactive with other serotypes. Absorption studies were done to study the antigenic relationship of serotype 8 with serotypes 3 and 6. Rabbit antisera against whole-cell (WC) suspensions of reference strains of serotypes 3, 6, and 8 were used for absorption studies with WC and boiled WC suspensions of homologous and heterologous serotypes. Unabsorbed and absorbed sera were tested for antibodies against WC and boiled WC antigen preparations of serotype 8, using various serotests. Absorption studies revealed that serotype-8 strains possessed 2 main types of epitopes, one of which was serotype-specific and did not have cross-reactivity with other serotypes. The second type of epitopes was group specific and was cross-reactive with serotypes 3 and 6.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of some factors on the cell volume of rumen ciliates   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The effect of diluting rumen samples with water and that of formol fixation, on the volume of ophryoscolecid rumen ciliates, was studied. The dilution with water caused within 2 hrs. the ciliates to swell to an average of 60 % (15.4–107.3). During 15 days of formol fixation, the shrinkage was on an average 10 % (0.0–19.8) of the original volume.When the thickness of the cells was conceived equal to the width, volumes 35–77 % too large were obtained.The influence of these sources of error on calculations of rumen fauna volumes is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
The elimination of intravenously administered I131-labelled bovine serum albumin has been compared to the elimination rate of relabelled homologous serum albumin in normal and bled dogs, which had lost considerable blood volumes. The investigation shows that during the first four to five days after the administration the elimination is similar of heterologous and homologous serum albumin. This proves that bovine serum albumin can be regarded to be an equivalent plasma expander to homologous serum albumin in the dog. Elimination of homologous as well as heterologous serum albumin follows a simple exponential curve during four to five days after administration. The intravascular half-lives for homologous serum albumin were 6.4 ±1.5 days and 6.4 ± 0.6 days respectively in control and bled dogs. Corresponding values for heterologous (bovine) serum albumin were 5.0 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 0.4 days respectively.The quote for cencentrations of homologous and heterologous serum albumin in different tissues was found to be relatively constant approximately 1.4. An exception was the stomach wall in bled dogs which had a quote of 1.1 only.  相似文献   

6.
Detection of duck plague virus by reverse passive hemagglutination test   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
A reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA) test was developed to detect duck plague virus (DPV). The technique used sheep erythrocytes stabilized with formaldehyde and pyruvaldehyde and coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) containing anti-DPV antibody prepared from antiserum produced in sheep. Optimum coating of stabilized erythrocytes occurred at 25 C and pH 4.0 with a concentration of IgG of 20-40 micrograms/ml and a 90-min incubation period. The coated cells were stable for 40 days when stored at 4 C or for at least 4 months (the longest period tested) when frozen at -70 C or -196 C. The RPHA test was conducted at 25 C and read after 3 hours. The high specificity of the test is indicated by the absence of cross-reactions with heterologous virus strains, with specimens prepared from normal duck livers, and with normal chicken embryo chorioallantoic fluid, as well as by the inhibition of hemagglutination only with DPV antiserum. The RPHA test detected six strains of DPV in all virus-containing specimens as well as the immunofluorescence (IF) test did; however, conventional plaque assays (PA) failed to detect virus in five specimens that contained three non-plaque-forming strains of DPV. The mean quantity of DPV that could be detected in the RPHA test was 25 plaque-forming units or 65 fluorescent units per ml. Although the RPHA test was less sensitive than either the PA or the IF test, there was a positive correlation in the titers of DPV antigens between all three tests. The RPHA test is a rapid, simple procedure that is sufficiently sensitive for diagnostic detection of DPV in acute infections, especially in tissues of ducks dying of the disease.  相似文献   

7.
The present study characterized the homologous and heterologous immune response in type-I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Two experiments were conducted: in experiment 1, eight pigs were inoculated with PRRSV strain 3262 and 84 days post-inoculation (dpi) they were challenged with either strain 3262 or strain 3267 and followed for the next 14 days (98 dpi). In experiment 2, eight pigs were inoculated with strain 3267 and challenged at 84 dpi as above. Clinical course, viremia, humoral response (neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, NA) and virus-specific IFN-γ responses (ELISPOT) were evaluated all throughout the study. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TGF-β were determined (ELISA) after the second challenge. In experiment 1 primo-inoculation with strain 3262 induced viremia of ≤ 28 days, low titres of homologous NA but strong IFN-γ responses. In contrast, strain 3267 induced longer viremias (up to 56 days), higher NA titres (≤ 6 log2) and lower IFN-γ responses. Inoculation with 3267 produced higher serum IL-8 levels. After the re-challenge at 84 dpi, pigs in experiment 1 developed mostly a one week viremia regardless of the strain used. In experiment 2, neither the homologous nor the heterologous challenge resulted in detectable viremia although PRRSV was present in tonsils of some animals. Homologous re-inoculation with 3267 produced elevated TGF-β levels in serum for 7–14 days but this did not occur with the heterologous re-inoculation. In conclusion, inoculation with different PRRSV strains result in different virological and immunological outcomes and in different degrees of homologous and heterologous protection.  相似文献   

