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果梢斑螟生物学特性的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
果梢斑螟(Dioryctria pryeriRagonot)是蛀食类害虫,以幼虫危害红松当年生球果和先年生球果及嫩梢。在吉林省抚松县露水河林业局该虫1 a发生1代,以3~4龄幼虫在球果内、果痕处及嫩梢内越冬。翌年5月开始活动危害,5月末至6月下旬为蛹期。6月中旬始现成虫羽化,终见于7月上旬。6月中旬至7月上旬为卵期,6月末至7月中旬幼虫孵化,部分幼虫在球果采摘前转移至果痕附近、嫩梢、当年生球果内继续危害,于9月下旬进入越冬状态。 相似文献
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强大小蠹生物学特性研究 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
强大小蠹（Dendroctonus valens LeConte)是近年来发现为害油松的国内新纪录种，1998年在山西省阳城、沁水等首次发现，此后在全省各地爆发成灾。该虫在榆次市、太岳山林区一年发生一代，主要以老熟幼虫和成虫在树干基部或根部的皮层内越冬，也有少数以2龄－3龄幼虫或蛹越冬。越冬成虫于5月下旬大量出孔扬飞，6月上旬为产卵盛期，6月中旬为孵化盛期，8月中旬为化蛹盛期，9月上旬为子代成虫羽化盛期。越冬老熟幼虫于7月中旬大量化蛹，7月下旬为羽化盛期，8月上中旬为产卵盛期，8月中旬为卵孵化盛期，发育不整齐，有世代重叠现象。 相似文献
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榆举肢透翅蛾主要为害榆树,已知分布陕西、宁夏,两年1代,以幼虫在坑道内越冬。老熟幼虫于6月下旬开始化蛹,7月中旬成虫出现,7月底至8月上旬达盛期,初孵幼虫于7月下旬始见,10月下旬幼虫进入越冬,成虫白天羽化,交尾,产卵。卵单粒散产,卵期13—19天。成虫寿命1—8天,雌虫平均3.3—4.4天,雄虫平均2.3—3天,雌雄性比1∶0.77—1。 相似文献
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落叶松尺蠖是落叶松的主要食叶害虫,在五台山地区一年发生一代。该幼虫期共5龄,危害期35～42天,以卵在当年的球果鳞片和树皮缝间越冬.卵期长达230～240天.郁闭度为0.6～0.8,15～20年生落叶松林,虫口密度在20头/株以下时,不需要防治,虫口密度在200头/株以上时,需进行防治。7月上旬,在林地内可见20%的幼虫患病死亡。用溴氰菊酯25000倍液和速灭杀丁15000倍液防治效果分别达到96.35％、95.9％。我们于1989年～1990年先后在五台山林场对该虫生物习性进行了研究,并做了防治试验,现将结果整理如下:1.生物学特性的研究该虫在五台山地区一年发生一代,以卵在当年的球果鳞片和树皮缝间越冬,次年4月下旬末5月初越冬卵开始孵化,幼虫呈聚集分布,其分布的基本成分是疏松的个体群进行取食落叶松针叶,三龄后食量增大,幼虫危害期35～42天。幼虫期共五龄,第一龄历时5～8日,二龄4～6日,三龄4～5日,四龄6～7日,五龄13～15日。老熟幼虫于6月下旬就停止取食,开始吐丝下垂,进入预蛹期,经一周左右,下地爬行片刻,钻入土中,做一个长圆形土茧,于6月下旬末7月上旬就开始化蛹。化蛹一般在树根部周围1.5米范围内,土层深度不超过65厘米,蛹期长达65～86天。7月中旬成虫羽化,成虫羽化时多在早上。雌虫足长,善于爬行,羽化后即爬行上树. 相似文献
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桃蛀螟(Dtchocrocis punctiferalisGuence)一般为害桃,李、苹果等果树及向日葵,玉米等农作物。近年来邳县板栗受该虫为害也十分严重,虫果率在10～15％左右,使板栗丰产不能丰收。 1 发生及危害 桃蛀螟成虫羽化期与温度有关。一般平均气温20℃,相对湿度75％～80％较适合蛹羽化。5月下旬成虫羽化3～4天左右开始产卵,5～7天卵孵化,其幼虫主要为害桃树果实。6月下旬幼虫老熟化蛹,7月上旬羽化,中旬成虫在板栗球苞上产卵,幼虫一孵化就钻入球苞,为害幼嫩的坚果。当幼虫2～3龄时,球苞很快变色干枯,有的脱落。7月下旬幼虫严重蛀果,蛀果率2.5％～3％,8月上旬幼虫老熟化蛹,下旬成虫大量发生并在球苞上产卵,卵孵化后,幼虫破坏球苞苞针外壳,钻进坚果,蛀食果肉,蛀果率达 相似文献
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广西新松叶蜂的寄主为云南松,观察记录了广西新松叶蜂的主要生物学特性.广西新松叶蜂在云南省邱北县1年发生2代,以2龄、3龄及少数4龄幼虫越冬,翌年3月中旬开始化蛹,4月上旬开始羽化,成虫将其卵产于松针上,4月下旬卵开始陆续孵化出幼虫,10上旬老熟幼虫结茧化蛹,第二代成虫出现在10月下旬,第二代幼虫于11月中旬开始孵化,并以发育不整齐的幼虫越冬.广西新松叶蜂在每天的12:00～15:00时成虫羽化最多,第二代成虫的羽化盛期为4月中旬,雌雄性比为1:0.8,卵的孵化率为83.1%. 相似文献
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光肩星天牛我省1年1代和2年1代,以不同龄期的幼虫在树干内越冬。次年3月下旬开始活动,5月上、中旬在坑道末端化蛹。成虫6月中旬羽化,7月中、下旬为盛期,10月初仍可见到少量成虫。成虫羽化,2—3天后进行交尾,交尾后3—4天开始产卵。卵单粒产于刻槽内,卵期约12天。初孵幼虫取食韧皮层和边材,3龄以后蛀入木质部,10月停食越冬。防治方法1、营林措施,选择毛白杨等抗虫品 相似文献
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黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在黄连木种子小蜂发生区设立标准地及观察箱,经过多年进一步对黄连木种子小蜂化蛹、羽化、产卵、孵化、幼虫、成虫的观察和研究,发现其在河南一般1年发生1代,少数2年1代,以老熟幼虫在虫果内越冬.翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬为羽化盛期.1头雌成虫可产卵10～31粒,卵产在黄连木幼果内,一般1果1粒,卵经4天左右孵化.黄连木种子小蜂羽化的最适气温为23～25℃. 相似文献
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筛胸梳爪叩甲生物学特性研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
筛胸梳爪叩甲是目前笋用竹林主要的地下害虫.采用室内饲养与室外调查相结合的办法对该虫的形态特征、生活史及各虫态的生活习性进行研究.该虫4～5 a发生1代,以成虫及各龄幼虫越冬;4月下旬至6月底为成虫羽化期,5月中旬为羽化盛期;2-3月越冬幼虫开始活动,4月中下旬为幼虫活动盛期,6-8月幼虫进入越夏期,活动量减少,9月气温下降,幼虫又开始活动,11月进入越冬期;7月底至8月上甸,4年生幼虫老熟结土茧化蛹,蛹约经25 d羽化成虫越冬.防治建议幼虫期活动盛期(4月)用BT可湿性粉剂800～1000倍泼浇林地,或在垦复时用750 kg/hm2茶籽饼拌土施入.成虫期可用黑光灯诱杀,均有一定防治效果. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献