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Rapid changes in the social and economic environment in which agriculture is developing, together with the deterioration of the natural resource base threatens sustainability of farm systems in many areas of the world. For vegetable farms in South Uruguay, survival in the long term depends upon the development of production systems able to reduce soil erosion, maintain or improve physical and biological soil fertility, and increase farmer’s income to socially acceptable levels. We propose a model-based explorative land use study to support the re-orientation of vegetable production systems in South Uruguay. In this paper we present a new method to quantitatively integrate agricultural, environmental and socio-economic aspects of agricultural land use based on explicit design objectives. We describe the method followed to design and evaluate a wide variety of land use activities for Canelón Grande (South Uruguay) and we illustrate the usefulness of this approach in an ex-ante evaluation of new farming systems using data from 25 farms in this region. Land use activities resulted from systematic combination of crops and inter-crop activities into crop rotations, different crop management techniques (i.e., mechanisation, irrigation and crop protection) and animal production. We identified and quantified all possible rotations and estimated inputs and outputs at crop rotation scale, explicitly considering interactions among crops. Relevant inputs and outputs (i.e., soil erosion, balance of soil organic matter and nutrients, environmental impact of pesticides, labour and machinery requirements, and economic performance) of each land use activity were quantified using different quantitative methods and following the target-oriented approach. By applying the methodology presented in this paper we were able to design and evaluate 336,128 land use activities suitable for the different soil types in Canelón Grande and for farms with different availability of resources, i.e., land, labour, soil quality, capital and water for irrigation. After theoretical evaluation, a large subset of these land use activities showed promise for reducing soil erosion, maintaining soil organic matter content of the soil and increasing farmer’s income, allowing improvement of current farming systems in the region and providing a widely diverse set of strategic options for farmers in the region to choose from. This method can be used as a stand-alone tool to explore options at the field and farm scale or to generate input for optimisation models to explore options at the farm or regional scale. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》1999,60(2):99-112
The continuing debate on sustainability has raised wide concerns towards integration of environmental and economic aspects into the development decision-making process. This paper develops a framework for environmental–economic decision making that includes the environmental and economic sustainability criteria, and local people's preferences in the context of a lowland irrigated agriculture system using multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Several criteria, such as land capability/suitability, energy input/output ratio, water demand and environmental costs, are considered as environmental sustainability criteria. Economic sustainability is measured from farmers', governments and societal viewpoints using extended cost-benefit analysis. The Geographic Information System (GIS) technique has been used to evaluate spatial sustainability criteria. The involvement of local people at various levels of the decision- making process is emphasized and their opinions are sought in the decision-making process using a two-stage field survey. The results of the multi-criteria analysis combining both environmental and economic sustainability criteria are discussed, and economic incentives for sustainable intensification of lowland irrigated agriculture are outlined. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》2002,72(2):149-172
Efficient energy use by the agriculture sector is one of the conditions for sustainable agriculture because it allows financial savings, fossil resources preservation and air pollution decrease. We propose an Energy indicator (IEn) to evaluate environmental impacts due to energy consumption of arable farming systems to help farmers to manage their energy inputs at the field level according to the guidelines of integrated agriculture. IEn is based on the energetic analysis of four types of energy: two for indirect energy (pesticides and fertilisers) and two for direct energy (machinery and irrigation systems). In a second step, the assessed values of energy consumption are converted by means of an abacus into a mark between 0 and 10. IEn needs only data that are available on farms or easily assessed, and will be implemented with a set of seven other agro-ecological indicators to assess environmental sustainability of farms. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》2007,94(1-3):90-114
