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1.
Drought is among the most costly natural hazards affecting the United States, averaging $6 to $8 billion annually in damages, primarily in crop losses. Mitigating the impacts of drought through planning and preparedness has the potential to save billions of dollars. We used a new long tree-ring chronology developed from the central U.S. to reconstruct annual drought and characterize past drought duration, frequency, and cycles in the U.S. Corn Belt region during the last millennium. This is the first paleoclimate reconstruction achieved with subfossil oak wood in the U.S. and increases the current dendroclimatic record in the central U.S. agricultural region by over 500 years. A tree ring-width drought response function was calibrated and verified against monthly instrumental Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index (PHDI) during the summer season (JJA). Separate reconstructions tailored to emphasize high-frequency and low-frequency variations indicate that drought conditions over the period of instrumental records (since 1895) do not exhibit the full range of variability, severity, or duration of droughts during the last millennium. For example, three years in the last millennium were drier than 1934, a classic Dust-Bowl year and the driest year of the instrumental period. Thirteen decadal to multidecadal droughts (i.e., ≥10 years) occurred during the last millennium - the longest lasting sixty-one years and centered on the late twelfth century. Reconstructions exhibited quasi-periodicity at bidecadal and century-scale periods. Significant rhythms in drought were identified near 20-yr and 128-yr periods. The tree-ring drought reconstruction shows promise in providing new information about long-term climate variability in the agricultural regions that could potentially span multimillennia. We postulate that tree-ring chronologies (i.e., tree growth), thus far under-utilized in agricultural applications, have the potential to match contributions of instrumental climate data. 相似文献
2.
This analysis presents a conservation planning framework for decisions under uncertainty and applies it to the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Uncertainty arises from variable distributional shifts of species’ ranges due to climate change. The planning framework consists of a two-stage optimization model that selects a nominal conservation area network in the first stage and evaluates its performance under the climate scenarios in the second stage. The model is applied to eleven at-risk species in Alaska including the threatened Spectacled Eider and Steller’s Eider sea ducks and the polar bear. The 109th United States Congress and 2008 federal budget proposed opening for oil and gas development the “1002 Area” of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which intersects the Plain. This analysis finds that, if Arctic Alaska experiences 1.5 °C of warming by 2040 (as predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s A2 scenario), then potential habitat will decrease significantly for eight of these at-risk species, including the polar bear. This analysis also shows that there is synergism between oil and gas development and climate change. For instance, climate change accompanied by no development of the 1002 Area results in an increase of potential habitat for Steller’s Eider. However, if development accompanies climate change, then there is a 20% decrease in that area. Further, this analysis quantifies the tradeoff between development and maintenance of suitable habitat for at-risk species. 相似文献
3.
The Japanese archipelago is a biodiversity hotspot with a unique regional climate influenced by the Asian monsoon circulation, surrounding seas, and complex topography. Japan has numerous mountains and islands, which are potentially vulnerable to climate change. This study evaluated the potential impact of climate change on species diversity in Japan, using 25 conifer tree species as a case study. We applied ensemble models based on generalised additive models, artificial neural networks, generalised boostedmodels, and random forests to species’ locality records at 1 km2 resolution. The results indicated a substantial impact, such that 80% of the species may lose over half of their current climatically suitable areas by 2100. The lower altitudinal range limits were projected to shift upwards by 293 m on average, suggesting that alpine/sub-alpine and sub-boreal species may face widespread local extinctions. The impacts on sub-alpine species may be moderated by assisted migration to the northern island where they currently do not occur. However, climatically suitable areas for these species and sub-boreal species that occur on the island overlapped significantly, indicating that assisted migration may entail the risk of introducing biotic competition or interbreeding. Thus, rugged topography and dispersal barriers between islands are likely to amplify the future impacts of climate change in Japan. Limited areas in the central mountain region were identified as potential bioclimatic refugia, which should be conserved as a priority. 相似文献
4.
