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1.
The increasing presence of aquaculture in coastal waters calls for a better understanding of its environmental effects. Currently little information is available on the impact of shellfish farms on cetaceans. Here we compare long-term ranging patterns of adult female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. in Shark Bay, Western Australia) before and during full-scale pearl oyster farming operations, to determine if they were displaced. When the exact location of the oyster farm was determined, the dolphins decreased their use of that area after the farm was in place. Tracks of adult female dolphin movement near the oyster farm were compared to tracks of dolphin movement near an ecologically similar area where no oyster farm existed. Tracks near the oyster farm were less likely to enter the oyster farm itself than tracks near an ecologically similar location. This suggests that shellfish aquaculture could have a large impact on small cetaceans. The analytical techniques discussed apply broadly to aquatic and terrestrial animals. 相似文献
2.
Commercial crocodile rearing stations in Rhodesia are described, including regulations which govern their operation. When crocodile eggs are collected from the wild a quota of juveniles equivalent to 5% of the number collected must be released at the age of 3 years. Figures for hatching success and juvenile growth on rearing stations compared with wild populations indicate that both these parameters are better on the rearing stations. The growth rate on a rearing station is twice as fast as in the wild. Data on juvenile survival on the rearing stations suggest that it is of the order of 50% to the age of 3 years. No comparative information is available for wild populations. Survival of station-reared crocodiles after release into the wild is good, although growth slows substantially. Juveniles for release are a valuable tool in management, for restocking suitable areas or supplementation of natural recruitment. Crocodile farms may provide an answer to future management of this species, and a ready source of breeding stock is available in ‘problem’ animals which are relocated rather than shot. Crocodile rearing and farming in developing countries could provide the incentive to maintain a renewable resource rather than to exploit and destroy existing populations. 相似文献
3.
Understanding the factors driving demand for wild meat and its substitutes is crucial for predicting the effects of changing socio-economic conditions on consumption, and managing supplies sustainably. However urban demand for wild meat remains relatively understudied, particularly in West/Central Africa. We use interviews with consumers in households, markets and restaurants and a market survey to examine patterns of consumption of bushmeat, domestic meat and fish in Bata, Equatorial Guinea, a country currently undergoing a period of strong economic and population growth. Consumers make a much clearer distinction between fresh and frozen foods than between bushmeat, domestic meat and fish. Fresh foods are greatly preferred over frozen but are more expensive and less consumed. Consumption of all fresh foods increases with income. Controlling for income, native Equatoguineans consume more bushmeat than other nationalities, while of the two dominant Equatoguinean tribes, the continental Fang consume more bushmeat than the coastal Ndowe. Our findings indicate that increasing wealth of a growing urban population will greatly increase future demand for all fresh foods, including bushmeat. There is no evidence of a luxury bushmeat market based on rare species, thus controlled demand for bushmeat could be met from common, highly productive species that are relatively robust to exploitation. Improving the supply of under-developed commodities, particularly domestic livestock, could also offset demand for bushmeat. 相似文献
4.
