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1.
Application of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai aggr. after soil fumigation with methyl bromide improved the control of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in a peanut field. Although soil fumigation controlled the diseases caused by these pathogens, it was followed by rapid reinfestation by S. rolfsii and R. solani. The biological control agent T. harzianum prevented reinfestation of the fumigated soil by the pathogens (88% reduction) both in a controlled environment and in field conditions. In soil treated with T. harzianum, survival of sclerotia was considerably less than in the untreated control. The combined treatment, of fumigation and T. harzianum applications, caused almost total mortality of sclerotia in soil in the laboratory and in the field. Application of T. harzianum to the root zone of tomatoes effectively controlled S. rolfsii in a field naturally infested with S. rolfsii and R. solani. Transplanting plants treated with T. harzianum into soil fumigated with methyl bromide reduced disease incidence by 93% and increased yield by 160%. 相似文献
2.
Summary Soil in a potato field naturally infested with black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was fumigated with methyl bromide at 126 g m−2 or left unfumigated. Potato seed tubers (cv. BP1) uninfected, lightly infected (1–25% surface affected), severely infected
(26–100% surface affected) and severely infected withC. coccodes but dusted with prochloraz manganese chloride as Octave 2.5% DP at 750 g per 100 kg seed were planted in fumigated and unfumigated
soil. When harvested, the incidence of black dot on the progeny of infected seed planted in unfumigated soil was twice that
of progeny in fumigated soil, with progeny of uninfected seed having a 68.5 times higher disease incidence in unfumigated
soil. Black dot on progeny tubers was reduced by pre-treatment of seed with prochloraz in fumigated soil only. With black
dot infested fields, planting disease-free seed or treating seed with fungicides would not decrease disease on progeny tubers. 相似文献
3.
杧果象是杧果的重要害虫,该类害虫的为害严重影响杧果的产量和质量,对杧果产业造成巨大的经济损失.调查发现杧果果肉象和果实象在云南发生为害严重,发生程度不一,早熟品种较晚熟品种受害重.采用溴甲烷对采后的丰亡果鲜果及新鲜果核进行熏蒸处理,结果表明:在20～25℃,常压下使用72/m~3,溴甲烷熏蒸鲜果、新鲜果核3 h或使用24、36 g/m~3溴甲烷进行熏蒸鲜果6 h,可100%杀死果肉及果核内的杧果象且果实外观、风味未发生改变,种子发芽率与对照差异不显著. 相似文献
4.
Application and crop safety parameters for soil fumigants 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A. S. Csinos T. M. Webster D. R. Sumner A. W. Johnson C. C. Dowler K. W. Seebold 《Crop Protection》2002,21(10):973-982
Metam sodium alone and in combination with 1,3-dichloropropene plus 17% chloropicrin (1,3-D+C-17) were evaluated under polyethylene mulch film as alternatives for methyl bromide in tobacco and tomato transplant production for both efficacy against pests and crop safety. Eight different weed species, 10 genera or species of fungi and several agronomic criteria were evaluated at three different sites. In general both the metam sodium alone and in combination with 1,3-D+C-17 were highly efficacious when compared to methyl bromide. Short polyethylene film retention times and short aeration times resulted in poor stands and poor crop vigor while relatively long polyethylene film retention times and long aeration periods at the same rates typically resulted in high stand counts and vigor. Combination treatments were more phytotoxic to germinating seed of tobacco and tomato. Vigor and stand counts of the seedlings were higher as aeration time increased, suggesting phytotoxic residues dissipate with time. Method of application of metam sodium, either injected with chisels or sprayed onto the soil surface and incorporated with a tractor-powered tiller alone or co- applied with 1,3-D+C-17 chisel injected, did not affect the efficacy of the treatments. Caution regarding phytotoxicity must be exercised when seeding into soil fumigated with metam sodium alone or combined with 1,3-D+C-17. Additional work will be required to establish safety periods required prior to transplanting crops into fumigated soil. 相似文献
5.
6.
