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1.
Background
Earthworms are considered as an appropriate test system to assess the bioaccumulation potential of substances in the terrestrial environment. For regulatory purposes test methods were developed and incorporated in the validation process. A test design that is particularly suited for testing 14C-labelled substances will be described here. This design was adapted from an established degradation test system for bioaccumulation tests with earthworms in soil. The antibiotic sulfadiazine was used as test substance in this study. Due to the biological activity and the widespread entering into soil by manure application, veterinary medicines have become the target of ecotoxicological risk assessment. A German research group provided the soil samples mixed with liquid pig manure, which contained the 14C-labelled test substance after having passed through the gut of animals. This exposure pathway reflects the real environmental conditions. Therefore, sulfadiazine was tested even though a significant bioaccumulation potential was not expected to be detected owing to its chemical properties. 相似文献2.
Fangfang Sun Yuanwen Kuang Dazhi Wen Zhihong Xu Jianli Li Weidong Zuo Enqing Hou 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(8):1453-1465
Purpose
We aimed to investigate long-term tree growth rates, water use efficiencies (WUE), and tree ring nitrogen (N) isotope compositions (δ15N) of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) in response to global climate change and local N deposition in Southern China. 相似文献3.
Patricia G. Cardoso Eduarda Pereira Tiago F. Grilo Armando C. Duarte Miguel A. Pardal 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(1):421-428
Mercury bioaccumulation kinetics of two important macrobenthic species, the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the bivalve Scrobicularia plana, were evaluated following a dietary pathway (i.e. contaminated algae), through a mesocosm laboratory experiment. Both studied
species presented a similar model of Hg bioaccumulation kinetics, a linear pattern of accumulation through time being the
mercury accumulation in the organisms proportional to the mercury concentration in the food. Mercury bioaccumulation rates
were higher in the polychaete H. diversicolor (reaching approximately 0.15 μg g−1 at the end of the experiment) than in the bivalve S. plana (≈0.07 μg g−1), which could be related to their feeding strategies, ingestion rates and assimilation efficiencies. Moreover, the mercury
bioaccumulation revealed to be quite a fast process especially for the polychaete, and despite the fact that this species
is not an edible organism, it is an important prey item, which can greatly contribute to the transport of contaminants to
higher trophic levels. Therefore, the bioaccumulation of mercury by these important macrobenthic species, especially the bivalves,
represents a non-negligible risk for humans. 相似文献
4.
Yuanwen Kuang Fangfang Sun Dazhi Wen Zhihong Xu Longbin Huang Jiong Li 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(4):589-595
Purpose
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition remains globally and regionally a significant N source in forest ecosystems, with intensive industrial activities. Stable N isotope ratio (δ15N) is a useful indicator widely adopted to assess environmental and ecological impacts of anthropogenic N inputs. On the basis of temporal changes in tree ring δ15N established recently, the present study investigated the influence of N deposition on δ15N in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) and forest soil along an urban–rural gradient in the Pearl River Delta of south China. 相似文献5.
In this study, the effects of 1 h aeration, nitrogen gas N2(g) sparging (15 and 30 min) and increasing ferric ions (Fe+3) as FeSO4 (10, 20 and 50 mg L−1) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (1, 2 and 4 g L−1) concentrations on three less hydrophobic and three more hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxicity
removals from a petrochemical industry in Izmir (Turkey) were investigated in a sonicator with a power of 650 W and an ultrasound
frequency of 35 kHz; 1 h aeration increased the yields in benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene PAHs (less hydrophobic) from 62% to 67% to around 95–97% after 150 min sonication at 60°C. However, 1 h aeration did
not contribute to the yields of more hydrophobic PAHs (indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene). The maximum yields were obtained at acidic and alkaline pH for more and less hydrophobic PAHs, respectively, after
60 and 120 min sonication at 30°C; 30 min N2(g) sparging, 50 mg L−1 Fe+3 increased the yields of less hydropobic PAHs after 150 min sonication at 60°C. Two milligrams per liter of Fe3O4 nanoparticles increased both less (87–88%) and more (96–98%) hydrophobic PAH yields. The Daphnia magna acute toxicity test showed that the toxicity decreased significantly with an hour aeration, 30 min N2(g) sparging, 50 mg L−1 Fe+3 and 2 g L−1 Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 60°C after 120 and 150 min sonications. Vibrio fischeri was found to be more resistant to the sonicated samples than D. magna. Significant correlations were found between the physicochemical properties of sonicated PAHs and acute toxicities both organisms. 相似文献
6.
