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通过盆栽试验 ,研究了不同管理调控措施包括施肥、灌溉、应用化学改良剂对盐渍土壤盐分分布和作物体内盐分离子吸收和分布的作用机制。结果表明 ,施用化学肥料可增大土壤电导率 ;灌水量增加可降低土壤电导率 ;施用改良剂CaSO4早期可引起土壤表层电导率升高 ,但到作物生长中、后期已与不施改良剂的相近。施肥、灌溉改善了作物生长条件 ,提高了作物的抗盐害能力。灌溉总量 375mm、三天一次的灌溉方式在降低土体盐分浓度、抑制土壤碱化方面优于两天一次的灌溉方式。大麦具有将Na 截留在茎中 ,从而减少Na 对叶片伤害的功能。大麦茎和叶中的Cl-含量都高于K 和Na 含量 ,显示较多的Cl-通过根部向地上部运输。在增加植株中K 含量、降低Na 含量 ,减轻植株盐分离子胁迫方面改良剂表现出良好的调控效果 相似文献
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生活污水灌溉小白菜的盆栽试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
污水水质及灌溉制度是影响污水灌溉安全性的主要因素.盆栽试验设置了两种水质(清水和污水)和4个灌水下限(60?,70?,80?,90?),共8个处理,研究了污灌条件下不同灌水下限对小白菜生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:生活污水灌溉会造成小白菜轻度减产,植株的硝酸盐含量和叶片叶绿素含量增加,植株重金属累积增加;灌水下限对小白菜生长状况和品质均有较大影响,污水灌溉条件下各项指标随灌水下限变化的变化规律不同于清水灌溉条件,表明污水灌溉的灌水下限不能直接移用清水灌溉的控制指标.综合分析表明污水灌溉80? 灌水下限条件下小白菜有较高的产量、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量,较低的硝酸盐含量和重金属富集,因此选择土壤相对含水率80?以及与此相对应的叶片细胞液浓度9.3%作为污水灌溉的灌水下限指标. 相似文献
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基于土柱实验，对有作物生长条件下的污水灌溉土地处理慢渗系统氮素去除和作物生长状况开展实验研究，探讨在灌溉原污水中添加有机碳对该系统去除氮素和作物生长状况产生的影响作用。实验研究结果表明，随着灌溉原污水中有机碳含量的逐渐增加，污水灌溉土地处理慢渗系统下排的水量有所增大，排水中的氮素（铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮）淋溶量和化学需氧量有所增加，而作物的干物质量和吸氮量则明显下降；增加灌溉原污水中的有机碳含量，会影响污水灌溉土地处理慢渗系统去除氮素的效果和作物生长条件，在增加基于硝化和反硝化作用的除氮量同时，造成作物生长水土环境的改变，导致作物产量显著下降。 相似文献
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膜下滴灌条件下灌水水质和流量对土壤盐分分布影响的田间试验研究 总被引：26，自引：8，他引：18
膜下滴灌是一种既节水,又能抑制土壤盐分上移的灌水技术。该文着重研究在田间条件下,滴头流量、灌水量和灌水水质对微咸水点源入渗水盐运移的影响。研究结果表明,在充分供水条件下,水平湿润锋和积水锋面随时间的推进符合幂函数关系;滴头流量越小,沿土壤深度方向上的盐分含量越小;滴头流量越大,水平方向含盐量随距离增加的趋势越不明显;灌水量是微咸水灌溉条件下控制盐分累积的一个重要因素,灌水量不足,没有足够的入渗水量以确保盐分的淋洗;灌水矿化度的升高会显著增加土壤表层的含盐量。 相似文献
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用田间实验研究污水灌溉条件下夏玉米水分与氮素的利用效率。试验设置了高、中、低3个不同灌水水平下的9个对比处理，结果表明：灌水量、灌溉水质、施肥量对夏玉米叶面积指数、株高和产量的影响很小；不同灌溉水量条件下，污水灌溉夏玉米的耗水规律与清水灌溉的耗水规律十分接近，且累积耗水量随灌溉水量的增大而增加；水分利用效率与灌溉水质和施肥无关，仅随灌溉水量的增加而减少。清水灌溉处理玉米的吸氮量高于污水灌溉处理玉米的吸氮量；氮的利用效率与灌水量和施肥无关，仅与灌溉水质有关，且污水灌溉氮的利用效率高于清水灌溉氮的利用效率。 相似文献
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不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂措施对土壤水盐运移的影响 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
采用室内土柱模拟试验,对比研究了不同微咸水灌水量条件下覆砂与不覆砂对土壤水盐分布和运移的影响,以期为压砂地合理利用微咸水提供理论支持。结果表明,与不覆砂相比,覆砂增加了土壤水分下渗深度,最大增加深度可达8 cm;减少了试验期间土壤水分累计蒸发量,低、中、高3个灌水量分别减少了74%、54%和21%,减少幅度随灌水量增加有降低的趋势。在土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤剖面出现明显分界点,覆砂提高了分界点处土壤水分含量,增加量为2%~5%;保蓄了上层土壤水分含量,尤其是低灌水量时,不覆砂处理0~20 cm土壤水分含量在试验期间减少幅度达到34%,而覆砂处理仅减少了16.9%;增加了下层土壤水分含量。同时,覆砂明显抑制了表层土壤盐分累积,抑制幅度达到92.4%~95.2%;提高了土壤剖面盐分峰值处盐分含量,提高幅度在11.02%~37.55%;盐分峰值的位置随着试验时间延长不断向下运移。表明,微咸水灌溉条件下,覆砂措施通过减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤水分入渗而抑制表层土壤盐分累积,促进土壤盐分向下层运动。 相似文献