为探究河南省旱涝变化规律及其气候驱动因子,利用河南省17个国家基准气象台站1960—2018年逐日降水、气温资料,采用降水和潜在蒸发均一化旱涝指标,对河南省旱涝时空演变特征进行了多尺度、系统性分析。结果表明:(1)近59年河南省旱涝呈振荡性波动且具显著干旱化趋势,1980s偏涝程度最强,1990s中期之后趋于偏旱,而且干旱化趋势在未来将持续增强。季节间旱涝存在明显差异,尤其春季、秋季干旱化趋势最显著,夏季、冬季无显著干旱化趋势。全年、季节旱涝演变普遍存在3～5 a的年际周期变化,秋季还存在7～8 a的周期变化,全年与春、夏、冬季还存在13～14 a的周期性。(2)河南省全年与秋季呈全域性干旱化趋势,尤其以开封、郑州和新乡等黄河沿岸连片区干旱化趋势最为显著,夏季全省无明显旱涝变化趋势,冬春季干旱化趋势呈不同局域性。(3)1990s中期之后河南省极端干旱发生频次快速增多,连片、区域性干旱化趋势显著增强,极端雨涝则显著减少,冬季极端旱涝较少,夏季发生频次最高,全年与季节极端旱涝在空间变化上呈规律性差异分布。(4)1990s中期以来河南省持续性干旱事件的增多增强已成为必然趋势,发生次数、强度、持续时间均远超以往,而持续性雨涝事件则在1990s中期之后显著减少,两者的发生演化基本呈反相同步呼应、此消彼长的特点。河南省旱涝演变呈显著干旱化趋势,且呈全域性干旱化趋势分布特点,极端干旱、持续性干旱事件增多增强已成为必然趋势。 相似文献
5.
利用渭河流域25个气象站点1980−2018年月值气象数据集，基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型计算多个时间尺度的标准化降水蒸散发指数（SPEI），分析渭河流域气象干旱的演变、趋势、影响范围、发生频率和持续时间等时空变化特征，以期为渭河流域防灾减灾管理提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）近39a来渭河流域有明显的干湿周期变化，但整体上呈变干的趋势，干旱时段主要集中在1995−2009年，其中以2000−2009年的干旱站次比最大，平均达到36%，且干旱持续时间最长，约3.6个月，1980−1989年干旱持续时间最短，约1.6个月；（2）渭河流域秋季总体呈湿润变化趋势，而春季和夏季干旱在不断加剧，是区域年际干旱的主要驱动力；（3）渭河流域干旱以危害性较小的轻中旱为主，但2000年前后出现严重及极端干旱的站次相对较多，其中1997年研究区内发生的干旱程度较高，影响范围较广；（4）不同时间尺度各等级干旱发生频率的变化规律表现一致，均呈现出干旱等级越高发生频率越低的态势，且极端干旱在年际尺度内发生次数较为频繁，从空间上看渭河流域东北部是干旱多发区。总之，近39a来渭河流域总体干旱较为严重的时段为2000−2009年，且研究区内干旱呈北重南轻特征，因此北部地区仍需加强防灾管理。 相似文献
6.
山东省干旱时空分布特征及其与ENSO的相关性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于山东省15个气象台站1964—2010年的逐月降水和平均气温资料,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了山东省不同时间尺度干旱发生频率,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和Arcgis软件,对近50年山东省干旱的时空变化趋势进行分析。为了研究厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)对山东省干旱的影响,运用连续小波(CWT)、交叉小波变换(XWT)和小波相干谱(WTC)分析SPEI与ENSO指数(多变量ENSO指数,MEI)的相关关系和周期特征。结果表明:多时间尺度的SPEI值可以较好地反映山东省的干旱情况;不同时间尺度的SPEI值随时间变化的敏感性存在明显差异,时间尺度越小,变化幅度越大。近50年山东地区呈现明显的增暖趋势,其中东部增温最为显著,降水减少和温度升高使山东气候趋于"暖干化",加剧山东省干旱程度。空间变化趋势上,山东省年SPEI和山东省年降水的空间分布具有一致性,总体有西部变湿润、东部变干的趋势。在干旱发生时间尺度上,月尺度干旱发生频率高于年尺度干旱发生频率,四季中春、秋季干旱最为严重。春旱和秋旱以鲁西和鲁西北平原发生频率最高,各地区之间差异明显。ENSO暖事件时,山东易旱;ENSO冷事件时,干旱减少。SPEI存在1~2.5 a尺度的年际振荡周期特征,呈现了与MEI指数相似的变化特征。高能量区,SPEI和MEI存在5~6 a的共振周期,SPEI较MEI提前1~2个月;低能量区,SPEI与MEI存在3~3.8 a呈负相位的共振周期。 相似文献
7.