Background
In arid and semiarid countries, grain yield of maize is increasingly impaired by soil salinity. Beside soil amelioration, the development of salt-resistant cultivars is a possibility to enhance crop yield on salt-affected soils.Aims
This study aimed at testing yield performance in the field of salt-resistant maize hybrids on a salt-affected soil. In addition, planting density was optimized under the saline conditions.Methods
Four salt-resistant maize hybrids (Zea mays L. SR-05, SR-12, SR-15, and SR-16) were grown under control (EC = 2.0–2.5 dS m−1) and saline (EC = 10.0–12.0 dS m−1) field conditions and compared to the salt-sensitive maize cv. Pioneer-3906. Planting density (5, 8, or 11 plants m−2) was optimized for saline soil conditions for SR-12 and the local hybrid EV-78.Results
Yield of Pioneer-3906 was significantly reduced under salinity because of inhibited kernel setting, whereas the SR hybrids showed no decrease in grain yield. Based on grain yield, the optimum planting density was 8 plants m−2 with no further increase with 11 plants m−2. In contrast to SR-12, for cv. EV-78 no increase of harvest index with 8 relative to 5 plants m−2 was observed.Conclusions
Vegetative growth of Pioneer-3906 and the SR hybrids was decreased due to Phase-I effects but neither due to water deficiency nor ion toxicity. The experiment corroborated the salt resistance of the SR hybrids under field conditions. Under saline conditions, optimum planting density of salt-resistant cultivars may be higher than under nonsaline conditions when sufficient water supply by artificial irrigation is guaranteed. 相似文献7.
Background
In practical farming, there is often a need for short-term availability of information on the soil nutrient status.Aims
To develop a new express method for the extraction of major plant-available nutrients and measurement of soil nutrients. In future, this method shall serve for in-field measurements of soil samples with an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET).Methods
Various extraction conditions such as type of extractant, soil-to-solution ratio, time, and intensity were investigated on a broad selection of dried soil samples in the laboratory. Based on 83 field-moist soil samples with varying clay contents, these conditions were compared to standard laboratory methods.Results
With increasing extraction time, the nutrient concentrations increased. When the soil-to-solution ratio was reduced, a greater share of nutrients was extracted, independent of soil type. H2O and 0.01 M CaCl2 and standard calcium-acetate-lactate (CAL) solution proved to be too weak in the short period to reach the ISFET sensor measurement range. Higher concentrated CAL solutions performed much better. Finally, a 5-min CaCl2 extraction followed by the removal of an aliquot for the determination of soil pH and NO3− was found to be effective. The remaining solution was then mixed with 0.20 M CAL solution for the analysis of H2PO4− and K+ at 10 min of extra extraction time. This extraction method showed very good correlations with the values based on the German laboratory reference methods for pH (R2 = 0.91) and for nitrate (R2 = 0.95). For phosphorus and potassium, we obtained an R2 of 0.70 and 0.81, respectively, for all soils. When soils were grouped according to clay content higher correlations were found.Conclusions
A new express method based on a wet-chemical approach with a soil preparation procedure was successfully developed and validated. This seems to be a valuable basis for future in-field measurements via ISFET. 相似文献8.
Wei Zhao Qing Qing Wang Fan Liu Guo Hong Qiu Wen Feng Tan Xiong Han Feng 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(5):870-878
Purpose
Lead contamination is ubiquitous, and much attention has been paid due to its toxicity. The phyllomanganate birnessite is the most common Mn oxide in soils. The MnO6 octahedral layers may have significant Mn vacancies in the hexagonal birnessites. Among heavy metal ions, birnessites possess the greatest adsorption affinity and capacity for Pb2+. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between vacant Mn octahedral sites and Pb2+ adsorption. 相似文献9.
Björn Kemmann Thorsten Ruf Reinhard Well Christoph Emmerling Roland Fuß 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2023,186(1):79-94
Background
The sustainability of bioenergy is strongly affected by direct field-derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and indirect emissions form land-use change. Marginal land in low mountain ranges is suitable for feedstock production due to small impact on indirect land-use change. However, these sites are vulnerable to high N2O emissions because of their fine soil texture and hydrology.Aims
The perennial cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) might outperform silage maize (Zea mays L.) on cold, wet low mountain ranges sites regarding yield and ecosystem services. The aim of this study was to assess whether the cultivation of cup plant also provides GHG mitigation potential compared to the cultivation of maize.Methods
A t-year field experiment was conducted in a low mountain range region in western Germany to compare area and yield-scaled GHG emissions from cup plant and maize fields. GHG emissions were quantified using the closed chamber method.Results
Cup plant fields emitted an average of 3.6 ± 4.3 kg N2O-N ha–1 year–1 (–85%) less than maize fields. This corresponded to 74.0 ± 94.1 g CO2-eq kWh–1 (–78%) less emissions per produced electrical power. However, cup plant had a significantly lower productivity per hectare (–34%) and per unit of applied nitrogen (–32%) than maize.Conclusion
Cup plant as a feedstock reduces direct field-derived GHG emissions compared to maize but, due to lower yields cup plant, likely increases emissions associated with land-use changes. Therefore, the increased sustainability of bioenergy from biogas by replacing maize with cup plant is heavily dependent on the performance of maize at these sites and on the ecosystem services of cup plant in addition to GHG savings. 相似文献10.
