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1.
蚕豆枯萎病是土传病害,其发生与蚕豆根系分泌物有密切关系。本文以3个枯萎病不同抗性蚕豆品种——‘89-147’(高抗)、‘8363’(中抗)和‘云豆324’(感病)为材料,通过水培试验收集根系分泌物,测定根系分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响,分析对枯萎病表现出不同抗性的蚕豆品种根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸和有机酸的含量,分离鉴定了根系分泌物中氨基酸和有机酸的组分。结果表明,抗病品种的根系分泌物抑制了尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长,在加入5 mL中抗品种根系分泌物时,显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长无显著影响;而在加入1 mL感病品种根系分泌物时,就能显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长。不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸总量和总糖含量随抗性的降低而升高,有机酸分泌总量则随蚕豆品种对枯萎病的抗性增加而升高。感病品种和中抗品种中检出15种氨基酸,而高抗品种中检出14种,组氨酸只存在于中抗品种中,脯氨酸仅在感病品种中检出,3个蚕豆品种根系分泌物中均未检出精氨酸。蚕豆根系分泌物中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,可能会促进枯萎病的发生,而蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸含量高可能抑制枯萎病发生。酒石酸仅在抗病品种中存在,根系分泌物中有机酸种类丰富,有助于提高蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性。蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性不同,根分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响也不同,而这种抗病性差异与蚕豆根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸、有机酸的含量和组分密切相关。 相似文献
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抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。 相似文献
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抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅰ.非连作大豆(正茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
采用平板计数法测定了3个抗病性不同的大豆品种在生育期内根面和根际微生物区系的变化情况,并应用荧光计数法直接测定了根际细菌和真菌的生物量。结果表明,土体的微生物种类最丰富、根际的次之、根面的较单一。播种后从三叶期到鼓粒初期,根面和根际的可培养细菌总数随生育期逐渐增加,鼓粒初期达最大值,而成熟期则有明显的下降;大豆根际细菌生物量也存在相同的变化规律。抗病性不同的大豆品种其根面、根际可培养细菌总数存在差异;抗病品种大豆的根瘤重明显高于感病品种。种植一季后感病品种根际积累的病原生物(镰孢霉Fusarium.sp.和大豆胞囊线虫Heterodera.glycines的胞囊数)明显高于抗病品种。说明大豆根系分泌物对微生物具有选择性的促进或抑制作用,不同大豆品种以及同一大豆品种在不同生育时期根系分泌物的组成和数量不同,从而使大豆根面及根际形成了特定的微生物区系组成。 相似文献
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以转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase)基因(BADH)大豆、非转基因亲本‘黑农35’、野生大豆、当地栽培种‘抗线王’、耐盐碱性较差品种‘合丰50’等5种大豆品种为材料,在典型盐碱土封闭种植,于大豆苗期、花荚期、鼓粒期和成熟期取根际土,采用经典方法测定氮素转化过程相关的细菌数量、生化功能及速效氮含量等指标的动态变化,为揭示转BADH基因大豆对土壤氮素转化的影响机制提供理论支持。结果表明:与非转基因亲本相比,转BADH基因大豆对苗期和花荚期根际土壤固氮菌数量有促进作用,但抑制苗期和花荚期根际土壤氨化细菌数量,对硝化细菌数量无显著性影响;显著促进成熟期大豆根际土壤固氮作用强度,对大豆苗期、花荚期和鼓粒期根际土壤氨化作用强度有显著抑制作用,显著促进各生育时期硝化作用强度;转BADH基因大豆苗期和花荚期根际土壤铵态氮含量显著降低,对鼓粒期根际土壤铵态氮含量无显著性影响,成熟期根际土壤铵态氮含量显著增高,大豆苗期、鼓粒期和成熟期根际土壤硝态氮含量显著升高,花荚期根际硝态氮含量显著降低。研究结果说明,转BADH基因大豆通过调节苗期、花期根际土壤氮素转化功能菌数量和生化过程强度进而影响氮素转化。 相似文献