Víctor Sánchez-Cordero Patricia Illoldi-Rangel Sahotra Sarkar 《Biological conservation》2005,126(4):465-473
Deforestation threatens biodiversity conservation worldwide, but little quantitative information is available on how it affects individual species’ distributions. We modeled potential distributions of 85 continental endemic Mexican mammal species using ecological niche modeling, and produced testable predictions of species’ extant distributions by limiting ecological niches to remnant untransformed habitat based on the Inventario Nacional Forestal 2000. We included point occurrence data for all endemics only from collecting localities prior to 1970, before wide areas of habitat transformation occurred nationwide. Most endemics (61 of 85, 72%) showed a high proportion of transformed habitat (34.5%) at the national level. More than one-fourth of the endemics (23 out of 85, 27%) lost more than 50% of untransformed habitat within their potential distributions; two showed drastic areal loss of more than 90%; another two showed a loss of more than 80%. Only 34 of the endemics are listed as endangered or threatened in the Mexican Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM). No significant association existed between proportional loss and conservation status as assigned in the NOM, nor are correlations significant between original distributional area and area of remnant untransformed habitat. Both findings suggest that geographic location determines extinction risks rather than area per se. Endemics in the state of Veracruz and in the Transvolcanic Belt suffered the most drastic niche reductions and thus appear to be at high extinction risk from further deforestation. 相似文献
8.
Climate and land-use changes are expected to cause many species to shift into or beyond the boundaries of protected areas, leading to large turnover in species composition. Here, we tested whether long-established protected areas in Canada were more robust to such climate change impacts than areas with no formal protection by measuring changes in modeled butterfly species distributions (n = 139) within them. We used a recently established distribution modeling technique, Maxent, to model butterfly species’ distributions in two epochs (1900-1930 and 1960-1990). We compared rates of butterfly species richness and composition change within protected areas against distributions of randomly selected, ecologically similar, but non-protected, areas. Change in species richness and composition within protected areas were, for the most part, the same as changes observed among random areas outside protected area boundaries. These results suggest that existing protected area networks in Canada have provided little buffer against the impacts of climate change on butterfly species richness, possibly because land-use change surrounding long-standing protected areas has not been substantial enough to elevate the habitat protection afforded by these protected areas relative to other areas. Although protected areas are unarguably beneficial in conserving biological diversity, their capacity to maintain habitat appears insufficient to prevent broader-scale climate changes from sweeping species beyond their boundaries. 相似文献
9.
Antoine Fouquet Gentile Francesco Ficetola Neil Gemmell 《Biological conservation》2010,143(6):1375-1384
Leiopelma hochstetteri is an endangered New Zealand frog now confined to isolated populations scattered across the North Island. A better understanding of its past, current and predicted future environmental suitability will contribute to its conservation which is in jeopardy due to human activities, feral predators, disease and climate change. Here we use ecological niche modelling with all known occurrence data (N = 1708) and six determinant environmental variables to elucidate current, pre-human and future environmental suitability of this species. Comparison among independent runs, subfossil records and a clamping method allow validation of models. Many areas identified as currently suitable do not host any known populations. This apparent discrepancy could be explained by several non exclusive hypotheses: the areas have not been adequately surveyed and undiscovered populations still remain, the model is over simplistic; the species’ sensitivity to fragmentation and small population size; biotic interactions; historical events. An additional outcome is that apparently suitable, but frog-less areas could be targeted for future translocations. Surprisingly, pre-human conditions do not differ markedly highlighting the possibility that the range of the species was broadly fragmented before human arrival. Nevertheless, some populations, particularly on the west of the North Island may have disappeared as a result of human mediated habitat modification. Future conditions are marked with higher temperatures, which are predicted to be favourable to the species. However, such virtual gain in suitable range will probably not benefit the species given the highly fragmented nature of existing habitat and the low dispersal ability of this species. 相似文献
