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1.
A dog presented with cutaneous nodules, enlarged lymph nodes and oedema in limbs, face and abdomen. The diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was established by identification of Leishmania amastigotes within macrophages from skin and popliteal lymph node biopsies. At necropsy, lesions were found in different organs, but it was particularly striking to observe large areas of pallor in the myocardium. Histological examination revealed an intense chronic inflammatory reaction in many organs, and numerous macrophages were found to contain amastigote forms of Leishmania. The inflammatory reaction was especially severe in the heart, where large areas of the myocardium appeared infiltrated with huge numbers of mononuclear immune cells, causing cardiac muscle atrophy and degeneration. Despite the severe inflammation, the number of parasitized macrophages was low in the myocardium, as revealed by immunohistochemical staining of Leishmania amastigotes. Because cardiac involvement is not usually described in this condition, this dog represents a very rare case of canine visceral leishmaniasis with affection of the myocardium.  相似文献   

2.
Leishmaniasis is a potentially fatal chronic protozoan disease in human, canine and rodent species. The infection by Leishmania is endemic in the Mediterranean Sea region, Africa, Asia and South America. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanVL) is a systemic disease caused by Leishmania infantum and Leishmania chagasi from the Leishmania donovani complex group. The blood glutathione (GSH), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AA), beta-carotene, retinol and ceruloplasmin levels of dogs with CanVL were investigated to establish the status of the antioxidant defense mechanism in the infected animals. Dogs diagnosed as CanVL with amastigotes in lymph node smear examination and/or antibody titers > or = 128 were used as subjects, while those with no serological response against leishmaniasis were used as healthy controls. The glutathione and retinol amounts were decreased although not significantly (p > 0.05), but the MDA levels were significantly higher in dogs with VL, suggesting increased lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

3.
Introduction : Canine transmissible venereal tumour is occasionally observed in leishmaniotic dogs, and Leishmania amastigotes can be harboured in canine transmissible venereal tumour cells. Objectives : The aim of this paper was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of the association of both diseases. Methods : Nineteen dogs affected by canine transmissible venereal tumour and canine leishmaniasis were studied retrospectively. Results : In these dogs, the tumour manifested a large size and often aggressive behaviour (42%) and no predictive sign of spontaneous regression was observed. Sporadic Leishmania amastigotes were found within the canine transmissible venereal tumour in three cases, probably transported by infected macrophages often infiltrating the tumour. A high Leishmania parasitisation of canine transmissible venereal tumour was observed in two other cases and verified by immunohistochemistry. Clinical Significance : Canine transmissible venereal tumour is a tumour of the dog able to harbour a large number of Leishmania parasites. Alternatively, the systemic disease (canine leishmaniasis) may lower the immune defence against malignancy (canine transmissible venereal tumour).  相似文献   

4.
The control of canine leishmaniasis largely depends on the success of treatment. Drugs currently available to treat this disease are toxic and partially effective. The curative effect of marbofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone developed for veterinarian individual treatment, was evaluated in vitro in the presence of Leishmania infantum promastigotes and dog-monocyte-derived macrophages; meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate were used as comparative treatments. We observed that the killing of Leishmania promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes by marbofloxacin was dose-dependent. We demonstrated that successful treatment of canine infected macrophages for 48 h was possible with 500 microg/ml of marbofloxacin. Leishmanicidal activity acted through a TNF-alpha and nitric oxide pathway and correlated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO(2)) production by monocytes derived macrophages from infected (23+/-5 microM) or healthy (21+/-6 microM) dogs, in comparison with NO(2) concentration in infected/non-treated macrophages (< 3 microM, P<0.01). This significant induced parasiticidal effect correlated with extensive elimination of amastigotes by macrophages derived from infected (11+/-5) and healthy dogs (6+/-2), when compared to infected/non-treated macrophages (530+/-105 and 472+/-86 amastigotes, respectively, P< 0.01). Marbofloxacin was shown to be non-toxic at 500 microg/ml in vitro and no cell apoptosis was observed. The molecule was able to induce a parasitic process after significant elimination of amastigotes in leishmania-infected dog macrophages. We propose that marbofloxacin, compared to standard chemotherapeutic agents (meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate), could be an effective and pragmatic oral route alternative to treat canine leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

