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1.
Comparative analysis of temporal changes of multifunctionality benefit of two major rice paddy plains in Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chen-Wuing Liu Shih-Wei Zhang Kuo-Hua Lin Wei-Taw Lin 《Paddy and Water Environment》2010,8(2):199-205
Recently, free trade of farm land, changes of agricultural policy and global climate changes have resulted a significant reduction of rice planting area and the multifunctionality values of paddy field in Taiwan. This study aims to evaluate the temporal changes of multifunctionality benefit of two major rice paddy plains in Taiwan. The main agricultural production regions of the Chou-Shui river alluvial fan and Ping-Tung plain are selected for the comparative study. The replacement method is adopted to quantify the multifunctionality of the paddy field. The results show that percentage of cultivated paddy to the total paddy gradually decreases from 92 to 80% and the external value remains from 572,000 to 668,000 NT$/ha in the Chou-Shui river alluvial fan. Whereas, the percentage of area of cultivated paddy to the total paddy markedly decreases from 37 to 23% from 1999 to 2006 and resulting the external values of paddy only ranges from 156,000 to 258,000 NT$/ha in the Ping-Tung plain. To maintain the sustainable agriculture in the paddy field, government needs to formulate incentive policy to conserve the paddy farming, promote, and transmit the general understanding of the environmental and living-hood multifunctionality values to the people. 相似文献
2.
Chen-Wuing Liu Shih-Wei Zhang Hsing-Pin Yao Kuo-Hua Lin Wei-Taw Lin 《Paddy and Water Environment》2010,8(3):207-216
The study synthesizes the spatiotemporal changes of the multifunctionality and benefit of Taiwanese paddy. The internal and
external economic values of the paddy are quantitatively determined. Nationwide as well as regional variation of multifunctionality
and benefits from 1999 to 2007 were considered. The substitution cost method was adopted to quantify the external economical
values of rice paddy. Moreover, the compensating variation concept was applied to appraise the rational green subsidy of rice
paddy in Taiwan. The result shows that the multifunctional benefits of rice paddy from 1999 to 2007 reduce 55, 18, 31, 13,
and 28% in north, center, south, east regions, and nationwide of Taiwan, respectively. The reduction is mainly attributable
to the significant decrease of rice-planting area. The external benefit may be further diminished if the fallow area increases
continuously. In order to maintain the multifunctionality of rice paddy, we appraise a reasonable green subsidy to the cultivated
paddy farmers. According to the results of the amount of green subsidy evaluated by the compensating variation concept, the
estimated green subsidy is 21,000 NT$/ha for the nationwide paddy farmers. The government may consider to award the appraised
green subsidy to paddy farmers directly for the sustainable management of rice paddy in Taiwan. 相似文献
3.
F. Agus I. Irawan H. Suganda W. Wahyunto A. Setiyanto M. Kundarto 《Paddy and Water Environment》2006,4(4):181-188
Industrial and urban developments in Indonesia focus on the economic merits, but neglect agricultural services that, when disappear, will destabilize the environmental and livelihood systems. A series of 5-year study has evaluated various aspects of multifunctionality and implications of paddy field conversion on the disappearance of multifunctionality. Soil loss from a series of 18 terraced paddy fields in central Java is negligible. Only a few terraces located along the streams directly caused sedimentation. The functions of flood mitigation, water-resource conservation, erosion reduction, organic waste disposal, heat mitigation, and rural amenity of paddy fields in Citarum watershed in West Java were significant. The ‘replacement costs’ of such functions was about 51% ($92.67 million yr−1) of the total price of rice of $181.34 million yr−1 produced in the 156,000 ha paddy field. This amount could be considered as free services by the farmers to the society. However, because of society's negligence and unawareness, conversion has been accelerating while development of new paddy fields has been decelerating in the last few years. Low and fluctuating price of agricultural products, unavailability or non-affordability of agricultural supplies and inaccessibility to market are among the major disincentives faced by farmers. Because of appreciable multifunctionality they produce, farmers deserve various incentives for the sake of environmental sustainability and other services. 相似文献
4.