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连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
采用连续收集法提取连作5 年、3 年和轮作处理的花生结荚期根系分泌物, 研究其对土壤微生物及花生种子发芽、幼苗生长发育和细胞膜过氧化的化感作用及连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响。结果表明,花生结荚期根系分泌物对花生根腐镰刀菌36194 菌丝的生长、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量存在促进作用, 对固氮菌14046 的生长, 花生种子胚根的伸长、幼苗的苗高、茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、叶片叶绿素含量等有抑制作用, 促进和抑制作用均随根系分泌物添加浓度和连作年限的增加呈增强趋势。连作花生结荚期根系分泌物化感物质在土壤中的累积, 很可能是导致花生连作障碍的原因之一。 相似文献
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为了解茄病镰刀菌与棘孢木霉对碳源、氮源的需求,试验在培养基I与培养基II的基础上调整碳源、氮源及C/N比,测定碳源、氮源对茄病镰刀菌和棘孢木霉菌丝生长量与产孢量的影响。结果表明,碳源对茄病镰孢菌生长的影响不明显,甘露醇有利于其产孢;氮源对茄病镰孢菌生长的影响显著,硝酸钠最有利于菌丝生长,磷酸氢二铵有利于其菌丝生长与产孢;C/N比值对茄病镰孢菌菌丝生长及产孢的影响显著,C/N达到12∶1时,菌落直径6.55 cm,每毫升产孢量3.36×10~6个。碳源对棘孢木霉菌丝生长的影响不明显,蔗糖和葡萄糖有利于其生长与产孢;氮源对棘孢木霉菌丝生长的影响显著,磷酸二氢铵与硝酸钠均有利于菌丝生长,磷酸氢二铵有利于其产孢;C/N比值对棘孢木霉菌丝生长及产孢的影响显著,C/N达到9∶1时,菌落直径6.20 cm,每毫升产孢量1.45×10~7个。 相似文献
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根系分泌物在西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病中的响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用盆栽的方法,研究了西瓜/旱作水稻间作对西瓜枯萎病和西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸、氨基酸、有机酸种类和含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,接种西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporun f.sp.niveum,FON)显著提高了西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸的含量,增加了酚酸的种类如香豆酸,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分酚酸的分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作显著降低西瓜根系分泌物中酚酸含量。与对照相比,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌中氨基酸的含量,而在西瓜/旱作水稻间作条件下接种FON时,西瓜根分泌物中氨基酸含量没有变化。与对照相比,接种FON显著提高了西瓜根系分泌有机酸的量,当西瓜/旱作水稻间作时,大部分有机酸分泌量降低。在接种FON的条件下,西瓜/旱作水稻间作较单作降低了西瓜根系分泌物中有机酸含量。总之,接种FON提高了西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量,西瓜/旱作水稻间作降低西瓜枯萎病发病率和发病指数,并维持西瓜根系分泌酚酸、氨基酸和有机酸的量不增加,因此,西瓜/旱作水稻间作减轻西瓜枯萎病与西瓜根分泌物的调节有关。 相似文献
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大豆连作及其根茬腐解物对大豆根系分泌物中异黄酮类物质—黄豆甙元(daidzein)的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本试验通过收集正茬、重茬7年、重茬7年并经MB-生物制剂调控和加入根茬腐解物(20g kg-1土)的正茬、重茬、调控的大豆根系分泌物,采用高效液相色谱检测方法,对根系分泌物中的大豆异黄酮—黄豆甙元(daidze in)进行了检测。结果在正茬根系分泌物中没有检测到该物质,在重茬、调控根系分泌物中检测到了该物质,其检测出的量为重茬>调控。在加入根茬腐解物的各处理的根系分泌物中均检测到了大豆异黄酮,其检测出的量为重茬>正茬>调控。加入根茬腐解物的处理与不加根茬腐解物的相应的处理相比,在其根系分泌物中检测到的大豆异黄酮的量均有显著提高。 相似文献
10.