Two fields in Weld County, Colorado were fumigated in the fall or spring with Telone C in an attempt to restore their productivity. The soils were Julesburg sandy loams and had been cropped to either corn or potatoes for many years. Observations were made over three years on the following: soil ammonium and nitrate nitrogen carry over, seasonal changes in these two forms of nitrogen, petiole nitrate concentration,Verticillium population, verticillium wilt expression,Verticillium stem infection and potato yields of two varieties. No significant differences occurred between control and fumigated blocks in the carry over of soil ammonium or nitrate nitrogen. During the growing season of the first year, no significant differences in soil nitrate concentrations occurred, while during the second and third year at certain times, all fumigated blocks contained significantly less nitrate nitrogen than the control block. Significant seasonal differences measured between blocks in soil ammonium concentration were not related to fumigation. Petiole nitrate concentrations while similar during the first year, were significantly higher in most fumigated treatments the second year and generally lower than the controls in the third year. Verticillium populations were not consistently affected by fumigation. Fluctuations not associated with fumigation prevented drawing definite conclusions. Both spring and fall fumigation reduced wilt severity in the two varieties. Effects of spring fumigation carried through two seasons while fall fumigation did not. Plant infection, determined by culturing stem sections, corresponded with the wilt severity ratings. Fall fumigation increased market yields of Norland potatoes but the increase was not statistically significant. Usually, both fall and spring fumigation significantly increased market yield of Norgold potatoes and over three years, spring fumigation was significantly better. Yield increases resulting from fumigation were considered greater than could be explained from alteration in the soil ammonium to nitrate ratios and/or verticillium wilt control as measured in this study. 相似文献
7.
C. H. Livingston R. Lambert M. Kaufmann K. Knutson 《American Journal of Potato Research》1976,53(3):81-86
Two Julesburg sandy-loam fields in Weld County, Colorado, with a history of Corky Ringspot (CRS) caused by tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were injected with Telone-C as fall or spring applications and planted to potatoes. Deep soil sample cores taken from the experimental fields were planted toNicotiana tabacum L. var. Samsun serving as TRV bait and indicator plants. Systemic infection of bait plants and assay of the bait plant roots for TRV indicate that potential TRV inoculum was present which escaped the effects of fumigation treatments. TRV was found to be widely but erratically distributed throughout the experimental fields. The low incidence of CRS in tubers harvested from the treated fields suggests that fumigation may have short term benefits but potential inoculum exists which could lead to infection after the effects of fumigation have dissipated. The total yield of tubers was increased in the two cultivars planted (Norgold and Norland) in the fumigated fields receiving spring or fall applications. The yield of U.S. No 1 Grade potatoes in the Norland cultivar was increased significantly by both fall and spring fumigation. These yield increases were directly related to the reduced incidence ofVerticillium wilt observed in the fumigated soils and reported as a personal communication from unpublished data. 相似文献
8.
Dazomet (Basamid®) is a dry powder formulation that releases the toxic gas methyl isothiocyanate for the control of soil borne pests and weed seeds when applied to moist soils. We evaluated its efficacy for destroying Phelipanche mutelii (branched broomrape) seed banks. Dazomet is typically used where effectiveness can be improved with the addition of water but we examined its performance in soils with low moisture content in container experiments and field trials. In containers, less than 10% of P. mutelii seed remained viable 30 days after dazomet applications of 112.8–338.4 kg ha−1 at soil moisture content from 0.05 to 0.15 g g−1. Seeds buried at a depth of 5 cm needed to be in contact with the product for longer than one week before viability was affected. An initial field trial did not detect a decline in seed viability 7 days after dazomet application. Viability assessments in a second field trial were made 30 days after dazomet application with an airseeder at a rate of 338.4 kg ha−1. Less than 10% of P. mutelii seeds at a depth of 5 cm survived and dazomet was as effective as two other soil fumigants, methyl bromide and a methyl iodide/chloropicrin mixture. The release of methyl isothiocyanate is reduced in soils in containers with low soil moisture content but occurs over a long time period. Methyl isothiocyanate dissipated more rapidly in soils in containers with higher soil moisture content and at lower dazomet application rates. A higher application rate is required in the field to ensure the dazomet powder is evenly distributed through the soil profile and there is adequate methyl isothiocyanate resident in the top soil layer to achieve seed kill. This has consequences for plant back times in fumigated land following dazomet application. 相似文献
9.