The groundwater recharge function, one example of the multifunctionality of agriculture, is closely related to hydrogeological phenomena and socioeconomic factors such as pumpage and land use. A long-term evaluation of the groundwater recharge function is necessary to understand its role among the multiple functions of agriculture. The Nobi Plain, one of the largest coastal plains in Japan, was selected as the study area because it has experienced typical socioeconomic changes. We conducted a long-term evaluation of the groundwater recharge function based on simple water-balance equations using long-term data on groundwater levels and river flows. Leakage recharge from paddy fields in 1975 was about 2.8×108 m3/year, decreased to 0.6×108 m3/year in 1984, and ceased in 1985. Its monetary value of the function in 1975 was estimated by the replacement cost method, was about $56 million for 20 ha×103 ha of paddy fields. The value per unit area of paddy fields was calculated as $2820/ha and that in Japan was calculated as $400/ha. Paddy fields in suburbs of big cities have a higher value than the average paddy field in Japan. However, this recharge value is no longer produced because no leakage recharge occurs at present owing to socioeconomic changes. 相似文献
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6.
This experimental study assesses the effects of event rainfall on soil erosion characteristics in terraced rice paddy fields. A 0.75-ha terraced paddy field located in Northern Taiwan was used to investigate the soil erosion under the regular cultivation of rice during two crop seasons. The environmental changes were investigated in the neighboring areas in which terraced paddy fields have been converted to other land usages. The annual rate of soil erosion calculated from the observed rainfall runoff and suspended solid contained was 0.77 ton/ha, which is significantly less than the erosion rate associated with upland crop cultivation reported by other research conducted in Taiwan. Experimental results also showed that the terraced paddy field retained the highest percentages of clay, silt, and organic matter's content, as compared to those of other upland crops, indicating that the topsoil was less susceptible to rainfall erosion under flooded conditions of rice-cultivation. The results of this study show that the rice-planted terraced paddy offers the highest level of soil conservation. The function of soil and water conservation in terraced paddy fields could be further increased by effective maintenance of embankment and to raise the height of the bund. Poor management, abandoned cultivation, and converse to other upland crops of terraced paddy fields are regarded as major contributors to increased soil erosion in mountainous areas. The government in Taiwan should formulate effective measures and maintain sustainable rice cultivation in the terraced paddies. 相似文献
7.
Variation in rice quality of different cultivars and grain positions as affected by water management 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Wangda Cheng Guoping Zhang Guoping Zhao Haigen Yao Haiming Xu 《Field Crops Research》2003,80(3):245-252
A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of cultivar and grain position on rice quality under different water management treatments. Water treatments significantly affected all quality traits in the study, except alkali digestibility (AD). There were significant interactions of water treatment by grain position and genotype for brown rice rate (BRR), chalky grain rate (CGR) and amylose content (AC), and interactions of grain position by water treatment and cultivar for head milled rice rate (HMRR). The interaction of water treatment by genotype for protein content (PC) was also significant. Of all variance components, water treatment ranked the highest for PC. Similarly grain position was ranked the highest for AC, BRR, CGR and HMRR. In comparison with wet cultivation, plastic-film mulched cultivation had significantly lower BRR, HMRR, CGR and higher PC. There were marked differences in milled quality, appearance and AD among differently positioned grains within a spike. For appearance and PC, the difference between plastic-film mulched cultivation and wet cultivation was greater for upland rice than paddy rice. For milled and cooking–eating quality, the difference between plastic-film mulched cultivation and wet cultivation was greater for the good quality paddy rice than the upland rice and the poor quality paddy rice. In plastic-film mulched cultivation, top grains showed lower milled quality and PC. While in wet cultivation, the opposite result was seen. With the decrease in soil water content, BRR and appearance showed increased and decreased differences among grains within a spike, respectively. The results indicate the possibility of improving rice quality by use of better water management and suitable cultivars. 相似文献
8.
Contingent valuation approach in measuring the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas in Japan 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The purpose of this study was to measure the economic value of the multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas based on a more realistic assumption than that adopted in previous studies. Willingness to pay (WTP) for implementing a policy that would maintain a level of multifunctionality corresponding to a 20% decrease in the farmland area in Japan was measured by the double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM). According to a country-wide survey, the overall median WTP was 4,144 yen per household annually. The multifunctionality of agriculture and rural areas was classified into eight functions. The WTP for each of these functions was calculated taking into account the ratings assigned to the functions by the respondents. The WTP was 649 yen for flood prevention, 505 yen for recharging groundwater, 642 yen for water environment conservation, 445 yen for soil erosion prevention, 579 yen for organic resource utilization, 394 yen for the development of favorable landscapes, 290 yen for recreation and relaxation, and 641 yen for wildlife protection. 相似文献
9.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):245-269
AbstractHistorical changes in planting area, yield improvements, and production of both paddy and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Tokyo and the whole of Japan from 1877 to 2003 were reviewed. The area of rice in Tokyo was at its peak (17,000 ha) at the beginning of the 20th century but dramatically reduced thereafter except for the period of 1950s, to200 and 30 ha for paddy and upland rice, respectively, in 2003, due to urbanization. After the 1950s, the land-use efficiency rate in Tokyo was reduced from 180 to 100% and rice self-sufficiency rate from 4 to 0.1%. There was historical yield improvement of paddy rice in Tokyo particularly after 1960s in the Southern and Northern Tama regions, but the current yield level in Tokyo (ca. 400 g m-2) is lower than that in the whole of Japan (more than 500 g m-2) eventhough crop damage due to low temperatures is not serious.The reasons were discussed from the viewpoints of (1) less agricultural inputs and agronomic management, (2) declining rice research after the 1970s, (3) higher elevating air temperature(e.g. 1.4°C for the last 40 years), in Tokyo, and (4) yield component differences. Upland rice in Tokyo has a planting area comparable with paddy rice (ca. 7,000 to 8,000 ha) during the 1950s, but yield improvement during the last 50 yearsis not noticeable (ca. 150 g m-2) with no development of cultivars, and with greater fluctuation of crop situation index due to drought compared with paddy rice. This review paper discusses the importance of urban rice production system, along with a proposal of the alternatives. 相似文献
10.