5.
Recent reports indicate that Leishmania chagasi has tropism to the male canine genital system, which is associated with shedding of the organism in the semen, supporting the hypothesis of venereal transmission. The aim of this study was to describe the lesions and assess parasite load in the genital system of bitches with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL). Symptomatic (n=5) and asymptomatic (n=5) bitches seropositive for CanL were randomly selected at the Center for Zoonosis Control (Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Five serologically negative, healthy, adult bitches also from the CZC were used as controls. Samples from genital organs (vulva, vagina, cervix, uterine body, uterine horns, uterine tubes, and ovaries), liver, and spleen were histologically evaluated and processed for immunodetection of Leishmania sp., and PCR. The most significant histological change was a mild to moderate vulvar dermatitis, characterized by a histio-plasma-lymphocytic infiltrate. This change was detected in all asymptomatic, four symptomatic, and three uninfected control bitches. In one symptomatic and one asymptomatic bitch intracytoplasmic amastigotes were observed within macrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate. Samples from all the segments of the genital tract were positive in at least one infected animal, in the absence of detectable amastigotes in the tissue. These findings support the notion that L. chagasi does not have genital tropism in the bitch, which is in contrast to our previous findings in naturally infected male intact dogs.  相似文献   

6.
A stud dog was presented for acquired infertility. Haematospermia and teratozoospermia were found on two ejaculates 2 weeks apart. A presumptive diagnosis of prostatitis was made follo-wing ultrasound examination. An ultrasound-guided needle core biopsy was performed under general anaesthesia, revealing a mild chronic macrophagic and plasma cell prostatitis with intracytoplasmic amastigotes consistent with Leishmania spp. infection. Presence of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania donovani or Leishmania chagasi was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in seminal plasma. Serology and serum protein electrophoresis confirmed the diagnosis of a subclinical active systemic leishmaniasis. A meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol treatment was given which clearly improved within 3 months both general condition and the quality of sperm. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of a prostatitis secondary to a Leishmania spp. infection. Subclinical systemic leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infertility in dogs suffering from semen alterations.  相似文献   

7.
Visceral leishmaniasis developed in eight owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) after intravenous inoculation with a Khartoum strain (WR378) of Leishmania donovani. Six monkeys died within 93 days, and two monkeys recovered from the disease. Clinically, signs were weight loss, anemia, and hepatosplenomegaly. Hematologic findings included anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis. Analysis of serum or plasma revealed hyperbilirubinemia, azotemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and altered hemostasis. All monkeys developed positive antibody titers to promastigotes of L. donovani and had increases in immunoglobulins M and subsequently G. Liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes were the principal organs containing numerous parasitized macrophages. The owl monkey was highly susceptible to L. donovani infection and should be a useful animal model for the study of visceral leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

8.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) is considered a wild reservoir of many zoonotical diseases, particularly VL. This study reported the presence of Leishmania infantum amastigotes in different organs of one captive C. thous found dead in a zoo. This animal was positive by the indirect fluorescence antibody test and had many clinical signs of VL. Intracellular amastigote forms of L. infantum were seen in neutrophils and macrophages in sample tissues from skin, lymph nodes (popliteal, submandibular, prescapular, and mesenteric), spleen, and liver. The numbers of positive cells and intracellular parasites were higher in macrophages than in neutrophils. In addition, polymerase chain reaction demonstrated extensive distribution of Leishmania DNA in C. thous tissues from multiple organs. The presence of intracellular amastigotes in neutrophils and macrophages as well as DNA of the parasite in tissues, specifically skin demonstrate that this crab-eating fox is an adequate host for L. infantum and reinforce the importance of VL for symptomatic wild canids kept in captivity in endemic areas.  相似文献   

9.
Formalin-fixed tissue samples obtained from puppies experimentally infected with canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) were investigated immunohistologically with the direct immunoperoxidase method. Besides cardiac muscle and lymphatic tissues, bone marrow, intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas and to a lesser degree lung stained positive for viral antigen and are considered as sites of viral replication. The distribution of viral antigen reveals a tropism of CPV-2 to numerous organs in puppies infected during the first week of life.  相似文献   

10.
Skin sections from 22 dogs with autoimmune skin disease were stained with anti-canine IgG, IgM and IgA using an immunobridge immunoperoxidase method. Eight cases of lupus erythematosus, three cases of pemphigus vulgaris, and 11 cases of pemphigus foliaceus were included. Results of previously performed, direct immunofluorescence tests for the detection of canine immunoglobulin on skin were available on 17/22 cases. The immunoperoxidase method yielded an overall positive result in 59% (5/8 lupus erythematosus, 2/3 pemphigus vulgaris and 6/11 pemphigus foliaceus) versus an overall positive result of 47% for direct immunofluorescence (3/5 lupus erythematosus, 2/2 pemphigus vulgaris and 2/10 pemphigus foliaceus). The immunobridge immunoperoxidase method compared favorably to direct immunofluorescence testing of canine skin for autoantibody in cases of lupus erythematosis and pemphigus vulgaris, and was superior in cases of pemphigus foliaceus. This method should prove useful as an aid in the diagnosis of canine autoimmune skin disease.  相似文献   