为研制一种兼防大豆根腐病和根部虫害的高效、低毒种衣剂,本研究采用菌丝生长抑制法测定了96%烯效唑(uniconzole)原药、96%丙环唑(propiconazole)原药、97%阿维菌素(abamectin)原药对大豆根腐病致病菌尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxyporum)和禾谷镰孢菌(F. graminearum)的毒力,筛选最佳复配比,并利用湿研磨法制备种衣剂,进行室内盆栽苗的防效验证。结果表明,当烯效唑、丙环唑和阿维菌素的配比为5:1:2时,对2种镰孢菌抑制作用最佳。播种前,采用8%烯·丙·阿悬浮种衣剂0.2~0.5 g·kg-1处理大豆种子,能促进大豆出苗,且对大豆根腐病的相对防效达80.1%以上。本研究开发的8%烯·丙·阿悬浮种衣剂为进一步开展大豆根腐病和根部虫害田间防治奠定了基础。 相似文献
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氮素对不同大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用室内溶液培养方法,分别研究了接种根瘤菌处理下,两种氮源和两种氮浓度对两个大豆品种根系分泌物中有机酸的影响。结果表明,合丰25号根系分泌的有机酸种类和数量无论苗期或花期,接种或不接种根瘤菌,均表现为硝态氮处理高于酰胺态氮处理,表明合丰25号大豆更喜硝态氮,硝态氮促进了有机酸的分泌。绥农10号在酰胺态氮下的有机酸种类和数量均高于硝态氮处理,表明其更喜酰胺态氮,酰胺态氮下根瘤菌的存在增加其根系分泌物中有机酸种类和数量。可见,大豆根系分泌物中有机酸的种类和数量因品种而异,因品种对氮源的喜好而变化;根瘤菌在不同程度上增强或减弱根系有机酸的分泌作用。柠檬酸受氮素供应浓度影响很大,当氮素供应浓度较低时,大豆根系分泌物中可检测到柠檬酸,供氮浓度升高则检测不到。 相似文献
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氯化钾对玉米根系糖和酚酸分泌的影响及其与茎腐病菌生长的关系 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
通过溶液培养试验,研究了氯化钾（KCl）对不同抗性品种玉米根系糖和酚酸分泌量的影响,以及在不同浓度糖和酚酸的培养基上禾谷镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum Schwabe）的生长状况,探讨KCl抑制玉米茎腐病发生过程中,根系分泌物中糖和酚酸所发挥的作用。结果表明,感病品种吉单327的总糖、还原糖和其蔗糖分泌量均高于抗病品种吉单180;正常供钾条件下,总糖、还原糖和蔗糖的分泌量均表现出不同程度的下降,且还原糖下降幅度最大。阿魏酸和绿原酸是玉米根系分泌物中主要的两种酚酸组分。抗病品种吉单180分泌的阿魏酸量明显高于感病品种吉单327,而绿原酸分泌量低于吉单327。正常供钾时,阿魏酸分泌量明显增加,但绿原酸分泌量则有所减少。一定浓度的蔗糖和葡萄糖均能显著促进F. graminearum的生长,且还原糖（葡萄糖）的促进效果较蔗糖更明显;阿魏酸和绿原酸均能抑制F. graminearum的生长,但阿魏酸的抑制效果远远高于绿原酸。KCl 可明显减少不同抗性品种玉米根系的还原糖分泌量,增加阿魏酸的分泌,从而一定程度上抑制了病原菌F. graminearum在根际的快速生长。 相似文献
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Miyuki Iizuka Yasuhiro Arima Tadashi Yokoyama Koichiro Watanabe 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):219-225
Sufficient rhizobium population in the rhizosphere of legume seedlings is required for early and enough setting of root nodules. Potential of seed and seedling root exudates for proliferation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum PNT119 was evaluated in the soybean cvs. Enrei and Tachinagaha. In both cultivars, seed exudates showed a higher potential than root exudates. In the seed exudates, a low-molecular high-polarity fraction including sugars and amino acids showed a higher potential than both high-molecular fraction and low-molecular low-polarity fraction. The correlations between the sugar or amino acid contents of seed exudates and the number of root nodule primordia at 7 d after sowing were investigated among 12 soybean cultivars. When seeds were inoculated with a low rhizobium density, a high correlation coefficient was detected between them. However, there was no positive correlation in the plants inoculated with a high rhizobium density. These results suggest that the amount of low molecular substances in the seed exudates determines the number of root nodule primordia through rhizobium proliferation around seed and young roots when the rhizobium density is the limiting factor. The genetic trait relating to seed coat secretion should be considered as a possible key factor contributing to adequate root nodulation in soybean seedlings cultivated in fields with a low rhizobium density. 相似文献
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Kouhei Tejima Yasuhiro Arima Tadashi Yokoyama Hitoshi Sekimoto 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):239-247
In leguminous root nodules, bacteroids are differentiated from rhizobia and are surrounded by a peribacteroid membrane (PBM) forming an intracellular structure designated as symbiosome. Through the peribacteroid space (PBS) between the PBM and bacteroids, metabolic substances and signal compounds are exchanged between two symbionts. In this study, organic compounds with low molecular weight in the PBS were collected from isolated symbiosomes of soybean (Glycine max L.) root nodules, and their composition was analyzed and compared with that of the organic compounds in whole root nodules and bacteroids. Major differences were detected in the molar percentages of amino and organic acids, and sugars, to the total low molecular weight organic compounds among whole root nodules, PBS, and bacteroids. The PBS composition