10.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(7):1962-1972
Understanding the Mediterranean rangelands degradation trends is a key element of mitigating their vulnerability and enhancing their resilience. Climate change and its inherent effects on mean temperature and the precipitation variability can regulate the magnitude, frequency and duration of droughts and aridity with a profound effect on ecosystem productivity. Here we investigate the effects of climate change to project the development of vegetation in the Mediterranean rangelands by (i) estimating the relative Standardized Precipitation Index and a modification of the United Nations Environment Programme Aridity Index to classify climate variability, and (ii) modelling vegetation response to climate using the Food and Agriculture Organisation crop–water production function. Climate model data are obtained from nine general circulation models under Relative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5 of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. After correcting climate model data for biases, results for two 40‐year future study periods are compared with the baseline period 1961–2000 within a domain that includes the European Mediterranean. We show that a gradual but robust increase of aridity and drought frequency is estimated for most of the Mediterranean region, impacting rangeland vegetation yields. Projected drought and aridity disturbances may well represent permanent shifts to a warmer and more frequently dry status. This alternative stability of climatic pressure lies outside the limits of ecosystem resilience and may indicate that in some cases vegetation will either adapt to the new conditions or be succeeded by more water‐stress tolerant species. Results raise concerns about the fate of the Mediterranean rangelands and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
气候和土地利用变化下黄河流域农业干旱时空演变及驱动机制 总被引：7，自引：7，他引：0
为全面剖析气候和土地利用变化下黄河流域农业干旱时空演变特征及驱动机制,该研究首先构建黄河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,模拟黄河流域水循环过程,基于标准化土壤湿度指数(Standard Soil Moisture Index,SSMI),识别不同干旱等级下的农业干旱历时、强度及干旱事件,分析黄河流域不同分区农业干旱特征值以及干旱事件频率在年季尺度上的演变特征;在此基础上,通过SWAT模型驱动农业干旱模拟方案集,厘定和量化气候和土地利用变化对黄河流域农业干旱的影响贡献率。结果表明:累积时间尺度越大,农业干旱发生的次数越少,但历时越长,农业干旱开始和结束时间多集中于春季和夏季;黄河流域90年代农业干旱最为严峻,尤其上游C区最容易遭受重旱和特旱,农业干旱频率高达70%～90%;气候变化是驱动黄河流域农业干旱发生的主要诱因,贡献率约为50%～90%,而土地利用变化对农业干旱的影响相对较弱,贡献率约为10%～50%。研究结果可为黄河流域制定合理的农业抗灾措施提供参考。 相似文献
12.
基于CMIP6的珠江流域未来干旱时空变化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
干旱是一种严重且长期持续性的自然灾害,对人们的生产和生活具有显著影响。目前的大部分干旱研究将干旱的时间和空间特征进行单独分析,往往忽略了干旱的时空耦合关系。同时,南方湿润区的干旱灾害近年呈现上升趋势,探究气候变化背景下的干旱演变规律成为亟需解决的问题。因此,该研究首先利用CMIP6计算了珠江流域2015-2100年的标准化降水指数 （Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI）,应用游程理论提取干旱特征,并利用旋转经验正交函数（Rotational Empirical Orthogonal Functions,REOF）对珠江流域干湿区进行划分,再分别利用Sen''s斜率、Hurst指数方法和完备总体经验模态分解 （Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise,CEEMDAN）方法对气象干旱指数和干旱特征进行时空耦合特征分析。结果表明：1）根据SPI未来变化趋势,珠江流域未来将呈现更为湿润的状态,不同干湿分区的变化具有一致性且沿海分区的湿润状态更为明显。2）分析不同气候模式下CEEMDAN结果,辐射强迫的增加导致未来珠江流域干旱更为严重,未来珠江流域车旱历时处千0.5～1.8个月,干旱频率处于5.6%～13.9%之间。3）结合干旱特征的CEEMDAN分析结果,珠江流域干旱历时和干旱频率以1.04～1.31 a为主要周期,沿海分区的短周期特征更显著。该研究通过对干旱指数和干旱特征的时空耦合分析,探寻干旱的未来发展规律,为干旱研究提供了一个新的时空耦合分析视角,对干旱监测、预测预报和管理具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
13.
Carlos Carroll 《Biological conservation》2010,143(6):1432-1437
Although well-studied vertebrates such as the Northern Spotted Owl (NSO) are often used as focal species in regional conservation plans, range shifts associated with climate change may compromise this role. I used the Maxent (maximum entropy) method to develop NSO distribution models from data on NSO locations, forest age, and an ensemble of climate projections. NSO presence was positively associated with the proportion of old and mature forest at two spatial scales. Winter precipitation was the most important climate variable, consistent with previous studies suggesting negative effects on survival and recruitment. Model results suggest that initial niche expansion may be followed by a contraction as climate change intensifies, but this prediction is uncertain due to variability in predicted changes in precipitation between climate projections. Although new reserves created by the US Northwest Forest Plan prioritized areas with greater biological importance for the NSO than did pre-existing reserves, the latter areas, which lie predominantly at higher elevations, increase in importance under climate change. In contrast with previous analyses of the region’s localized old-forest-associated species, vegetation rather than climate dominated NSO distribution models. Rigorous assessment of the implications of climate change for focal species requires development of dynamic vegetation models that incorporate effects of competitor species and altered disturbance regimes. The results suggest that, lacking such data, models that combine climate data with current data on habitat factors such as vegetation can inform conservation planning by providing less-biased estimates of potential range shifts than do niche models based on climate variables alone. 相似文献
14.