We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous(P) fertilizer under two cultivation methods.The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation(MC,control) and bare dry cultivation(DC) with three P levels,low(LP,45 kg/hm2),normal(NP,90 kg/hm2) and high(HP,135 kg/hm2).As P level increased,grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC.There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice,although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield.Under DC at LP,Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance,cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP.Under MC,Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality.DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice,and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had better processing,nutrient and eating qualities.The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level. 相似文献
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12.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):230-239
AbstractWe examined the possible benefit of rational site-specific crop management practices in 17 paddy fields located in an area of 2.0 ha for the prevalence of precision agriculture methods on a cooperatively managed large-scale farm in Sakurai, Nara Japan. Data on grain yield, soil physicochemical properties and farmer's crop management practices were collected in each paddy field. Unhulled rice yield was estimated at a resolution of 5m ? 5m in an area of 1.2 ha using a yield-monitoring combine. The spatial distribution of the variations for the collected data was characterized using geostatistical procedures. The kriged map of the unhulled rice yield drawn from the results of geostatistical analysis indicated the potential value of rational site-specific crop management using the yield-monitoring combine. The ratio of spatially structured variation to the total variation of brown rice yield, that is, the controllable proportion to total variation, was 75.4%. Each yield component i.e., the number of spikelets per square meter, filled-spikelet percentage and 1000-grain weight contributed 33.7%, 54.7% and 11.6%, respectively, to brown rice yield. These three yield components combined contributed to 96.5% of the brown rice yield variation. The agronomic factors (soil fertility factor, early growth factor, N dressing and uptake factor) contributed 79.7%, 52.1% and 41.8%, respectively, to the variation of these three yield components. Therefore these agronomic factors accounted for 58.1% of the total variation of the brown rice yield and 77.1% (i.e. 58.1% out of 75.4%) of the spatially structured variation of the brown rice yield. This controllable proportion may be a criterion for the prevalence of site-specific crop management in large-scale farm management in general, although only one case study was conducted. 相似文献
13.
杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培的养分及干物质积累特性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以杂交中稻D优95、冈优22为材料，研究了杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培对N、P、K的吸收及干物质的积累、转运和分配。杂交中稻超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培可以明显地提高稻株对N、P、K的吸收及干物质的积累量，尤其是生育后期，超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培对N、P、K的吸收强度仍较大，特别是N素，积累量多，干物质的生产与积累也较常规栽培大而快，表现出明显的后期生长优势；超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培齐穗后穗部N、P、K的积累仍有较大比例靠齐穗后的吸收，且穗部干物质的积累来自于齐穗后的光合作用的比例较大；超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培还可提高N、P、K及干物质在穗部的分配比例，从而提高经济系数及单位N、P、K的生产效率。超多蘖壮秧超稀栽培的本田最佳密度为11.25～15.00万穴/hm2，比常规栽培增产10%以上。 相似文献
14.