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不同灌水量对黄河三角洲盐碱地改良效果研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究不同灌水量对盐渍土的改良效果。试验共设计3个不同灌水量,分别为S1 (200 mm)、S2 (300 mm)、S3 (400 mm)。结果表明:(1)灌溉淋洗对0—40 cm土壤盐分淋失影响较大,其中0—20 cm脱盐率最高,表现为S3S2S1,不同处理在剖面上均出现积盐,S1、S2在40—60 cm出现积盐,说明低灌水量对土壤表层盐分具有淋洗作用,但会造成底层土壤盐分累积;(2)K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-含量在灌水后有较大幅度的下降,且整体溶脱率随灌溉水量的增加而增加。各离子在0—20 cm随灌水量增加表现为不同的变化规律,Ca~(2+)先溶脱后积累,HCO_3~-变化规律与Ca~(2+)相反,表现为先积累后溶脱,其他离子均随灌水量的增加而减少;(3)灌水后,S1、S2的pH在剖面上的分布与灌水前相似,0—40 cm土壤总碱度随灌水量增加呈先增后减的趋势,表现为先碱化再脱碱,与土壤pH变化一致。研究成果可为盐碱地改良和节水灌溉提供参考。 相似文献
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灌溉模式对北疆棉田土壤浸出液电导率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用棉田土壤土体的双向切片法,研究了膜下滴灌、淹灌两种不同灌溉模式下不同土层之间以及膜灌带的不同区域之间盐分分布,得出盐分在不同的灌溉方式下的运移规律。结果表明:由于灌水方式不同导致土壤耕层不同空间部位土壤盐分变化趋势不同。同时,由于北疆棉田采用宽窄行的种植模式,宽行和窄行以及膜灌带两侧钾素和盐分的在各土层之间含量也呈现出显著差异。滴灌处理盐分在土壤表层有轻微表积现象,随深度增加盐分含量下降;常规淹灌处理,土壤表层含盐量低于滴灌处理,而随深度增加在0～60cm深度范围内盐分含量逐渐增加。 相似文献
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灌溉水盐分及灌水量对土壤水盐分布与春玉米生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在大田试验的基础上探明灌溉水盐分以及灌水量对土壤水盐分布的影响规律以及对春玉米生长的影响。以河套灌区春玉米为研究对象,设置2种灌溉水含盐量（1.1,5.0 g/L）与3种灌水量（210,255,300 mm）进行大田试验。结果表明,至成熟期,5.0 g/L微咸水灌溉处理0—100 cm土层土壤平均含水量及电导率相比1.1 g/L地下水灌溉处理显著增加;地下水灌溉处理中,随着灌水量的增加,生育期内土壤平均含水量下降趋势减小,土壤盐分淋洗作用更加明显;微咸水灌溉处理中,剖面土壤在灌水量少时出现盐分表聚现象,随着灌水量的增加,表层土壤盐分呈下降趋势,深层土壤由于盐分的积累呈增加趋势;在灌水后表层的土壤含水量变化明显且出现返盐现象,微咸水灌溉处理中土壤水分水平运移及深层土壤盐分累积更明显;在地下水和微咸水灌溉处理中,灌水量的增加能够显著提高玉米产量,但255,300 mm灌水量处理间差异不显著,微咸水灌溉条件下春玉米的产量较地下水灌溉条件下显著降低。综上所述,在地下水和微咸水灌溉条件下,255 mm灌水量既能适合春玉米生长,又能保证产量,可作为较好的灌溉定额选择,能够同时满足保障灌区作物生产和节约淡水资源的要求。 相似文献
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Jennifer W. MacAdam Daniel T. Drost Lynn M. Dudley Nader Soltani 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1137-1153
Groundwater contaminated with sulfate (SO4 2‐) at concentrations higher than allowable for drinking water might still be usable for irrigation. Objectives were to determine the growth response and mineral uptake of two forage crops irrigated with waters containing SO4 2‐ at concentrations ranging from 175 to 1743 mg/L, and with electrical conductivities (EC) ranging from 1.2 to 3.6 dS/m. Plants were grown for 12 weeks in 8‐L pots containing a calcareous sandy loam and were harvested at 4, 8, or 12 weeks for plant growth measurements and tissue analysis. Digested leaves, stems, and reproductive tissues were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy at each harvest, as were saturated soil paste extracts. Shoot growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was not affected by irrigation water treatment, whereas shoot growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was increased by a moderate level of soil solution SO4 2‐ Sulfur (S), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in shoot tissues of both species showed a tendency to increase with increasing SO4 2‐ content of irrigation water. Shoot tissue concentration of molybdenum (Mo) increased with maturation in both species, while the concentrations of B, potassium (K), manganese (Mn), Na, and Zn decreased. Soil saturated paste extract concentrations of Mg and Na increased with irrigation water Mg and Na concentrations, while Ca and S concentrations in the soil solution became saturated at the higher irrigation water concentrations of these elements. 相似文献