骤发干旱是近年来全球不同地区频繁发生的极端事件,与缓慢干旱相比,其爆发异常迅速,严重威胁粮食农业安全和生态环境健康。为探究骤发与缓慢干旱的时空特征,该研究基于再分析产品土壤含水率数据,提取中国1979-2018年干旱事件及旱情开始阶段历时,分析骤发干旱与缓慢干旱在发生频次、影响范围上的差异,并以典型干旱事件为例,探讨二者的联系。结果表明:1)总体上,中国干旱事件呈长历时、大范围的发展趋势;2)旱情开始阶段的分析表明,中国南方地区开始历时总体比北方偏短,典型骤旱事件主要集中在内蒙古中东部、西南地区、珠江上游以及长江下游;缓慢干旱则主要集中在西北、新疆地区,并且其覆盖范围在2005年以后增幅明显;3)近10年2场典型干旱事件的时空演变轨迹表明,骤发干旱与缓慢干旱在旱情演进过程中无明显界限,二者既可以独立存在,也可能相伴发生。该研究可为认识干旱形成机理以及旱情监测技术的发展提供参考。 相似文献
15.
Global average surface temperatures have increased rapidly over the last 100 years and there is accumulating evidence that climate change is already causing shifts in species’ distributions. We use extensive abundance data and expected range shifts across altitudinal gradients to predict changes in total population size of rainforest birds of Australian tropical rainforests in response to climate warming. According to our most conservative model scenario, 74% of rainforest birds of north-eastern Australia are predicted to become threatened (including 26 critically endangered species) as a result of projected mid-range warming expected within the next 100 years. Extinction risk varies according to where along the altitudinal gradient a species is currently most abundant. Upland birds are most affected and are likely to be immediately threatened by even small increases in temperature. In contrast, there is a capacity for the population size of lowland species to increase, at least in the short term. We conclude that abundance data collected across climatic gradients will be fundamental to gaining an understanding of population size change associated with climate warming. 相似文献
16.
Soil erosion from sugar beet in Central Europe in response to climate change induced seasonal precipitation variations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study estimates the implications of projected seasonal variations in rainfall quantities caused by climate change for water erosion rates by means of a modeling case study on sugar beet cultivation in the Central European region of Upper-Austria. A modified version of the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion model was used to assess soil losses in one conventional and three conservation tillage systems. The model was employed to a climatic reference scenario (1960–89) and a climate change scenario (2070–99). Data on precipitation changes for the 2070–99 scenario were based on the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario as simulated by the regional climate model HadRM3H. Weather data in daily time-steps, for both scenarios, were generated by the stochastic weather generator LARS WG 3.0. The HadRM3H climate change simulation did not show any significant differences in annual precipitation totals, but strong seasonal shifts of rainfall amounts between 10 and 14% were apparent. This intra-annual precipitation change resulted in a net-decrease of rainfall amounts in erosion sensitive months and an overall increase of rainfall in a period, in which the considered agricultural area proved to be less prone to erosion. The predicted annual average soil losses under climate change declined in all tillage systems by 11 to 24%, which is inside the margins of uncertainty typically attached to climate change impact studies. Annual soil erosion rates in the conventional tillage system exceeded 10 t ha− 1 a− 1 in both climate scenarios. Compared to these unsustainably high soil losses the conservation tillage systems show reduced soil erosion rates by between 49 and 87%. The study highlights the importance of seasonal changes in climatic parameters for the discussion about the impacts of global climate change on future soil erosion rates in Central Europe. The results also indicate the high potential of adaptive land-use management for climate change response strategies in the agricultural sector. 相似文献
17.