11.
Acute phase proteins (APPs) have been proposed as useful markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum. However, the kinetics and behavior of these proteins in canine leishmaniasis is still unknown. The aim of this study was to monitor the kinetics of APPs in dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum, before, during and after therapy against canine leishmaniasis. Levels of serum haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein from 6 infected beagles, positive by both PCR and parasite culture, were monitored for 7 months post-infection. The dogs were then treated for 3 months with allopurinol (20 mg mg/kg/day PO), and their response to therapy was followed for 11 additional months. Levels of Immunoglobulins G and M were recorded during these 21 months and compared. Experimental infection with L. infantum amastigotes induced an increase in all APPs studied which was statistically significant 2 months after infection for all proteins. Clinical recovery was accompanied by a significant decrease of all APPs 1 month after the beginning of treatment. However, differences were found between the APPs in both magnitude and duration of serum level elevations. The increase in total IgG and IgM was delayed in comparison to APPs and contrarily to the APPs, these immunoglobulins did not significantly decrease with treatment. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that APPs could be used as early markers for disease as well as for monitoring the response to treatment in canine leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

12.
Two groups of three German shepherd dogs each were inoculated with Leishmania chagasi or Leishmania donovani amastigotes and the infection was followed for 82 days. The dogs developed a persistent infection, became thin, and developed splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly by 55 days after inoculation. All dogs developed a normocytic, normochromic anemia of increasing severity. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia occasionally occurred. Blood tryptophan levels were decreased significantly in infected dogs. Increased total serum protein, with hypergammaglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia, was present in all dogs to various degrees. There was a marked increase in gamma globulins, with smaller increases in alpha and beta globulins. Many of the clinicopathologic changes observed in these dogs were similar to the disease as it occurs in man. The German shepherd dog may be a useful laboratory model for the study of visceral leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

13.
A 3‐year‐old dog was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California‐Davis for further evaluation of episodes of epistaxis of 1‐year duration and peripheral lymphadenopathy. The patient had a history of atopic dermatitis with no travel history outside of California. Hyperglobulinemia with a polyclonal gammopathy was noted on serum protein electrophoresis. Microscopic evaluation of a bone marrow aspirate sample revealed many free and intra‐cellular amastigotes of Leishmania sp. that was further confirmed by qPCR as L infantum. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of canine leishmaniasis in the state of California. The patient is believed to have been vertically infected from the dam who is from Serbia and remained subclinical until presentation. Because the clinical progression of leishmaniasis is variable, it is important that precautions be discussed with owners acquiring puppies with dams from endemic regions of leishmaniasis to prevent zoonotic exposure in states where competent vectors are present.  相似文献   

14.
In South America, visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan species Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) and is primarily transmitted through the bite of the female Lutzomyia longipalpis. Its main reservoir in urban areas is the dog. The application of control measures recommended by health agencies have not achieved significant results in reducing the incidence of human cases, and the lack of effective drugs to treat dogs resulted in the prohibition of this course of action in Brazil. Therefore, it is necessary to search new alternatives for the treatment of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of fractions from Aloe vera (aloe), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), and Ricinus communis (castor) on promastigotes and amastigotes of L. infantum and to analyze the toxicity against the murine monocytic cells RAW 264.7. To determine the viability of these substances on 50% parasites (IC50), we used a tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay (bromide 3-4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-dephenyltetrazolium), and on amastigotes we performed an in situ ELISA. All fractions were effective against L. infantum promastigotes and did not differ from the positive control pentamidine (p>0.05). However, the R. communis ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions, as well as the C. sativum methanol fraction, were the most effective against amastigotes and did not differ from the positive control amphotericin B (p>0.05). The R. communis ethyl acetate fraction was the least toxic, presenting 83.5% viability of RAW 264.7 cells, which was similar to the results obtained with amphotericin B (p>0.05). Based on these results, we intend to undertake in vivo studies with R. communis ethyl acetate fractions due the high effectiveness against amastigotes and promastigotes of L. infantum and the low cytotoxicity towards murine monocytic cells.  相似文献   

15.
Although several reviews on canine leishmaniasis have been published, none thoroughly described clinicopathologic abnormalities and their clinical usefulness. The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or α2‐ and/or γ‐globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo‐ or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector‐borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine‐needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology/immunohistochemistry or PCR on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and PCR may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high‐titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.  相似文献   