The fumigation of soil infested with a moderate population of parasitic nematodes and fungi very effectively improved the growth, quality and yield of potatoes. The beneficial effects of fumigation with DD and Vorlex were mainly attributed to control of nematodes, particularly the meadow nematode. However, the fumigants did effectively reduce the population ofRhizoctonia solani on potato roots and “scurf” on tubers caused byR. solani. Also less vascular browning of tubers developed in fumigated soil. Thus the effects of soil fumigation were complex, affecting many microorganisms and consequently producing numerous manifestations in the growth of potatoes. 相似文献
10.
Gene D. Easton 《American Journal of Potato Research》1970,47(11):419-426
Fumigation of Verticillium infested soils with Telone®+chloropicrin in 1966 increased yields of Russet Burbank potatoes 178 and 147 cwt/a (200 and 165 q/ha) over yields in unfumigated plots near Othello and Prosser, Washington, respectively. Systemic insecticides disulfoton and aldicarb banded at planting, sidedressed after planting, or applied in combination treatments did not increase yield at either location. Plots fumigated with Telone®+chloropicrin and fertilized with ammonium nitrate (150 and 350 lb N/a?168 and 392 kg N/ha) in 1967 significantly increased yields over that of the unfumigated, fertilized plots. Application of disulfoton and aldicarb to plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate (150 and 350 lb N/a?168 and 392 kg N/ha) did not increase yields over that of fertilized plots receiving no systemic insecticide. 相似文献
11.
Prior to the 2009 season, sweet cherry fruits, Prunus avium (L.) L., from North America were required to be fumigated with methyl bromide before being exported to Japan to eliminate possible infestation by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). However, based on recent biological research on host status, a new procedure (the “systems approach”) was implemented relying on the cumulative effects of pre- and post-harvest practices to produce pest-free sweet cherry fruits for export. This is an organized process that involves the integration of procedures used in the production, harvest, packaging, and distribution of a commodity which cumulatively meet the requirements for quarantine security. The objective of our study was to provide additional information to support the systems approach for codling moth in sweet cherries fruits. For four seasons, branches with sweet cherry fruits were caged on trees and infested by released ovipositing codling moths into the cages. Fruits were sampled weekly for codling moth individuals at each life stage. Eggs were laid mostly on leaves with the seasonal average numbers per cage ranging from 142 to 617. Populations declined rapidly after egg eclosion, with <1.5% of the original cohort surviving to fifth instars. Even after 8 weeks, none had formed cocoons or pupated. This failure of the codling moth to complete a life cycle under field conditions supports previous life history studies and demonstrates that sweet cherry fruits are inadequate hosts for codling moth. 相似文献
12.
Summary In investigating the effect of mechanical impact and storage conditions on subsurface hardening in boiled pre-peeled potatoes,
potatoes (cv. Sava) were peeled using an industrial peeler, a laboratory knife peeler or a hand knife peeler, packed in polymer
bags and stored at 4 to 18 °C for 6 days. Industrially peeled potatoes were significantly harder than potatoes peeled by hand
or using a laboratory knife peeler. Potato hardening was not related to pectin methyl esterase activity (EC 3.1.1.11.). However,
it was significantly correlated with mechanical impact from the peeler knives and by treatment in a damage barrel. Blunt knives
resulted in harder potatoes than when sharp knives were used. An increase in storage temperature from 4 to 18 °C also increased
subsurface hardening significantly. Maximum hardness was found below the wounded surface at a depth of 2–8 mm (average 4 mm). 相似文献
13.