Martina Kasper Bernhard Freyer Kurt‐Jürgen Hülsbergen Harald Schmid Jürgen Kurt Friedel 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2015,178(1):25-34
The importance of the soil humus content is indisputable. Soil humus plays an important role in preserving soil fertility and exerts great influence on plant production and yield potential. However, proofing that management‐related changes in the stock of soil organic matter (SOM) have taken place against the background of spatial and temporal variation is a difficult task. In most cases, sampling over a long period of time is needed to verify these changes. Alternatively, potential changes in the SOM stock can be estimated using humus balancing models, which help to identify the need for humus reproduction on a farm. In general, a humus balance is the difference between the humus demand of cultivated crops and humus supply through crops and organic fertilizers. In this study, the ‘Dynamic Humus Unit Method' within the modelling program REPRO was applied to calculate the humus balance for 29 model‐farms that are representative of most of the agricultural production in Austria. Each model‐farm represents a specific production type (PT) and farming system in a defined region or main production area (MPA). This approach gives an overview of the humus balances at a large scale and allows a general trend in Austria to be estimated. Besides differing between conventional and organic farming systems, specific site conditions can also be selected in the model. The constructed model‐farms belong to different PTs such as “forage production”, “cash crops”, “refinement”, and “permanent crops”. The PT “permanent crops” refers to the cultivation of wine. The cropping system of each PT was analyzed in detail, while livestock keeping was considered only when applicable. Positive humus balances were found for all PTs except for permanent crops. The results ranged from –122 to 890 kg C ha?1 y?1. Regions and farm structure, e.g., forage production compared to cash crop, were found to have a greater influence than the kind of farming system (i.e., organic vs. conventional farming). Comparing the different PTs, forage production had the highest positive humus balances (219 to 890 kg C ha?1 y?1), followed by cash crop (24 to 239 kg C ha?1 y?1), refinement (–64 to 402 kg C ha?1 y?1) and permanent crops (–122 to –38 kg C ha?1 y?1). Regarding the farming system, organic farming led to more humus accumulation than conventional farming due to a higher share of fodder legumes and catch crops and more diverse crop rotations. The results were within the range of available empirical data on SOM change, and it was therefore concluded that the results are reasonable. In general, humus reproduction can be regarded as sufficient for agricultural production. 相似文献
5.
澳大利亚农业系统中非点源污染的控制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Australian farming sector is continuing to intensify, particularly within 300 km of the east and southern coastlines. In the future there will be fewer and larger farms, which will use more fertilizer, support more stock, grow more monoculture crops, and utilise more marginal soils. This is likely to increase the major environmental impacts of soil degradation, salt, nutrient and sediment contamination of waterways, and greenhouse gas emissions. Australian national water policy continues to focus on land, stream and groundwater salinity issues, although there is now a greater recognition of the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agriculture. The general philosophy of policy for dealing with nonpoint source pollution has been towards a voluntary rather than regulatory approach, with state and national governments supporting a range of programs to encourage sustainable agricultural practices. A catchment （watershed） based approach, through the use of integrated catchment management plans, is the primary way that non-point source pollution is addressed at the farm and local level. At an industry level, cotton, grains, meat, sugarcane and dairy amongst others, as well as the Australian fertilizer industry, have responded to non-point source issues by investing in research and development, and developing codes of practice aimed at abating these environmental impacts. Understanding the economic, social, political and cultural contexts of farming as well as the environmental impacts of agriculture are very important in determining the appropriateness of policy responses for Australian farming systems. 相似文献
6.
近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加,生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程,分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵,总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上,提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容,并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时,研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例,印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明,为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中,未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能,认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系,开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物,并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证,对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。 相似文献
7.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1791-1808
Farming practices involving less intense chemical use are becoming popular in the United States primarily because of environmental concerns related to the use of chemicals in conventional farming systems. Physical and chemical soil properties were assessed on four farms, one conventional farm and three organic farms 3 (OF3), 6 (OF6), and 9 (OF9) years after certification. All farms were located in Doña Ana County of southern New Mexico, sited on Harkey soil (coarse silty, mixed, calcareous, thermic typic Torrifluvents). OF3, OF6, and OF9 were planted to cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.), chile (Capsicum annuum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in 2006, respectively, and the conventional farm was planted to cotton. Core and bulk soil samples were collected from each farm at three different locations and three depths during September 2005, June 2006, and November 2006. Clay content was positively correlated with field capacity, wilting point, and available water capacity (AWC) and negatively correlated with transmission pore volume (VTP) and sand content at most depths. The one-way analysis of means of soil physical and chemical properties separately by depth showed that bulk density (ρb) was greater in November 2006 samples than in September 2005 and June 2006 samples in OF9 and was lowest in the conventional farm. In general, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), volume of storage pores, effective porosity, AWC, and VTP showed little variation and were not related to the amount of time under organic farming. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were greater in the organic farms, and EC values mostly increased with increasing amount of time under organic farming. The greatest EC (2.6 dS m?1) in OF9 indicated that 9 years of manure application has raised soil salinity only slightly. Although no evidence on significant improvement of soil quality due to organic farming was observed, with regard to soil storage and transport properties and soil salinity, the organic farming system is sustainable for this region. 相似文献
8.