was characterized by abundant sugars and poor amino acids. Also the composition of the amino acids, organic acids, and sugars in the PBS was clearly different from that in whole root nodules and bacteroids. The PBS sugar composition was characterized by the predominance of inositols, especially myo-inositol at the 5th and 7th weeks of the host plant growth stages. Changes in the myo- and D-chiro- inositol balance at the host plant growth stages occurred and a syntony was observed between the PBS and bacteroids. The localization of myo-inositol in the PBS accounted for almost 70% of the total myo-inositol in root nodules. A small difference in the PBS composition between two soybean cultivars was recorded but it varied with the growth stages. It was tentatively concluded that the PBS sugar composition affected the bacteroidal sugar composition in soybean plants, and that inositol utilization in the bacteroids could be a factor controlling the bacteroidal function level which varied with the host plant growth stages. 相似文献
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The quantity and quality of peanut yields are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculture in the subtropical regions of China. Root exudates, which represent a growth regulator in peanut–soil feedback processes, play a principal role in soil sickness. The growth inhibition of a species in an in vitro bioassay enriched with root exudates and allelochemicals is commonly viewed as evidence of an allelopathic interaction. However, for some of these putative examples of allelopathy, the results have not been verified in more natural settings with plants continuously growing in soil. In this study, the phenolic acids in peanut root exudates, their retention characteristics in an Udic Ferrosol, and their effects on rhizosphere soil microbial communities and peanut seedling growth were studied. Phenolic acids from peanut root exudates were quickly metabolized by soil microorganisms and did not accumulate to high levels. The peanut root exudates selectively inhibited or stimulated certain communal bacterial and fungal species, with decreases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxa Gelria glutamica, Mitsuaria chitosanitabida, and Burkholderia soli and the fungal taxa Mortierella sp. and Geminibasidium hirsutum and increases in the relative abundance of the bacterial taxon Desulfotomaculum ruminis and the fungal taxa Fusarium oxysporum, Bionectria ochroleuca and Phoma macrostoma. The experimental application of phenolic acids to non-sterile and sterile soil revealed that the poor performance of the peanut plants was attributed to changes in the soil microbial communities promoted by phenolic acids. These results suggest that pathogenic fungal accumulation at the expense of such beneficial microorganisms as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi induced by root exudates, rather than direct autotoxicity induced by root exudates, might represent the principal cause underlying the soil sickness associated with peanut plants. We hope that our study will motivate researchers to integrate the role of soil microbial communities in allelopathic research, such that their observed significance in soil sickness during continuous monocropping of fields can be further explored. 相似文献
17.
生防芽孢杆菌蛋白水解液对小白菜根系的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用沿海废弃鱼蛋白为原料分别制备含各种肽和氨基酸的广谱生防枯草芽孢杆菌T2水解液、酸水解液和自然浸提液,将其分别添加到植物生长培养基中,观察并分析了3种不同处理对小白菜根系发育的影响。结果表明,T2水解液明显增加了小白菜根毛的长度和密度,有效地诱导了不定根的形成,增强了植株的根系活力,且T2水解液中植物生长素IAA的前体物质色氨酸的含量也明显高于其它两种水解液,从而为开发兼具防病和增产作用的新型生物肥料提供新思路。 相似文献
18.
根细胞壁对于植物养分吸收积累以及植物的环境抗性或耐性方面的作用和影响与细胞壁表面性质密切相关。本研究采用改进的匀浆洗涤法提取大豆（Glycine max L.,Type I细胞壁类型植物）、玉米（Zea mays L.,Type II细胞壁类型植物）幼苗的根细胞壁物质,获得了较好的细胞壁材料纯度。测定了根细胞壁材料以及整根的阳离子交换量（CEC）,并通过拟合解析根细胞壁的电位滴定曲线求解根细胞壁表面基团的解离常数pKa以及数量。结果表明,大豆的根细胞壁CEC显著（p0.05）高于玉米的根细胞壁CEC,分别为425±5、162±7 μmol/g,DW;大豆的根CEC也显著（p0.05）高于玉米根,与两种植物根细胞壁CEC的差异一致。从两种植物的根细胞壁上均识别出一种表观pKa值约为5.78的羧基基团。大豆根细胞壁的羧基含量也显著（p0.05）高于玉米根细胞壁,分别为604±15、252±4 μmol/g,DW,大豆根或根细胞壁的CEC较高与Type I细胞壁富含羧基有关。本文还进一步讨论了不同细胞壁类型植物的根细胞壁表面性质对于植物的营养过程以及环境胁迫抗性或耐性方面的影响与意义。 相似文献