8.
Reduced and iodoacetate alkylated keratin, S-carboxymethyl-kerateine (SCMK), may be separated in components differing in molecular weight and sulphur content (Gillespie et al. 1962). Species differentiation could be accomplished by moving boundary electrophoresis of high-sulphur kerateines, 1.55-1.65 (Gillespie 1963, Gillespie & Inglis 1965). Shechter et al. (1969) observed species differences in the acrylamide electrophero-grams of low-sulphur kerateines, mol. w. 45,000-50,000.  相似文献   

9.
Rabbit antisera prepared against the Massachusetts 41 (M41) strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and absorbed with chick embryo immunoabsorbent produced multiple precipitin lines in immunodouble-diffusion (IDD) tests with homologous or heterologous strains of virus. These precipitin lines were all removed by absorption with concentrated M41 virus preparations, but repeated absorption with concentrated, purified preparations of IBV strains: T, Holte, Connecticut, Beaudette or H120 failed to remove all precipitin lines produced to M41 virus, although all those to the heterologous viruses were removed. The remaining line(s) produced with M41 virus by sera absorbed with different heterologous viruses showed identity in IDD tests and was associated with the surface projections of the virus.  相似文献   

10.
The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a reservoir for tuberculosis (TB) in which vaccination is a valuable tool for control. We evaluated the protection and immune response achieved by homologous and heterologous regimes administering BCG and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (IV). Twenty-one wild boar piglets were randomly allocated in five groups: Control, homologous BCG, homologous IV, heterologous IV-BCG, heterologous BCG-IV. Significant 67% and 66% total lesion score reductions were detected in homologous IV (IVx2) and heterologous IV-BCG groups when compared with Control group (F4,16 = 6.393, p = 0.003; Bonferroni Control vs IVx2 p = 0.026, Tukey Control vs IV-BCG p = 0.021). No significant differences were found for homologous BCG (although a 48% reduction in total lesion score was recorded) and BCG-IV (3% reduction). Heterologous regimes did not improve protection over homologous regimes in the wild boar model and showed variable results from no protection to similar protection as homologous regimes. Therefore, homologous regimes remain the best option to vaccinate wild boar against TB. Moreover, vaccine sequence dramatically influenced the outcome underlining the relevance of studying the effects of prior sensitization in the outcome of vaccination.  相似文献   

11.
Nineteen antisera produced in pigs against 14 enteropathogenic and five nonenterotoxigenic porcine strains of Escherichia coli were tested for their ability to inhibit gut loop fluid accumulation induced by homologous and heterologous organisms. In addition, four antisera produced in pigs by an intensive series of intravenous inoculations and three by a less intensive series of intramuscular injections of a polyvalent E. coli vaccine were evaluated. Antisera were also produced in rabbits against eight strains of porcine enteropathogens and tested in pig gut loops. Fluid inhibiting activity was detected in prevaccinal sera of pigs but not of rabbits. This activity was significantly increased following immunization. When single strains of E. coli were used for immunization the activity of the antisera against heterologous organisms varied considerably from one test strain to another and was usually much less than that against the homologous organism. The activity against heterologous organisms could not be associated with relatedness of the O, K and H antigens of the vaccine and the test strains. Antisera produced against a vaccine made by combining three strains were shown to exert inhibitory effects on heterologous organisms similar to those against homologous organisms. Considerably less activity against homologous and heterologous organisms was present in antisera produced by the series of intramuscular compared with the series of intravenous injections.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Rabbit antisera against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) produced by two immunization procedures were compared for neutralization and immunochemical properties against homologous and heterologous strains. The VHSV isolate used as the immunogen was a member of a serogroup not neutralized by previously available antisera. The results from this study suggested that frequent intravenous (IV) injections of rabbits with viral antigens were superior to adjuvant-mediated, combined subcutaneous and intraperitoneal (SC/IP) injections for the production of neutralizing antisera. All IV injected rabbits produced high neutralization titers against the homologous VHSV isolate but not against an isolate from a different serogroup. The SC/IP injected rabbits had no significant neutralization titers against either the homologous VHSV strain or two isolates of a heterologous VHSV strain. Sera from all injected rabbits reacted in indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assays with either strain; however, the SC/IP injected rabbits produced higher titers against the heterologous VHSV strain by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). By Western blotting, neutralizing antisera primarily stained the viral glycoprotein (G) whereas the nonneutralizing sera stained all the viral structural proteins equally well. Our results demonstrate that immunization procedures to produce antisera against VHSV in rabbits determine whether the resultant antibodies will have primarily neutralizing or binding capabilities.  相似文献   