Inhong Song Jung-Hun Song Jeong Hoon Ryu Kyeung Kim Jeong-Ryeol Jang Moon Seong Kang 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(1):59-69
Curbing nutrient loads from rice cultivation has been an issue for the water quality management of surface water bodies in the Asian monsoon region. The objectives of this study were to develop paddy BMP scenarios and to evaluate their effectiveness on nutrient loads reduction using long-term model simulation. Totally five BMP scenarios were developed based on the three paddy farming factors of drainage outlet height, fertilizer type, and application amount and were compared with conventional practices. CREAMS-PADDY model was chosen for the paddy nutrient simulation, and two-year field experimental data were used for the model calibration and validation. The validated model was used to evaluate the developed BMP scenarios for the 46 years of simulation period. The observed nutrient loads were 15.2 and 1.45 kg/ha for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, and mainly occurred by early season drainage and rainfall runoff in summer. The long-term simulation showed that the soil test-based fertilization and drainage outlet raising practice were the two most effective methods in nutrient loads reduction. The combination of these two resulted in the greatest loads reduction by 29 and 37 % for T-N and T-P, respectively (p value < 0.001). Overall the effectiveness of the BMP scenarios was decreased in the wet season. As the conclusion, outlet height control and soil nutrient-based fertilization were suggested as the effective practices in paddy loads reduction and their combination can be a practicable BMP scenario for the paddy nutrient management. 相似文献
15.
A general adaptation strategy for climate change impacts on paddy cultivation: special reference to the Japanese context 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Climate changes due to global warming may affect paddy cultivation considerably. Climate changes directly affect rice plant
growth, and within paddy cultivation catchments, alter the hydrological regime including flood patterns and water availability
for irrigation, and drainage. Although increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the future may enhance plant growth through the CO2 fertilization effect, impacts of climate change on agriculture are complicated and difficult to predict precisely. This is
especially the case for assessing impacts on paddy cultivation, where basin hydrological behavior needs to be understood in
detail. Possible adaptations to reduce negative impacts should be tailored to local conditions, which modify climate change
impacts on paddy cultivation. In this article, climate change impacts on paddy cultivation are reviewed and a general adaptation
strategy is discussed with special reference to the Japanese context. 相似文献
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17.
针对福建省武平县部分稻田光温资源种植水稻一季有余、两季不足的问题,在进行品种对比试验的基础上,筛选出了适宜武平作再生稻栽培的天优3301等高产品种,并对这些品种作再生稻进行高产栽培示范和最佳播种期比较试验,总结了"早播中稻-再生稻"高产栽培技术。 相似文献
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水稻和陆稻籽粒灌浆特性的比较 总被引：22，自引：4，他引：22
应用Richards方程对水作和旱作水稻与陆稻的籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,研究两种稻灌浆特性在不同水分管理条件下的差异。结果表明,与水作相比,水稻旱作穗数和粒重明显降低,产量下降;强势粒和弱势粒的灌浆速率降低,活跃灌浆期缩短,强势粒和中势粒的起始生长势减弱,到达最大灌浆速率的时间延迟,强、弱势粒进入灌浆盛期的间距缩短,从而影响弱势粒的灌浆,强、弱势粒灌浆速率的差异增大,最终导致粒重和结实率降低。陆稻旱作与水作相比,除活跃灌浆期略有缩短以及强、弱势粒进入灌浆盛期的间隔略有延长外,整体上灌浆过程变化不大。与水稻相比,陆稻在两种水分条件下灌浆过程和产量及其构成因子的差异较小,表现为籽粒灌浆的起始生长势特别是强、中粒位势的起始生长势低,灌浆前、中期灌浆较强,强、中势籽粒对同化物的激烈竞争使弱势粒灌浆变差,籽粒灌浆期短,特别是灌浆后期持续时间短,导致结实率和粒重低,最终影响产量。旱作条件下,水稻与陆稻相比,籽粒灌浆速率较小,活跃灌浆期较长,强、弱势粒灌浆呈现明显的异步性。 相似文献
20.
Yoshiyuki Shinogi Yutaka Kanri Yuichi Hirose Kaneto Inoue 《Paddy and Water Environment》2005,3(3):165-170
Due to the recent regulation of rice production in Japan, it has become necessary to convert rice paddy to other field crops
production. To achieve this, drainage conditions, especially for surface drainage, must be improved. We propose the introduction
of a slight slope to improve surface drainage, but the optimal slope must be determined in order to prevent soil erosion caused
by excessive slope, as well as increased cost. In Japan, a 0.1% slope has recently come into widespread use and, therefore,
the impact on surface drainage must be quantified. In this report, observations were carried out to quantify the impact of
a 0.1% slope for converted rice paddy and the following results were obtained: (1) An approximate 0.1% slope enables improvement
of 46% of the soil surface saturation area as compared to flat conditions about 10 h after inundation; and (2) Inundated water
remains on a flat field, while it moves downward toward the end on a sloped field. These results give a basis for determining
a slope on a rice paddy in terms of surface drainage improvement. However, the optimal slope should be decided from various
perspectives including engineering, agronomy, and economics etc. 相似文献