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1.
首次在苏铁类植物中发现导管 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本研究通过对鳞秕泽光铁的羽片进行离析观察和电镜观察,发现其木质部中具有导管,导管类型有６种,其中环纹、螺地管为单穿孔板、梯纹、孔纹、网纹等导管为复穿孔板。这是首次在苏铁类植物中发现导管,对于植物学多门学科领域具有极为重要的意义。 相似文献
2.
土壤铅污染对密毛白莲蒿茎叶解剖结构影响的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对200 mg/L铅溶液处理的非矿区、矿区密毛白莲蒿的茎、叶解剖结构进行了比较研究.结果表明,非矿区密毛白莲蒿茎在铅胁迫下组织结构变化较小.矿区密毛白莲蒿茎表现出对铅的适应性,茎表皮加厚,细胞壁加厚,木质部导管壁出现加厚现象,导管中有黑色物质.非矿区密毛白莲蒿叶在铅胁迫下整个组织结构极其松散,组织内部的细胞形状不规则,细胞大小不规律,且排列混乱,部分细胞出现了解体的现象,完整的细胞中叶绿体含量明显减少.而矿区密毛白莲蒿叶解剖结构变化较小,其组织结构较完整而且内部细胞排列很紧密,细胞形状较规则,大小均一.矿区密毛白莲蒿在铅胁迫下表现出了很强的耐受性,为铅污染土壤植物修复的理论研究和技术实施提供了一种新的种质资源. 相似文献
3.
采集印度氯-碱工厂周围某些植物样品,研究了这些植物体内汞的分布。在这些植物组织中,不同植物积累汞的量是不同的。叶片中汞积累量最高,其次是茎、根。在有些情况下,则是根和茎。土壤和植物组织之间及不同植物组织之间,汞的浓度有明显的相关性。在放牧动物(山羊和绵羊)组织中汞的积累也是很明显的。 相似文献
4.
《广西农业生物科学》2001,20(1):5
由广西大学农学院莫天砚教授、陆申年教授、白厚义教授、陈佩琼教授组成的领导小组具体指导，梁传平、韦翔华、蒋代华分别主持研究的《龙眼营养诊断研究》、《银杏营养诊断研究》、《银杏黄化原因的调查与分析》三个项目2000年12月25日通过了广西区农业厅组织的科学技术成果鉴定。 《龙眼营养诊断研究》、《银杏营养诊断研究》、《银杏黄化原因的调查与分析》三个项目是由广西区农业厅下达任务，广西农业外资项目管理中心“中国第二期红壤开发(广西)项目”资助的研究项目。1995年初课题组开始在广西平南、贵港、兴安等地的果园、大田进行大量的调查、实验、验证，直至1999年底圆满完成任务，取得了一系列研究成果。 《龙眼营养诊断研究》通过对龙眼树体和土壤营养状况的调查，田间肥料试验和采样化验分析，研究不同生育时期和不同部位的植株，土壤营养状况与龙眼生长发育及其产量的关系，探索出了龙眼营养诊断适宜的采样时期和部位，拟定出了龙眼营养诊断指标，为指导龙眼科学施肥提供了科学依据。 《银杏营养诊断研究》通过对银杏生长发育阶段中的营养状况进行调查研究，结合大田施肥试验、验证试验和室内化验分析，并利用计算机对数据进行统计处理，探索出了银杏营养诊断方法，诊断最佳时期和部位以及营养诊断的指标，填补了国内空白。 《银杏黄化原因的调查与分析》通过广泛的调查研究，连续进行田间小区试验，盆栽试验以及大田示范验证试验，探索出了土壤与植物息息相关，土壤养分状况及理化性状与植物生长发育密切相关，总结出了银杏黄化的原因，提出了相应的防治措施。 鉴定会专家一致认为，三个研究项目紧密联系实际，针对性强，研究方案设计合理，诊断指标切实可行，防治措施效果显著，研究工作均达到国内先进水平。 (科技处 顾红) 相似文献
5.
酸枣荆条耗水特征及其茎木质部解剖构造 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]研究酸枣和荆条耗水特征与其茎木质部解剖构造之间的关系,为中国北方干旱区造林树种的选择提供技术支持。[方法]采用热扩散式液流探针(TDP)法对酸枣和荆条的树干液流进行监测,并于监测完成后,采用切片法,观察其茎木质部解剖构造。[结果](1)不同季节2树种的耗水特征存在差异,与湿润季节相比,干旱季节两树种树干液流变化均具有较强的波动性,其日均液流速度和日均耗水量均较小;2树种相比,干旱季节时酸枣的最大液流速度、日均液流速度以及日均耗水量均显著大于荆条,而湿润季节与之相反。(2)就其茎木质部解剖构造而言,酸枣的导管形状大小比较均一,而荆条的导管形状大小参差不齐;酸枣的导管直径、长度、面积平均值及边材相对输导面积均小于荆条,而其导管密度大于荆条。(3)酸枣的相对输导率和脆性指数均小于荆条,说明酸枣的水分输导的有效性小于荆条,而其安全性和抗旱性大于荆条;另外,在湿润季节,二者的耗水特征主要取决于其水分输导的有效性,而在干旱季节,主要取决于其安全性和抗旱性,进而阐明了二者在不同季节表现出不同耗水差异的原因。[结论]与荆条相比,酸枣的茎解剖构造更有利于其在干旱季节维持较高的树干液流,进而得以正常的生长,因此更适合于干旱区造林。 相似文献
6.