13.
The present investigations were carried out in order to study the disappearance rate in reindeer of famphur (0,O-dimethyl-O,p-(NtN-di-methylsulphamoyl) phenyl phosphorothioate), a promising systemic parasiticide for the control of reindeer warble and nostril flies.The compound was administered intramuscularly to reindeer as a single dose (in the form of the preparation Warbcx). At a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (2 animals) famphur caused inhibition of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activities by about 50 %. The plasma esterase activity fell off rapidly, within 24 hrs., and returned to normal within 3 weeks, whereas the erythrocyte esterase activity decreased gradually and remained low for at least 4 weeks after dosing.Peak plasma levels of fampliiir, varying between 1 and 16 p.p.m., were attained within 5–33 hrs., after a dose of 30 mg famphur per kg body weight (7 reindeer). The plasma levels declined to below 0.02 p.p.m. in 72–96 hrs. Famoxon, the oxygen analogue of famphur, was observed for 1–2 days in plasma at low levels, amounting to about 10 % of the corresponding famphur levels. In erythrocytes practically no residues were found of either compound.Tissue residue levels were low — except at the injection site. In a series of animals given a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight and killed at varying times after treatment famphur or famoxon were detectable in liver for 4.5 days and in kidney and skeletal muscle remote from the injection site for 12 days. In muscle tissue from the injection site highly variable residue levels were observed, indicating absorption from the intramuscular depot to be erratic.The experimental results suggest that no appreciable consumer hazard would arise from a proposed single-dose intramuscular treatment of reindeer with famphur at a dosage not exceeding 30 mg/kg body weight, provided a minimum interval of 3 weeks is maintained between treatment and slaughter and the muscle tissue around the injection site is discarded.  相似文献   

14.
Geographically separate United States isolates of Anaplasma marginale were differentiated, using polyclonal bovine antiserum and microfluorometry. Both isolate-common and restricted antigen-specific antibodies were apparent in sera of splenectomized calves after resolution of infection, as judged by the capability of the antisera to recognize heterologous isolate antigens to a lesser extent than homologous antigens. Furthermore, absorption of the antisera with homologous antigens removed homologous and heterologous reactions, whereas heterologous absorptions resulted in the capability to discriminate the tailed or appendage-associated isolates (Virginia and Washington) from the tail-less isolate (Florida).  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of antisera against cyanogen bromide-cleaved pili from 4 strains of Moraxella bovis to react with whole or nondenatured pili. SAMPLE POPULATION: Antisera to 4 strains of M. bovis produced by New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURE: Pili from 4 strains of M. bovis were collected and purified. Pilus proteins (pilin) were cleaved, using cyanogen bromide. Whole pilus and cyanogen bromide-cleaved pilin were injected into rabbits. Antisera were serially diluted, reacted with 4 strains of M. bovis, and examined by immunoelectron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Antisera to whole pili aggregated and distorted pili from homologous strains, but pili from heterologous strains were unaffected. Antisera to cleaved pilin fragments resulted in partial aggregation and thickening of homologous and heterologous pili, suggestive of heterospecific antibodies. Attachment of antibodies to pili was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, indicating a strong reaction of antisera to whole pili with homologous pili. Weak cross-reactions were evident with certain heterologous strains. In contrast, antisera to cleaved pilin fragments reacted strongly with pili from homologous and heterologous strains. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: We detected shared antigenic determinants on pili from various strains of M. bovis that were not immunogenic in intact pili. These sites were immunogenic after cleavage of pilus protein with cyanogen bromide, and antisera produced to protein fragments reacted with whole pili from heterologous strains of the organism. Vaccines produced from cyanogen bromide-treated pili may induce broader immunity against infectious bovine keratoconjuctivitis than that provided by currently available vaccines.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of intrauterine iodine infusion on estrous cycle length was studied in four cows. The infusions were performed at various times of the estrous cycle: early, middle, late, and during luteolysis. Blood samples were drawn every third hour from the jugular vein. Progesterone and 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2α (the main metabolite of PGF2α) were measured to monitor luteal activity and prostaglandin release. No release of prostaglandins was observed immediately following intrauterine infusion. Infusion in two cows on day 5 of the estrous cycle resulted in prostaglandin release after 54 and 69 hrs., respectively, followed by luteal regression and the occurrence of estrus at approx. five days after infusion. Infusions performed on days 11 or 12 resulted in prostaglandin release after 147 and 120 hrs., respectively, followed by luteolysis and heat after a 19 day estrous cycle. Infusion in two cows at days 16 and 17 resulted in prostaglandin release after 117 hrs. in both animals. One cycle was prolonged whereas the other cycle was normal in duration. One cow infused on day 20 following the occurrence of the first prostaglandin surge had a cycle length of 26 days, whereas another cow infused on day 20 was not affected because luteolysis was essentially complete by the time of infusion. One animal infused on day 5 did not respond to the iodine infusion. In this animal, however, the corpus luteum was not completely developed prior to the infusion.From this study it can be concluded: 1) intrauterine iodine infusions performed after the development of a progesterone secreting corpus luteum result in prostaglandin release within three to six days with the subsequent occurrence of luteolysis; 2) luteolysis wras in all cases observed in connection with prostaglandin F2α release of the same order of magnitude and duration as during normal luteolysis. kw|Keywords|k]prostaglandin release; k]progesterone; k]cow; k]es trous cycle; k]iodine infusion  相似文献   