Philipp Egeler Daniel Gilberg Guido Fink Karen Duis 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(3):368-376
Purpose
Previous studies have shown that ivermectin, a widely used parasiticide, is very toxic to many non-target invertebrate species. In view of the strong binding of ivermectin to sediments and the scarcity of data on chronic toxicity to freshwater sediment invertebrates, chronic effects of the parasiticide on the midge Chironomus riparius and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus were investigated. 相似文献11.
Verónica González María Díez-Ortiz Mariano Simón Cornelis A. M. van Gestel 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(7):1199-1208
Purpose
A contaminated soil was amended to reduce bioavailability of metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and to modify its potential environmental impacts. Reproduction toxicity tests using two different soil invertebrates, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida, were used to evaluate efficiency of soil amendments to reduce metal availability. 相似文献12.
Hongbo He Huijie Lü Wei Zhang Songmei Hou Xudong Zhang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(5):731-740
Purpose
Amino acids are highly associated with biogeochemical cycling and represent an important potential source and sink of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in terrestrial ecosystems. Tracing the isotope dynamics of amino acids can improve the understanding of the origin and transformation of amino acids in soil matrix at process-levels; hence, the liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric (LC/MS) method to evaluate 13C or 15N enrichment in amino acids is necessary to be established. 相似文献13.
Qiu-Fang Zhang Jing-Jing Peng Qian Chen Xiao-Fang Li Chun-Yan Xu Hong-Bing Yin Shen Yu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(6):1020-1031
Purpose
Spartina alterniflora widely invades coastal wetland in China and might change nitrification in sediment. Both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are involved in nitrification in this environment. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of S. alterniflora invasion on abundance and composition of AOA and AOB. 相似文献14.
The bioaccumulation of Cd in rice grains in paddy soils as affected and predicted by soil properties 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Xinxin Ye Hongying Li Yibing Ma Liang Wu Bo Sun 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(8):1407-1416
Purpose
The area of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil in China is increasing due to the rapid development of the Chinese economy. To ensure that the rice produced in China meets current food safety and quality standards, the current soil quality standards for paddy soils urgently need to be updated.Materials and methods
We conducted a pot experiment with 19 representative paddy soils from different parts of China to study the effects of soil properties on bioaccumulation of Cd in rice grains. The experiment included a control, a low treatment concentration (0.3 mg kg–1 for pH?<?6.5 and 0.6 mg kg–1 for pH?≥?6.5), and a high treatment concentration (0.6 mg kg–1 for pH?<?6.5 and 1.2 mg kg–1 for pH?≥?6.5) of Cd salt added to soils.Results and discussion
The results showed that the Cd content in grains of the control and low and high Cd treatments ranged from 0.021 to 0.14, 0.07 to 0.27, and 0.12 to 0.33 mg kg–1, respectively. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that soil pH and organic carbon (OC) content could explain over 60 % of the variance in the (log-transformed) bioaccumulation coefficient (BCF) of Cd in grains across soils. Aggregated boosted trees analysis showed that soil pH and OC were the main factors controlling Cd bioavailability in paddy soils. Validation of the models against data from recent literature indicated that they were able to accurately predict the BCF in paddy soils.Conclusions
These quantitative relationships between the BCF of Cd in grains and soil properties are helpful for developing soil-specific guidance on Cd safety threshold value for paddy soils. 相似文献15.
Nathalie J. A. Curlevski Zhihong Xu Ian C. Anderson John W. G. Cairney 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(7):1278-1288
Purpose
Commercial monoculture plantations of the native Australian Araucaria cunninghamii are common in subtropical and tropical Queensland and are generally established following clearing of native mixed forest. The consequences of such forest conversion for soil fungal communities, however, have not been assessed in detail. 相似文献16.
Lien T. H. Nguyen Michiel B. Vandegehuchte Harm G. van der Geest Colin R. Janssen 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(5):749-757
Purpose
The mayfly Ephoron virgo plays a key role in the ecological recovery in large European rivers. The larvae spend their life in the sediment and are therefore exposed to contaminants in various ways. In this study, the use of E. virgo as a test species for whole sediment bioassays was evaluated. The sensitivity was compared with Hexagenia limbata (a North American mayfly recommended for standard sediment testing). Lead (Pb) was used as a model contaminant. 相似文献17.