16.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is primarily transmitted by an invertebrate vector, but transmission in the absence of the vector has been reported. Vertical transmission of VL has been described in man and dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of Leishmania amastigotes in fetal organs and histopathologic changes associated with parasitism and to determinate the frequency of transplacental transmission and potential of vertical transmission by symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant bitches. Symptomatic (n = 4) and asymptomatic (n = 4) pregnant bitches, serologically and parasitologically positive for Leishmania sp., carrying a total of 53 fetuses (26 from symptomatic and 27 from asymptomatic bitches) were selected at the Veterinary Hospital of the National University of Asuncion, Paraguay. Samples of placenta and fetal organs such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, kidney and heart were histologically evaluated and processed for immunodetection of amastigotes and PCR. There were no lesions compatible with VL in fetal tissues in spite of the presence of amastigotes, particularly in lymphoreticular tissues. However, fetal hepatocytes had marked degenerative changes that were independent of the presence of amastigotes in liver. Twenty-six out of 53 placentas (13 symptomatic and 13 asymptomatic) and a total of 17 fetuses out of 53 (nine symptomatic and eight asymptomatic) were PCR positive. Together these findings indicate a high frequency of transplacental transmission and no differences in the potential of transmission when symptomatic were compared to asymptomatic pregnant bitches.  相似文献   

17.
The expression of iNOS by macrophages in 33 dogs suffering from spontaneous leishmaniasis was analysed by immunohistochemistry in skin, liver and lymph nodes. A correlation study between the number of macrophages expressing iNOS and the number of macrophages containing leishmania amastigotes was carried out. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from the skin (28 cases), popliteal lymph nodes (8 cases) and liver (3 cases) of dogs of different age, sex and breed suffering from leishmaniasis were included in the study. Dogs were referred as positive for Leishmania spp by serology and the diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of leishmania amastigotes within macrophages by histopathology. Tissue samples of skin (3 cases), popliteal lymph nodes (5 cases) and liver (3 cases) from dogs seronegative for leishmaniasis with no histopathological changes were included in the study as controls. The immunohistochemical study revealed that macrophages containing a high number of leishmania did not express iNOS. Correlation between the number of macrophages expressing iNOS and the number of macrophages containing leishmania amastigotes was assessed using the Spearman test. High expression of iNOS in macrophages was related with low number of leishmania amastigotes in macrophages in all cases (r=-0.47, p=0.002). These results suggest that iNOS expression by macrophages plays an important role during the control of Leishmania infection in dogs.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and identify possible clinicopathologic indicators of the diseases associated with canine epistaxis. METHODS: The medical records of 61 dogs with epistaxis were reviewed. RESULTS: Systemic diseases, diagnosed in fifty-six dogs, included canine leishmaniasis in twenty-three dogs, canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in twenty-two, concurrent canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in six, rodenticide toxicity in two and primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, suspected oestrogen toxicity and systemic arterial hypertension in one dog each. Intranasal diseases were documented in the remaining five dogs, including transmissible venereal tumour in three dogs, and nasal adenocarcinoma and nasal aspergillosis in one dog each. Mucosal pallor and a generalised bleeding tendency were significantly more common among dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis compared with those with canine leishmaniasis, whereas the opposite was true for peripheral lymphadenomegaly. Also, dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis presented with pancytopenia more frequently compared with those with canine leishmaniasis; in the latter dogs, the median values of haematocrit, leucocyte and platelet counts and serum total protein concentrations were higher. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Canine leishmaniasis and canine monocytic ehrlichiosis are the leading causes of canine epistaxis in Greece. Mucosal pallor, bleeding tendency and pancytopenia are more likely to be indicative of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, as opposed to peripheral lymphadenomegaly and hyperproteinaemia in canine leishmaniasis.  相似文献   

19.
Laryngeal paralysis and trypanosomiasis were diagnosed in a 12-year-old Labrador Retriever. Bilateral vocal fold resection and partial excision of the left aryepiglottic fold resolved the dog's respiratory difficulty. Trypomastigotes resembling Trypanosoma cruzi were seen in blood smears during hospitalization. In spite of treatment with nifurtimox and dexamethasone, the dog died. Histologic examination of tissues did not reveal amastigotes of T cruzi or granulomatous myositis previously described in canine trypanosomiasis reported from North America. The lack of granulomatous myositis and amastigotes in muscle is unusual and suggests a strain variation in the behavior of T cruzi.  相似文献   

20.
Adult wild-trapped opossums were infected with Leishmania donovani (Khartoum strain, WR 378) and evaluated as an animal model of visceral leishmaniasis. All infected opossums died within 32 days. Loss of body fat, hepatomegaly, and petechiae of skin and abdominal musculature were seen at necropsy. Microscopically, numerous amastigote-laden macrophages were seen in histologic sections of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes; fewer parasite-laden macrophages were in the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues and renal glomeruli. Hematological findings included thrombocytopenia (terminal), neutropenia, and lymphopenia. Blood lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin was decreased markedly at day 24 post-infection (PI). Serum antibodies (1:40 dilution) to promastigotes of L. donovani were detected in five of eight infected opossums tested on days 10 and 24 PI. Total bilirubin concentrations and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were increased after day 25 PI. Activated partial thromboplastin times and one-stage prothrombin times were prolonged before death. Concurrently, factors V, VIII, and XII activities were decreased.  相似文献   

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