Plastic liners are used inside boxes of table grapes to retard moisture loss from the grapes and to contain sulfur dioxide gas released inside the packages to control postharvest decay. However, to control organisms of quarantine concern, regulators specify exported packages must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB), and to enable adequate diffusion of the fumigant into the packages they specify the liners must be perforated. The percentage of the area of the liner that is perforated, formerly stipulated to be not less than 0.3%, was recently increased to not less than 0.9%. Two MB fumigation schedules specified for control of the Chilean mite, Brevipalpus chilensis, were applied to grape packages with a high-density polyethylene liners with perforated areas of 0.9% or with a SO2-releasing liners with perforated areas of 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9%. Package and chamber concentrations were measured repeatedly for up to three hours during MB fumigation at 4.4 or 6.0 °C with a dosage 64 mg L−1 or at 26.7 °C with a dosage 56 mg L−1. Diffusion was similar and rapid into the packages among all perforated areas. MB concentrations inside the packages were not less than 95% of those of the chamber atmosphere within 15 min. After fumigation with an MB dosage 64 mg L−1 at 4.4 °C and subsequent storage at 2.0 °C, mean MB residue content in grapes from most packages 48 h after MB fumigation was below the limit of quantitation of 0.002 mg kg−1. After fumigation with an MB dosage 56 mg L−1 at 26.7 °C and subsequent storage at 2.0 °C, mean MB residue content in grapes from most packages 24 h after MB fumigation was below the limit of quantitation. 相似文献
14.
Jeanine M. Davis Wayne H. Loescher Max W. Hammond Robert E. Thornton 《American Journal of Potato Research》1986,63(2):71-79
Two field studies were conducted to determine the effects of soil fumigation on the response of Russet Burbank potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to NH4-N or NH4NO3 fertilizers. In one study fumigation increased yields but N source had no effect. In the other study fumigation had no effect but NH4-N provided higher yields than NH4NO3. Microbial studies indicated that although populations of nitrifying bacteria were initially altered by fumigation, nitrification rates were similar to those in non-fumigated soil. In a controlled environment study in which potatoes were grown in fumigated field soil, neither N source nor fumigation had any effect on growth or yield. These studies indicated that fumigation had no effect on the response of potatoes to NH4-N or NH4NO3 fertilizers. 相似文献
15.
Summary Studies of the effect of fertilisation stress, harvest time, machine sorting, storage time, peeling and blanching of potatoes
(Solarium tuberosum L.) were carried out. Mechanical impact by sorting before storage did not have a significant effect on hardness of pre-peeled
potatoes. Potato hardness decreased significantly with the storage time for raw potatoes following an exponential function.
Treatment of potatoes in a damage drum for 5 minutes (36 drops from 35 cm) increased the subsurface hardening, production
of brick-like cells and deposition of suberin. Potato hardness throughout the whole potatoes increased with blanching time
by blanching at 85 and 95 °C. It was concluded that development of potato hardiness occur because of two mechanisms. That
is: 1) wound healing by periderm formation with deposition of suberin and: 2) activation of methyl esterase activity by blanching
and subsequent crosslinking of demethoxylated pectin by calcium ions, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Summary We investigated the changes in the content of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA), glucose, fructose, surose and total glycoalkaloids (TGA)
during storage of potatoes, cv. Bintje, for 12 weeks at 7,16 and 28°C. The initial amount of L-AA was 8.2 mg/100g fresh weight;
after 12 weeks' storage at 7°C it had decreased, while at 16 and 28°C it had increased. The sugar content went up most in
potatoes stored at 28°C, but remained below the level at which potatoes taste sweet. The sugar content rose slightly at 16°C,
while it decreased in tubers stored at 7°C. The initial TGA content, in equivalent amounts of α-solanine, was 3.6 mg/100 g
fresh weight; after 12 weeks' storage it had decreased slightly at all three storage temperatures. 相似文献
17.
Two field trials were conducted to examine the efficacy of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives in the control of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen (Fusarium wilt) in fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Various treatments compared combinations of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metam sodium, dazomet, and pebulate. The data show that consistently 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin at both doses in combination with the herbicide pebulate can be considered alternatives to methyl bromide in fresh market tomato. These treatments had excellent purple nutsedge and Fusarium wilt control, and marketable tomato yields were similar to that for methyl bromide plus chloropicrin. 相似文献
18.