Despite their environmental benefits in generating electricity without emission of ‘greenhouse’ gases, wind farms have attracted controversy with regard to their impacts on birds, especially golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos. Evidence from USA studies suggest eagle fatalities through collision with turbines may be the main potential impact whereas for breeding eagles in Scotland, displacement from wind farm areas (indirect habitat loss) may be the primary impact. In this study, we examined the co-occurrence potential for golden eagles and wind farms in Scotland by documenting the spatial association between wind farm proposals and breeding eagle territories and areas potentially suitable for non-breeding eagles. Although there were records for over 500 wind farm proposals at various stages of development, relatively few coincided with eagle territories (ca. 4% of territories had a proposal within 3 km of territory centre). Similarly, only 2% of habitat predicted to be suitable for non-breeding eagles overlapped with proposed or installed wind farm areas. Moreover, estimates of the potential for electricity generation from all wind farm proposals, with respect to government targets for renewable energy supplies, suggested most proposals were unlikely to be constructed. We conclude that in comparison with other constraints on Scotland’s golden eagles, notably persecution, wind farms should not represent a serious concern if best practice in planning their location and minimising their impact are maintained. Potential future regional pressures on breeding eagles from wind farms are highlighted, however, and uncertainty of impact with respect to displacement or collision fatalities requires continued scrutiny. 相似文献
9.
The potential for disease transmission between wild and domestic animals may interfere with wildlife and habitat conservation on lands surrounding protected areas. Recently, possible transmission of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) from wild ungulates to domestic livestock has affected the Riding Mountain National Park region in Manitoba, Canada. Wolf (Canis lupus) predation on ungulate populations may help lessen the risk of disease transmission to livestock. We conducted an exploratory analysis of causal factors associated with farmer attitudes toward observing wolves on their farms. A survey to 4 220 farms within 50 km of the Park resulted in an adjusted response rate of 25%. We constructed several logistic regression models with factors hypothesized to influence whether farmers agreed with the statement “I enjoy seeing wolves on my land”, and three candidate models received reasonable support. Factors most affecting attitudes were, in order of importance, perceived wolf population size, frequency of seeing wolves, perceived seriousness of wolf damage, distance to Park boundary and number of beef cattle (Bos taurus) owned. The factors least influential on attitudes were education and age. Concern over bovine tuberculosis in wild elk also had minimal influence. Of respondents who perceived the wolf population as “too high”, 60% were extremely concerned about bovine tuberculosis in wild elk. Although the role of wolf predation as a potential natural regulator of disease in wild ungulates might not be widely recognized in many areas, we believe this provides a unique opportunity to re-examine the significance of maintaining viable wolf populations. 相似文献
10.
11.
Kallioniemi MK Raussi SM Rautiainen RH Kymäläinen HR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2011,17(1):63-78
This article presents suggestions toward safer animal handling utilizing the results of a qualitative study of women dairy farmers in Finland. A major proportion of injuries (43%) occur in livestock-related work in Finnish agriculture. An even greater proportion of women's farm injuries (77%) is related to animals. We investigated the working conditions often women dairy farmers. Data were collected by observing farm work and performing semi-structured interviews. The study farms represented different milk production technologies with an average farm size of 106 ha (262 acres) of cultivated land, 51 ha (126 acres) of forest, and 45 dairy cows. Farm-related injuries were frequent; eight respondents out often had suffered one or several injuries during the previous two years. The women considered farm animals as the greatest hazard, and unexpected animal behavior was viewed as the most significant work-related injury risk. Dangerous situations often resulted from stress in cows caused by unpleasant circumstances or making animals fearful of people. Experiences from some farms suggested that dairy farm work can be relatively safe and that improving the trust between the cows and their handlers plays a key role in safety. We synthesized our findings into four animal handling strategies that can potentially reduce the risk of injury among stockpersons. We developed practical guidelines on how to gradually build a good cow-handler relationship based on our findings and the literature on cattle handling strategies and animal welfare science. 相似文献
12.