17.
This study has tested the effect of using homologous or heterologous equine influenza A virus isolates to evaluate serum antibody levels to influenza A virus in vaccinated and naturally-infected horses. In addition, the potential effect of antigenic selection of virus variants in egg versus tissue culture propagation systems was studied. Serum antibody levels in samples from horses recently infected with a local influenza A virus isolate (A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90) or recently vaccinated with a prototype isolate (A/equine 2/Miami/1/63) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and by single radial hemolysis using cell or egg-propagated A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90, A/equine 2/Miami/1/63 or A/equine 2/Fontainebleau/1/79. There were no significant differences in hemagglutination inhibition or single radial hemolysis antibody levels obtained with homologous or heterologous isolates or between viruses propagated in either eggs or cell culture. However there was a trend to higher titers in the hemagglutination inhibition assay when cell-propagated virus was used. These results suggest that antigenic variation in equine influenza A virus isolates and host-cell selection of antigenic variants during virus propagation may not be of sufficient magnitude to influence serological evaluation of antibody responses by hemagglutination inhibition or single radial hemolysis.  相似文献   

18.
In order to identify those bacterial antigens which might be involved in immunity against ovine footrot, antisera were raised in sheep to 6 proteins in the outer membrane complex (OMC) of one strain of Bacteroides nodosus. Examination of the specificity of these antisera by Western blotting, crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIEP) and IEP, revealed that they recognized the homologous OMC protein, but did not precipitate either undenatured pili or OMC, nor could they agglutinate the homologous bacteria. In contrast, anti-OMC and anti-pili sera could precipitate OMC or pili respectively, and agglutinate whole bacteria. Subsequent analysis of these sera against 5 strains of B. nodosus from different serogroups revealed that Proteins 1, 3 and 4 had a similar antigenic structure in all strains examined. The reactivity of anti-pili sera was restricted to homologous bacteria whereas anti-pilin sera (raised against denatured pili) also reacted with pilin from 2 of 3 heterologous strains. However, none of the patterns of staining or absorption of any of these sera matched the spectrum of cross-protection afforded by vaccination of sheep with B. nodosus strain 198 cells. The results question the role of individual OMC proteins in cross-protective immunity and may imply that interactions between several bacterial components are involved in the phenomenon.  相似文献   

19.
Moraxella bovis pilus proteins, collected and purified from four strains of M. bovis, were cleaved with cyanogen bromide. Two major fragments were produced. Antisera were produced in rabbits to the pilin protein fragments and to whole uncleaved pili from these strains. Immunoblots of whole and cyanogen bromide-cleaved pilin were reacted with the homologous and heterologous antisera to whole pili and cleaved pilin. Antisera to whole pili reacted strongly with homologous pilin. Weaker and inconsistent reactions were detected with heterologous pilin. Antisera produced to cyanogen bromide-cleaved pilin proteins reacted strongly with homologous and heterologous pilin fragments and uncleaved pilin proteins. These findings demonstrate the presence of conserved antigenic determinants on pili from heterologous strains that are non-immunogenic in the intact pilus but are immunogenic after treatment with cyanogen bromide. Cyanogen bromide-treated pilus preparation might have potential as a vaccine because antibodies are induced against heterologous strains of M. bovis, whether these cross-reactive antibodies are protective remains to be determined.  相似文献   

20.
Hydatid cyst fluid from Echinococcus granulosus (HCF) and cyst fluid from Taenia hydatigena (TCF) cysts were compared in reciprocal immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) tests using homologous and heterologous antisera which were free of antibodies to host serum contaminants. The antigens for the E granulosus arc 5 were demonstrated in TCF. Antibody activity to these and other antigens common to HCF and TCF was removed from homologous antisera by absorptions with the heterologous antigenic preparation. Antigens not shared by the two metacestodes fluids were then demonstrated by IEP tests. These findings are discussed in terms of their significance to phylogenetic and immunodiagnostic studies of these parasites in their immediate hosts.  相似文献   

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