Yu-Xin Ba Zheng-Yi Hu Peng Bao Min Qiao Jing Hua Chun-Yan Wu Jian-Zhi Wu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2011,11(7):1209-1220
Purpose
Abiotic dechlorination of organochlorine pollutants seems to occur more efficiently in nature than previously thought. Ferrous (Fe2+) and sulfide (S2−) ions have been shown to be effective dechlorinating reagents. However, little is known about the interactions between Fe2+ and S2− during dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichoro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) in soil, in spite of the fact that these ions co-exist in waterlogged soils. 相似文献18.
Stephen W. Potter Christar Kin Steven J. Hall John E. Sawyer Marshall D. McDaniel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2023,186(4):428-440
Background
Labile carbon (Clabile) limits soil microbial growth and is critical for soil functions like nitrogen (N) immobilization. Most experiments evaluating Clabile additions use laboratory incubations. We need to field-apply Clabile to fully understand its fate and effects on soils, especially at depth, but high cost and logistical difficulties hinder this approach.Aims
Here, we evaluated the impact of adding an in situ pulse of an inexpensive and 13C-depleted source of Clabile—crude glycerol carbon (Cglyc), a by-product from biodiesel production—to agricultural soils under typical crop rotations in Iowa, USA.Methods
We broadcast-applied Cglyc at three rates (0, 216, and 866 kg C ha−1) in autumn after soybean harvest, tracked its fate, and measured its impact on soil C and N dynamics to four depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm). Nineteen days later, we measured Cglyc in microbial biomass carbon (MBC), salt-extractable organic C, and potentially mineralizable C pools. We paired these measurements with nitrate N (NO3−–N) and potential net N mineralization to examine short-term effects on N cycling.Results
Cglyc was found to at least 45-cm depth with the majority in MBC (18%–23% of total Cglyc added). The δ13C values of the other measured C pools were too variable to accurately track the Clabile fate. NO3−–N was decreased by 13%–57% with the 216 and 866 kg C ha−1 rates, respectively, and was strongly related to greater microbial uptake of Cglyc (i.e., immobilization via microbial biomass). Crude glycerol application had minor effects on soil pH—the greatest rate decreased pH 0.18 units compared to the control.Conclusions
Overall, glycerol is an inexpensive and effective way to measure in situ, Clabile dynamics with soil depth—analogous to how mobile, dissolved organic C might behave in soils—and can be applied to rapidly immobilize NO3−–N. 相似文献19.
Haifeng Li Bikram S. Gill Xiue Wang Peidu Chen 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2011,58(5):667-678
The genetic stock Chinese Spring PhI (refer as CS-PhI hereafter) with the Ph
I
gene (Ph gene inhibitor, introduced from a high-pairing accession of Aegilops speltoides) was crossed as a male parent to a Tai-gu genic male-sterile wheat with the Tal gene and backcrossed once to CS-PhI to develop the Tal-PhI genetic stock. The Tal-PhI stock, CS-PhI as well as Chinese Spring (CS), were test-crossed using Aegilops peregrina (syn. Aegilops variabilis) to test the effectiveness of the Ph
I
gene inducing homoeologous chromosome pairing in the Tal-PhI stock. At meiotic I(MI) of pollen mother cells (PMCs), the average chromosome pairing of the TC1 testcrosses of TalCSPhIC08–4/Ae. peregrina, TalCSPhIC11–5/Ae. peregrina and CS/Ae. peregrina was 26.81 I + 3.64 II + 0.33
+ 0.07 III + 0.01 IV, 24.75 I + 4.58 II + 0.25
+ 0.21 III + 0.07 IV and 32.25 I + 1.38 II, respectively. These data indicated that the Ph
I
gene could promote homoeologous chromosome pairing in the Tai-gu male sterile background. In order to verify the introgression
of the chromatin from Ae. speltoides into CS in the three CS-PhI lines, a total of 79 SSR primers located on group-3 chromosomes were used for PCR analysis using the genomic DNA of CS, Ae. speltoides and the three CS-PhI lines. Two markers Xwmc505
-110
and Xwmc674
-160
amplified S genome-specific fragments from Ae. speltoides in lines PhIC04–13 and PhIC11–5, providing molecular evidence for the introgression of Ae. speltoides-specific chromatin in the two lines. Furthermore, some 3D-specifc SSR markers were missing in line PhIC04–13, indicating there might be a deletion of chromosome 3D in this line. In further experiments, a BC1 population was produced from the cross of Tal-PhI/Triticum durum-Dasypyrum villosum amphiploid (AABBVV)//CS-PhI, and the progenies were further screened for chromosome recombination by GISH analysis. A homozygous translocation line T5VS·5VL-5DL
was identified from the BC1F2 by genomic in
situ hybridization, C-banding and SSR analysis. The results of the present study demonstrate the Tal-PhI is a useful genetic stock for transferring alien genes into common wheat. 相似文献
20.
Kai Wang Zhiqiang Zhu Huagang Huang Tingqiang Li Zhenli He Xiaoe Yang Ashok Alva 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(4):556-564