The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of agriculture and water policy scenarios on the sustainability of selected irrigated farming systems in Italy, in the context of the forthcoming implementation of the directive EC 60/2000. Directive EC 60/2000 (Water Framework Directive) is intended to represent the reference norm regulating water use throughout Europe. Five main scenarios were developed reflecting aspects of agricultural policy, markets and technologies: Agenda 2000, world market, global sustainability, provincial agriculture and local community. These were combined with two water price levels, representing stylised scenarios for water policy. The effects of the scenarios on irrigated systems were simulated using multi-attribute linear programming models representing the reactions of the farms to external variables defined by each scenario. The output of the models consists of economic, social and environmental indicators aimed at quantifying the impact of the scenarios on different aspects of sustainability relevant for irrigated farming systems. Five Italian irrigated farming systems were considered: cereal, rice, fruit, vegetables and citrus. The results show the diversity of irrigated systems and the different effects that water pricing policy may produce depending on the agricultural policy, market and technological scenarios. They also highlight a clear trade-off between socio-economic sustainability and environmental (water, nitrogen, pesticide) sustainability. Water pricing will have, in most cases, less impact than agricultural markets and policy scenarios, though it appears to be an effective instrument for water regulation in the least intensive irrigated systems considered. This emphasises the need for a differentiated application of the Water Framework Directive at the local level as well as a more careful balance of water conservation, agricultural policy and rural development objectives. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Systems》1999,59(3):311-325
Sustainability is a human-centred concept that comprises multiple aspects and objectives of different interest groups. Sustainable development is not readily measurable, except as a compromise between different parts of society, of which some may try to represent future generations of mankind. To determine a sustainable development path in the relationship between agriculture and its natural environment, a profound knowledge of this complex system and its behaviour under different socio-economic conditions is necessary. We present a modelling system which consists of a set of hierarchically linked modules. These modules describe production activities in a way that allows an economic and ecological analysis of these techniques. The heart of the modelling system is a multiple goal linear programming model, which is generated by data base modules. Simulation of single farm models as well as regional models based on simultaneously optimised farm types is possible. The modelling system appears to be a highly flexible tool with respect to the number and type of farms, sites and production techniques. Environmental objectives can easily be included and different levels of goal achievement can be simulated. It is well suited for single farm analysis as well as for regional models, for static as well as dynamic approaches. It allows rapid adoption of the model and rapid calculation of scenarios. Therefore, it is suited for use in interactive environments with users which are interested in repeated runs with little changes in the goal function, prices, subsidies or technical coefficients. The results can be used for policy decisions as well as the strategic planning of individual farmers. Applications of the modelling system will be presented in following papers. In this paper the kind of information the model can generate and the circumstances of their usage are shown. © 相似文献
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Ingrid Nesheim Desmond McNeill K. J. Joy S. Manasi Dang Thi Kim Nhung Maria Manuela Portela Suhas Paranjape 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2010,24(3-4):205-221
This paper assesses the implementation of four selected IWRM principles in four very different river basins in Europe and Asia. The four principles relate to all the different aspects of sustainable development—environmental, social, economic and institutional—as well as the factor that is particularly crucial in many countries of the South: implementation capacity. The paper is based on the work performed in the EC-funded STRIVER project, “Strategy and methodology for improved IWRM—An integrated interdisciplinary assessment in four twinning river basins”. The four basins—Tungabhadra and Sesan (in Asia), and Tagus and Glomma (in Europe) exemplify very different problems and challenges with regard to IWRM: different levels of socio-economic development and very varying problems with regard to water quality and availability. The paper shows that the implementation of IWRM is at a fairly early stage in all the four STRIVER basins; and that successful implementation of water resources is dependent not only on the existence of relevant policies, but also the degree to which laws and policies are in fact implemented. 相似文献
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The achievement of sustainable irrigation in arid regions requires greater attention to waterlogging, salinization, and degradation of ground and surface waters, which are among the problems that continue to threaten productivity and degrade environmental quality. We consider sustainability to be achieved when irrigation and drainage are conducted on-farm, and within irrigation districts, in a manner that does not degrade the quality of land, water, and other natural resources, either on-farm or throughout an irrigated region. Sustainability may also be described as maintaining the productive resources required for irrigation, so that future generations may have the same opportunity to use those resources as we do. Given the increasing importance of irrigated land for food production, the time has come when it is vital to intercept, reuse, and isolate drainage waters within the regions in which they are generated. Adoption of this strategy can be enhanced by policies that require farmers, and irrigation districts, to consider the off-farm impacts of irrigation and drainage. Such policies include linking water rights with salt rights to require the monitoring and management of both irrigation water and the salt loads in drainage waters. We review the knowledge gained since the early 1970s regarding the economic and agronomic aspects of irrigation and drainage, with a focus on drainage water reduction and sequential reuse of drainage water on salt-tolerant crops. Economic incentives that motivate farm-level and district-level improvements in water management are also reviewed. We conclude that adequate knowledge exists for implementing strategies that focus on water use and salt disposal within irrigated regions, and we recommend policies that will motivate improvements in productivity and enhance the likelihood of achieving sustainability. 相似文献