基于WebGIS的农场生产管理信息系统的设计与实现 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
针对"农场+生产队"管理模式的大中型农场农业生产管理的需求,该文设计开发了基于WebGIS的农业生产管理信息系统。系统开发采用浏览器/服务器(B/S)架构,Java作为开发语言,属性数据库使用MySQL数据库管理系统,采用ArcGIS API for JavaScript作为WebGIS前端开发技术,实现农场农业生产各关键环节数据的填报、统计以及可视化。功能模块包括:农场机构管理、生产资料管理、生产数据上报、专题分析、信息服务发布、系统管理。目前系统已在安徽龙亢农场,呼伦贝尔谢尔塔拉农场、特泥河农场、院士工作站等农场或农业基地开展示范应用。结果表明:系统具有简单易用、普适性强、扩展性好等特点,可协助农场生产管理者科学、便捷、高效地进行生产管理,提升农场生产管理的信息化、现代化水平,增强决策层的宏观掌控能力。 相似文献
13.
A trend in consolidating livestock and poultry operations into concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) potentially increases farm worker exposure to the hazards associated with high animal density conditions. The two main contributors of documented injury (fatal and non-fatal) are related to accidents with machinery and animals. Tractor rollovers are the leading accident in the area of farming machinery issues; kicks, bites, and workers being pinned between animals and fixed objects are non-machinery issues typically caused by inadequate precautions taken in the vicinity of livestock. These types of accidents are well documented; however, recommended safety strategies continue to be studied to reduce the risks and numbers of injuries associated with both machines and animals. Unlike accidents involving machinery and animals, air emission exposure and potential health effects from CAFOs are not well documented. CAFOs have the potential to show higher gaseous and particulate matter emissions compared to smaller farms. Pollutants like hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, and endotoxin are emitted on CAFOs and can potentially affect worker health. These specific air emissions, their sources, and some of their harmful capabilities have been identified, and regulations have been implemented to create improved work environments on CAFOs. Despite such precautions, farm workers continue to report respiratory health symptoms related to their work environment. Air pollutant exposure and its health effects on farm workers require focused research to arrive at improved safety strategies that include mitigation techniques and protective gear to minimize adverse effects of working in CAFOs. 相似文献
14.
Kakamega district in Western Kenya represents the smallholder farming systems typical for much of the densely populated humid highlands in East Africa. A specific feature, however, is the presence of a protected forest reserve (Kakamega Forest National Park), covering some 20% of the district area. Year‐round crop production with little use of external inputs is resulting in declining soil fertility and crop yields. Technologies to counteract fertility constraints are rarely implemented, as they do not consider system diversity or farm‐specific characteristics. We surmised that farm type–specific targeting of technology options to address soil fertility–related production constraints would reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the resources of the adjacent Kakamega rainforest reserve. Based on Kenyan national census data, we selected 168 farms in physical proximity of the Kakamega forest and characterized them regarding production system and soil attributes. Cluster and principal component analyses identified five distinct farm categories. Three representative farms from each cluster group were subsequently selected to establish labor‐use patterns, draw resource‐flow maps, and determine NPK balances. Small subsistence‐oriented farms were most common (> 50%), with maize yields of 0.9 t ha–1 (Cluster 1). Most farmers relied on the forest to provide fire wood, animal feed, and medicinal plants. Mixed farms, combining subsistence maize with industrial crops, were differentiated by soil type, with tea being grown on Ferralsol (Cluster 3), and sugar cane being grown on Acrisol (cluster 4). The dependence on forest resources was limited to animal grazing and the collection of feed stuff (Cluster 3), or the extraction of medicinal plants (Cluster 4). Only few farms showed a high degree of market orientation of the food‐crop production. These comprised either small farms with high investments in fertilizer and maize yields close to 2 t ha–1 (Cluster 2), or larger farms (1.6–3.9 ha) with low fertilizer but high hired‐labor use (Cluster 5). Their reliance on forest resources was generally low. Resource flows showed mainly patterns of nutrient export in subsistence farms, and more complex flow patterns, involving several farm compartments, in the diversified farms. Partial nutrient balances were strongly negative for N and K, irrespective of soil or farm type. Soil‐fertility characteristics reflected the nutrient balances with generally low C and N in all farms on Acrisol, and low P in farms not applying mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure. The proposed typology is expected to improve the targeting of technologies addressing soil fertility–related production constraints, and to reduce the pressure on forest resources. This is of particular importance in the case of small‐scale subsistence and mixed farms close to the forest margin. 相似文献
15.