The most likely reasons for seeding failures of sod-seeded lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) were determined from eight field experiments, where the effects of a range of pesticides on the establishment of and damage to lucerne were compared. The experiments were conducted during 1979–80 at four sites near Ithaca, N.Y., USA. Pesticides evaluated were: methyl bromide (MeBr), carbofuran, acylalanine (1979, 1980); fonofos, diazinon, methiocarb, metaldehyde and combinations of carbofuran with methiocarb or metaldehyde (1980). Seeded areas were pretreated with glyphosate for vegetation control.
In 1979 seedling losses were decreased by carbofuran and methyl bromide whereas in 1980 seedling losses were decreased by methyl bromide at two sites and by methiocarb at all sites. Methiocarb was the only pesticide to reduce defoliation damage. The effect of combining methiocarb and metaldehyde each with carbofuran tended to be additive in terms of reducing seedling numbers and damage, and increasing yield. Treatment effects on lucerne yield were still apparent up to 12 months after seeding. Based on the consistent results of methiocarb, it was concluded that molluscs were probably the main factor limiting the establishment of sod-seeded lucerne but an arthropod component also appeared to be involved. 相似文献
In 1979 seedling losses were decreased by carbofuran and methyl bromide whereas in 1980 seedling losses were decreased by methyl bromide at two sites and by methiocarb at all sites. Methiocarb was the only pesticide to reduce defoliation damage. The effect of combining methiocarb and metaldehyde each with carbofuran tended to be additive in terms of reducing seedling numbers and damage, and increasing yield. Treatment effects on lucerne yield were still apparent up to 12 months after seeding. Based on the consistent results of methiocarb, it was concluded that molluscs were probably the main factor limiting the establishment of sod-seeded lucerne but an arthropod component also appeared to be involved. 相似文献
19.
This paper reports the results of a meta-analytic synthesis of information from a large number of horticultural experiments that evaluated the technical feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives as soil fumigants in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cultivation in California, Florida, and Spain, and in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation in Florida. A technically feasible alternative is defined as a treatment that provides pest control and crop yields similar to methyl bromide standard fumigation. We selected papers using five criteria, which jointly ensured inclusion of field experiments that contained usable information on at least three treatments—(1) an untreated control, (2) a methyl bromide treatment, and (3) a treatment that is an alternative to methyl bromide treatment. Because of the differences in regional cropping environments, we performed separate meta-analyses for four crop/region combinations. To explore the potential effects of missing information on past fumigation history and pest pressure on the results, we performed two sensitivity analyses, in which the set of usable field experiments included only those experiments in which the improvement of the methyl bromide treatment yield over the control yield was either 15% or 50%. Finally, the definition of several potential alternative chemical treatments took into account differences in formulations and application rates. The results we obtained do not support the technical superiority of methyl bromide over its alternatives. We found several potential alternatives for which we could not reject the hypothesis of technical feasibility, based on the experimental data for strawberries in California and Spain. In particular, the results on strawberry field experiments in California indicate that the estimated effect size of the treatment using 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin 65:35 formulation (applied at the standard rate) was close to the estimated effect size for methyl bromide. The results from strawberry and tomato field experiments in Florida were inconclusive. However, this does not establish that methyl bromide is technically superior to its alternatives. Given the data-related limitations of the analysis, standard protocols are necessary for conducting and reporting the experiments to allow for more meaningful synthesis of the experimental data. 相似文献
20.
Impact of early-season water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development,tuber yield and quality 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Clinton C. Shock James C. Zalewski Timothy D. Stieber Denise S. Burnett 《American Journal of Potato Research》1992,69(12):793-803
Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Owyhee silt loam were subjected to early-season moisture stress by delaying initiation of furrow irrigation up to seven weeks after planting. A range of water stress treatments from 4 to 7 weeks after planting resulted in reduced plant size, tuber number and total tuber weight per plant 8 1/2 weeks after planting. Early-season water stress resulting from delayed irrigation onset was associated with improved tuber quality at harvest. Plants water stressed before tuber initiation had fewer tubers with dark stem-end fry colors, reduced percentage of US No. 2 potatoes, and increased percentage and size of US No. 1 potatoes. Increasing duration of soil water potential below -60 kPa early in the season was associated with declining total yield in 1985 but not in 1986. To obtain optimum yield and processing quality, the first irrigation should be no sooner than full plant emergence. 相似文献