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葡萄由于其具有极高的经济价值,所以在我国被广泛种植,文章对葡萄对环境条件的要求、施肥技术、栽植技术、嫁接技术、病虫害防治等方面进行阐述. 相似文献
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我国循环农业发展研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
循环农业是一种低碳农业发展模式,是实现农业可持续发展的必由之路。阐述我国发展循环农业的必要性,提出发展循环农业的基本措施,介绍常见的生态循环农业模式及其效果,分析发展循环农业所取得的经济效益及生态效益。 相似文献
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严重的干旱和水资源短缺已成为阜新县农业和农村经济发展的瓶颈。通过对阜新县农业基本情况的调查研究，探讨制约其农业和农村经济可持续发展的因素。并提出适合阜新地区的旱作节水农业发展模式，即耕地资源1：4：3：2的利用模式。分析结果表明，该发展模式具有良好的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。 相似文献
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少雨干旱、水资源短缺和传统的粗放型耕作模式成为制约昌图县农业可持续发展的突出问题。实现农业可持续发展必须大力推广保护性耕作技术。介绍昌图县水资源严重短缺和风蚀日益严重的现状,论述实施保护性耕作技术的重要作用,提出推广保护性耕作过程中需要解决的主要问题,并对实施保护性耕作的社会、生态和经济效益进行详细分析。 相似文献
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追求经济社会的高质量发展和优化供给侧结构已作为国家战略发展主要方向，探究经济社会如何在不损害生态系统的前提下满足人类发展需求并且维持可持续是人类社会必须面对和需要解决的问题。本文基于可持续经济规模与生态服务功能相互作用机理框架，借鉴脱钩理论，分析了新疆南疆四地州整体的生态服务效用ESV、生态服务压力指数S、生态服务产出能力指数P及可持续经济规模GDPc的变化情况。结果表明：新疆南疆四地州ESV呈现先增后减的变化特征，在2015年达到最大值，并于2020年开始回落；1990—2015年新疆南疆四地州经济发展对生态环境的制约影响较小，2015年后，经济发展对生态资源的负面影响逐渐显现；南疆四地州经济发展与生态环境在2000年前处于脱钩状态，2000—2015年在脱（复）钩起点上下波动，2020年复钩状态最显著；南疆四地州可持续经济规模GDPc呈先上升、后下降的变化特征，2015年开始超出可持续规模的现象越来越严重，经济社会与生态系统的矛盾也日益凸显。总体来看，经济的增长、人口的增加、产业效率的提高在推动经济社会发展的同时也意味着人类对生态系统更大程度的索取需求。南疆四地州脆弱的生态环境不能承受过快的经济发展，在考虑促进经济社会发展的同时应该意识到自然环境的脆弱性和破坏后的不可逆转性，否则经济社会的发展将会严重受到生态系统服务价值的制约。 相似文献
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以黑龙江,吉林和辽宁3省为研究对象,分析了东北3省农业水资源利用现状、主要农作物的需水情况和灌溉农业的制约因素。提出了东北地区农业水资源的发展对策,重点在于转变用水方式、提高水资源利用率,将节水灌溉与水土保持相结合,发展综合节水技术,建设节水型现代化农业,最终实现水资源供需平衡与可持续利用,生态环境的良性循环,社会经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Resource integration for multiple benefits: Multifunctionality of integrated farming systems in Northeast Thailand 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Resource degradation in rice farming systems in Thailand endangers food security, but the systems may become more sustainable by combining them with aquaculture and livestock farm enterprises by capitalization of their synergies in resource use and re-use, i.e. by adopting integrated farming systems. Most empirical studies that assess this potential have focused on a few specific aspects, but not on the multiple social, economic, and ecological functions of resource integration. This study uses the framework of multifunction agriculture to assess the performance of integrated farming systems in Thailand and compares its performance with that of ‘normal-rice’ or non-integrated farming systems. Surveys were conducted in Khon Kaen province of Northeast Thailand using a combination of quantitative and qualitative survey methods. 相似文献
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节水农业综合效益价值评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在界定节水农业综合效益概念和内涵的基础上,从经济、环境、社会三方面提出节水农业综合效益价值评估指标体系,应用基于单位化约束条件的综合集成赋权法确定指标权重,建立以货币为衡量标准的节水农业综合效益评估模式。以皂河灌区为例,对节水农业经济、环境、社会及综合效益进行估算,即估算节水农业实施后年效益流量,分析节水农业效益价值动... 相似文献
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Analysis on groundwater table drawdown by land use and the quest for sustainable water use in the Hebei Plain in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《Agricultural Water Management》2005,75(1):38-53
Increased water use in the Hebei Plain during the last decades has caused serious groundwater level decline and many geological problems which have become the biggest threat to social–economic sustainability. Thus, to determine the factors resulting in the groundwater decline and to develop a practical plan for long-term groundwater use appear to be necessary in this region. In this paper, a water balance model is used in conjunction with regression techniques to estimate the groundwater recharge coefficient and the specific yield (defined as the ratio of the volume of water that a saturated rock or soil will release by gravity drainage to the volume of rock or soil) and the groundwater withdrawn by different water use sectors and the corresponding drop in the water-table are analyzed. The decline in water-table by different crops and water economic benefit of crops are discussed in detail in order to suggest sustainable use of groundwater resources in the Hebei Plain. Finally, sample policy scenarios are developed to show how groundwater in the Hebei Plain could be used in a sustainable manner. In our study, it is found that agriculture is the major consumer of groundwater, with about 85% of the total groundwater withdrawals, and groundwater depletion is mainly caused by agricultural water use. Production of winter wheat exerts a great negative influence on the groundwater system. Winter wheat is the most water consuming crop and result in significant decline of groundwater table. Water economic benefit of winter wheat is lower than that of other crops and withdrawing winter wheat sown area is rational option to make sustainable use of groundwater. With far-sighted and regional planning, the limited water resource can be used sustainably to generate maximum social benefits. This paper will provide information necessary for land-use planning in a severe water shortage region where farmland is mainly irrigated by groundwater. 相似文献