J. Berntsen R. Grant J. E. Olesen I. S. Kristensen F. P. Vinther J. P. Mølgaard & B. M. Petersen 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(2):197-208
Organic farming is considered an effective means of reducing nitrogen losses compared with more intensive conventional farming systems. However, under certain conditions, organic farming may also be susceptible to large nitrogen (N) losses. This is especially the case for organic dairy farms on sandy soils that use grazed grass–clover in rotation with cereals. A study was conducted on two commercial organic farms on sand and loamy sand soils in Denmark. On each farm, a 3‐year‐old grass–clover field was selected. Half of the field was ploughed the first year and the other half was ploughed the following year. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was sown after ploughing in spring. Measurements showed moderate N leaching during the pasture period (9–64 kg N ha?1 year?1) but large amounts of leaching in the first (63–216 kg N ha?1) and second (61–235 kg N ha?1) year after ploughing. There was a small yield response to manure application on the sandy soil in both the first and second year after ploughing. To investigate the underlying processes affecting the residual effects of pasture and N leaching, the dynamic whole farm model farm assessment tool (FASSET) was used to simulate the treatments on both farms. The simulations agreed with the observed barley N‐uptake. However, for the sandy soil, the simulation of nitrate leaching and mineral nitrogen in the soil deviated considerably from the measurements. Three scenarios with changes in model parameters were constructed to investigate this discrepancy. These scenarios suggested that the organic matter turnover model should include an intermediate pool with a half‐life of about 2–3 years. There might also be a need to include effects of soil disturbance (tillage) on the soil organic matter turnover. 相似文献
16.
Abstract. A number of organic farms in Flanders were sampled to investigate the general phosphorus (P) status and degree of P saturation (Psat ) of the soils. Where possible, the soil P status was compared to that in conventional agriculture and related to farm characteristics: agricultural land use, soil texture, fertilization intensity and time since conversion. Generally, the P status of the organic farms was high, and similar to that of conventional farms in Flanders, which is due to the restricted time since conversion to organic farming on most farms. The average soil Psat was slightly lower (37%) than the average value for East Flanders (39%) taken over the soil profile to 90 cm. However, a large proportion of the field areas on organic farms still had a Psat greater than 30% (critical Psat value), which may be an indication that P saturation will continue to be a problem for these farms. 相似文献
17.
Myers JR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2010,16(4):265-278
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are an effective engineering control known to prevent tractor overturn deaths, the leading cause of occupational fatalities for farmers and farm workers in the U.S. However, the use of ROPS is known to vary greatly from farm to farm. A national sample of 11,458 farm operators from the 2004 Occupational Injury Surveillance of Production Agriculture (OISPA) survey was used to assess the association between the prevalence of ROPS and ten farm operator and farm demographic variables using logistic regression. The variable were: operator's age, operator's sex, operator's education, farm sales, full- or part-time farming, acreage, type of operation, number of hired workers, number of injuries, and region. All ten variables were found to have significant associations with the prevalence of non-ROPS tractors on farms in the univariate logistic regressions. For the multivariate model, all variables except for the sex of the farm operator remained significant. Farms with less than three adult injuries, no hired workers, less than 300 acres in size, a Midwest location, and a primary farm type of tobacco, fruit and nuts, dairy, or poultry and eggs all had adjusted odds ratios of 2 or greater. Increasing the prevalence of ROPS-equipped tractors is essential for reducing the leading cause of death on farms, tractor overturns. Economic factors play a major role in the prevalence and distribution of non-ROPS tractors on farms. The identified associations can be used to effectively target areas of the U.S. for ROPS promotion activities. 相似文献
18.