利用河西走廊1965-2017年21个气象站点逐日气象数据,基于Penman-Monteith蒸散模型计算不同时间尺度的SPEI,分析河西走廊气象干旱的变化趋势、发生频率和持续时间等时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）近53a来河西走廊月、季、年尺度SPEI均呈显著上升趋势,即干旱有显著减弱趋势,但个别站点干旱持续时间较长,其中武威站在2013年持续时长达到11个月;（2）河西走廊四季均存在变湿趋势,且冬季变湿显著,其中春、夏、秋季干旱呈不稳定变化,而冬季在1989年前后发生突变,由干旱向湿润突变;（3）河西走廊干旱的空间分布具有明显的区域特征,干旱区域主要集中在西北部,湿润区域主要集中在南部;（4）不同时间尺度各等级干旱发生频率的变化规律具有一致性,轻中旱发生频率远高于重特旱,且年、季尺度重特旱发生相对高频区空间分布特征与轻中旱正好相反。总之,近53a来河西走廊干旱呈减弱趋势,有利于当地的农业生产开展和生态环境改善,但该区域气候变化较复杂,需要注意局部干旱情况。 相似文献
18.
近年来台湾西南部地区的干旱缺水事件已由每隔数年出现一次的发生频率，转变为几乎每年发生水资源严重匮乏窘况，换言之，即西南部地区降雨量在时空分布上越来越不平均。本文以台湾西南部地区为主要分析对象，利用灰预测模式，预测未来在气候变迁条件下特定时距内发生干旱的频率，提供不同用水者及早拟定旱灾应变措施以降低灾损。由研究结果得知：发生干旱系以每隔3—5年后重现频率再发生，故有效的水资源规划是必需的；另外，以模式精度检定，无论是平均残差模式精度检定或MAPE，皆显示四点建模预测较为准确，此结论可作为未来不同标的用水者推估的参考。 相似文献
19.
综合气象干旱指数改进及其适用性分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为准确开展区域干旱监测,该研究对综合气象干旱指数(ComprehensiveMeteorologicalDroughtIndex,CI)进行了改进,使其更适用于干旱的长期监测。研究以湖北省区域为典型研究对象,利用高精度气象格网数据以及历史灾情数据,运用游程理论、相关性分析和M-K趋势检验等方法,对几种常用干旱指数的灾害识别能力、干旱演变趋势等进行了分析和比较。结果表明:改进后的综合干旱指数(The Improved Comprehensive Drought Index,CIn)能够识别湖北省的多数历史重大旱灾;CIn与实际的旱灾受灾面积和旱灾成灾面积的相关系数分别达到0.69和0.67,均优于CI指数和SPEI指数;由CIn得到的干旱历时、干旱烈度的空间分布也与文献资料相符合。在湖北省区域内取得的干旱时空演变趋势分析中发现,CIn和SPEI6的M-K测试结果中干旱趋势发生显著变化的面积比例为40.19%和53.99%(P0.05),明显高于CI和SPEI1指数的26.40%和18.93%,表明CIn和SPEI6对长期的气候变化更为敏感,由此说明,在旱灾趋势分析中应选择合适的干旱监测指标。该研究可为区域气象干旱监测的指标选取提供指导和参考。 相似文献
20.
Significant changes in the climates of Central America are expected over the next century. Lowland rainforests harbor high alpha diversity on local scales (<1 km2), yet montane landscapes often support higher beta diversity on 10-100 km2 scales. Climate change will likely disrupt the altitudinal zonation of montane communities that produces such landscape diversity. Projections of biotic response to climate change have often used broad-scale modelling of geographical ranges, but understanding likely impacts on population viability is also necessary for anticipating local and global extinctions. We model species’ abundances and estimate range shifts for birds in the Tilarán Mountains of Costa Rica, asking whether projected changes in temperature and rainfall could be sufficient to imperil high-elevation endemics and whether these variables will likely impact communities similarly. We find that nearly half of 77 forest bird species can be expected to decline in the next century. Almost half of species projected to decline are endemic to Central America, and seven of eight species projected to become locally extinct are endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and Panamá. Logistic-regression modelling of distributions and similarity in projections produced by temperature and rainfall models suggest that changes in both variables will be important. Although these projections are probably conservative because they do not explicitly incorporate biological or climate variable interactions, they provide a starting point for incorporating more realistic biological complexity into community-change models. Prudent conservation planning for tropical mountains should focus on regions with room for altitudinal reorganization of communities comprised of ecological specialists. 相似文献