研究了石山棕营养器官的解剖结构,结果表明,石山棕营养器官具有发达的保护组织、输导组织、光合组织和机械组织。主要表现为:叶表皮角质膜发达,复表皮富含丹宁,栅栏组织发达(2.5层);根原生木质部束数多(31原),导管和筛管多,大量的薄壁细胞的细胞壁在根成熟后转化为机械组织;茎、叶柄和叶脉的木质部、韧皮部发达,维管束鞘细胞层次多并高度次生木化加厚,茎、叶柄具较多纤维;根、茎的栓化层发达。石山棕的营养器官具有良好的适应干旱、高温、瘦瘠的岩溶石山环境的生态结构, 相似文献
7.
本研究对塔里木盆地的泌盐植物花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和真盐生植物碱蓬(Suaeda turkestanica)在各个生长发育期中与耐盐、耐旱相关的生理生化指标进行测定。研究结果表明,两种植物从苗期到衰老期的根、茎及叶各个器官中的含水量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈下降趋势,Pro的积累具有明显的组织差异性,在根中的含量明显高于茎和叶中的含量;POD、SOD活性呈上升趋势,茎中POD、SOD活性明显高于叶和根中的活性;MDA含量在生育期呈下降趋势,在根中累积较高;在苗期和花期,两种供试植株各器官中的电导率都比较高,在成熟期急剧下降,衰老期又迅速升高。在同一发育期碱蓬根、茎和叶中Pro和MDA的含量,SOD及POD活性明显高于花花柴,而两种植物电导率和含水量差异不明显,表明它们均可在逆境中保持必需的水分及细胞膜的完整性。探讨这两种植物耐盐、耐旱相关生理生化指标的差异将有助于揭示泌盐植物和真盐生植物在自然状态下对逆境耐受的生理机制。 相似文献
8.
盐渍生境下两种生态型芦苇的形态结构及矿质元素分布 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用光镜、扫描电镜结合X-射线能谱分析技术以及营养元素测定手段,研究生长于同一土壤和气候环境下的两种生态型芦苇,直立芦苇和匍匐芦苇的形态学及营养学特性差异。研究发现,与直立芦苇相比较,匍匐芦苇体内具有较高的钠、硅、钙离子含量和较低的钾含量,表现出叶片厚而硬,正午叶片卷曲程度较低的现象。两种芦苇体内矿质元素分布均表现为硅的含量最高,钠含量其次,钙含量最低。钠离子在芦苇不同器官或部位的分布规律是:地上部含量低于地下部,叶片中的含量低于茎。硅元素则在地上部分布较多。对芦苇叶片解剖结构及硅的X射线能谱分析发现,两种生态型芦苇叶表面有大量的硅分布,其叶片上表皮均具有大的液泡化的泡状细胞群,但匍匐芦苇维管束鞘细胞于近上表皮的延伸程度高于直立芦苇;硅在两种生态型芦苇茎的纵向分布,表现为较密集地分布于节上部,节下部分布较少,植物节间几乎不含硅;硅在直立芦苇地面茎处分布均匀,而在匍匐芦苇地面茎处则密集地分布于靠近地面的一侧。以上结果表明,芦苇的形态学差异与植物体内离子的分布有密切关系。芦苇叶片较低的含钠量及较高的硅分布在降低盐分对光合器官的伤害,调节植物在干旱、盐碱条件下的水分以及生长状况有一定的适应意义。 相似文献
9.
银杏是除苏铁外唯一的精子具有鞭毛的种子植物,在植物学上占有重要地位.花粉萌发、花粉管生长是种子植物有性生殖的重要环节.微丝在其萌发生长过程中具有重要作用;目前关于裸子植物花粉管内微丝骨架的报道较少,且只有少量的关于松、杉等较为进化的裸子植物的报道.银杏花粉萌发困难,萌发时间长.张红等对其水合过程中的微丝骨架进行了研究.因而对研究银杏花粉的萌发及其内微丝骨架的动态变化具有重要意义. 相似文献
10.
对比研究生长在石灰岩和非石灰岩环境的小叶榕、乌桕的茎、叶生态结构及其差异,发现两物种对石灰岩恶劣环境的干旱、高温、强地表热辐射等胁迫,在生态结构环境适应方面有一定的一致性,主要是初生保护组织、光合组织、输导组织的细脉密度和细脉木质部等都明显加强,但在程度及类型上却存在很大差异。常绿植物小叶榕是通过强化保护、输导、光合结构,全面而整体地应对环境胁迫,即使是与乌桕内部结构变化方向一致的方面,也在较大程度上高于乌桕,特别是叶片下表皮角质膜厚于上表皮的角质膜,茎木栓层形成产生较早,维管组织、叶肉栅栏组织、茎表皮角质膜、叶片下复表皮等明显加强。落叶植物乌桕应对环境胁迫只强化局部的生态结构,且程度较低,主要是加强茎和叶表皮及其角质膜、茎皮层和细脉等。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献