京郊畜禽粪污氮磷含量特征及影响因素分析 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
中国规模化养殖废弃物中养分资源数量可观,但缺乏循环利用技术,处置不当易引发环境污染问题。该文通过问卷调研和粪污样品检测,对京郊典型养殖场粪便和废水中的总氮、总磷含量特点进行分析,同时追踪典型规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量变化的影响因素及其季节性变化特征。结果表明:所调研的养殖场中,猪粪、牛粪的总氮质量分数平均值分别为29.1,17.8 g/kg,总磷质量分数平均值分别为15.1,6.8 g/kg,猪粪便的总氮、总磷含量变异程度大于牛粪;猪场和牛场中废水总氮、总磷质量分数的平均值分别为892,540和82.4,53.3 mg/L,猪场废水总氮、总磷含量变异程度明显大于牛场。规模化猪场粪便总氮、总磷含量受到饲料配方的影响较大;受饲料和圈舍用水量的影响,现行饲养工艺及粪污处理方式下粪便对废水中总氮、总磷含量的影响较小;万头以上的规模化猪场废水中总氮、总磷含量存在季节性差异,且随着废水存储时间的推移其无机磷比例增加。这些变化特征可对畜禽粪便和养殖废水的资源化再利用提供了有用的参考。 相似文献
19.
Forest restoration programmes aim to use material for re-planting that is genetically diverse and not inbred. However, restricted seed sampling, high variance in reproductive output, and the production of inbred seeds that survive in the nursery but not in the wild can lead to forest restoration stock being genetically compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the reproductive biology of the New Caledonian endemic conifer Araucaria nemorosa makes it susceptible to these genetic problems and to assess whether there is evidence for genetic bottlenecks and elevated inbreeding in nursery stock compared to seedlings and adults from wild source populations. Reproductive output was low with high variance among trees (only 14% of adult trees surveyed produced mature cones, >50% of examined cones had <10 viable seeds). Evidence for an extreme genetic bottleneck was detected in a nursery population established from cones collected from adult trees. A second nursery population established with seed collected from the forest floor showed no evidence of a genetic bottleneck, but was inbred compared to its wild source population. In light of these results, we do not recommend collecting cones directly from A. nemorosa as an efficient means of establishing genetically diverse stock for restoration programmes. Collecting seed from the forest floor is likely to be more effective, but the planting stock may contain a high proportion of inbred individuals. Collecting established wild seedlings already subjected to natural selection is suggested as an alternative method of maximising the diversity captured, whilst minimising sampling effort and proportion of inbred individuals. 相似文献
20.
典型粪污处理模式下规模养猪场农牧结合规模配置研究Ⅱ. 粪污直接厌氧发酵处理模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
粪污直接厌氧发酵模式是当前我国畜禽粪污处理的另一种主要模式。研究粪污直接厌氧发酵模式下规模养猪场农牧结合适宜规模配置对于减少畜禽粪便污染、促进畜牧业可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以存栏万头猪场为例,采用分步逐级计算的方法估算典型粪便处理模式——粪污直接厌氧发酵模式下,规模养猪场废弃物完全消纳的不同种植模式农田匹配面积,并研究了基于作物养分需求的不同种植模式农田畜禽粪便承载量,以期为畜牧业废弃物减排、农牧结合生态模式建立提供理论依据。结果表明:粪污直接厌氧发酵处理模式,以沼渣和沼液全部在农田安全消纳为目标,万头猪场需要配置的最少农田面积分别为粮油作物地272.5~285.4 hm2,或茄果类蔬菜地149.4~188.2 hm2,或果树苗木地599.4~1 248.8 hm2;该模式下粮油作物地、茄果类蔬菜地、果树苗木地每公顷分别可承载35~37头、53~67头、8~17头存栏猪排放粪便的发酵沼渣和沼液。规模养猪场应根据猪养殖数量及其周边农田面积,选择适宜的粪污处理模式及种植作物类型,因地制宜,合理调控。为了确保作物养分需求,所有作物种植模式沼液施用后还需要补充一定量的化肥。本文中9种模式均需补充钾肥,其中,辣椒-黄瓜模式钾肥补充量最高,占其需求量的48.0%;黄瓜-蕃茄模式其次,占其需求量的34.4%;粮油作物、梨和茶叶还需同时补充氮肥,补充量为51.2~193.7 kg·hm-2;茄果类蔬菜、葡萄和桃则需要补充13.8~108.8 kg·hm-2的磷肥。 相似文献