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采用负压计法和烘干法,监测不同的灌溉定额、灌溉频率下膜下滴灌棉田在水平和垂直方向的水分含量,并调查棉花生长状况。结果表明,当灌溉水质为淡水且滴孔流量为1.6L·h^-1时,过量灌溉（450mm）和适量灌溉（375mm）膜内0～60cm土层的含水量适宜,过量灌溉的含水量最高,少量灌溉（300mm）使土层在蕾期以后处于轻度干旱状态;低频（10d）和适频（7d）灌溉膜内0～60cm土层的含水量适宜,低频灌溉的含水量最高,而高频（3d）灌溉使土层在花铃期处于轻度干旱状态;灌溉定额和灌溉频率对棉花产量均有显著影响,过量和高频灌溉的棉花产量分别为区组内最高。 相似文献
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Fatih M. Kiziloglu Metin Turan Ustun Sahin Ilker Angin Omer Anapali Mustafa Okuroglu 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(1):166-172
The use of wastewater for irrigation is increasingly being considered as a technical solution to minimize soil degradation and to restore nutrient contents of soils. The aim of this study is to increase fertility and minimize degradation of soils irrigated with wastewater exposed to different purification treatments. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of control and irrigation with wastewater, which had undergone different purification treatments, on macro‐ and micronutrient distribution within the soil profile and nutrient contents of cabbage (Brassica olerecea var. Capitate cv. Yalova‐1) in Erzurum, Turkey. Wastewater irrigation and preliminary treatment–wastewater irrigation significantly affected soil chemical properties especially at 0–30 cm soil depth and plant nutrient contents after one year. Application of wastewater increased soil salinity, organic matter, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, plant‐available P, and micro‐elements and decreased soil pH. Wastewater increased also yield and N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, and Mo contents of cabbage plants. Undesirable side effects were not observed in plant heavy‐metal contents, due to salinity and toxic concentrations of metals from the application of wastewater to soil. 相似文献
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西藏青稞灌溉定额的空间分布规律 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
西藏地区灌溉定额等试验数据有限,因此,基于少量实测数据,计算分析作物净灌溉定额及其空间变化规律,扩展有限数据的使用范围具有十分重要的意义。基于拉萨站实测的青稞作物系数,采用FAO提出的作物系数修正方法,得到西藏4个农业分区中代表站的青稞作物系数值。基于青稞种植区共28个站点的气象资料及4个分区的青稞作物系数及土壤水分参数等资料,采用土壤水量平衡原理计算得到28个站的青稞灌溉定额长系列值。采用克里金插值法得到西藏青稞不同水文年型灌溉定额及其主要影响因子的等值线图,分析了青稞灌溉定额的空间变化规律及其与主要影响因子的关系。结果表明,从西北到东南,青稞灌溉定额呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势,其等值线总体呈带状分布特点,并且等值线与经线趋于平行。青稞灌溉定额随着降雨量增加而降低,随气温及ET0增加而增加。 相似文献
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This study evaluated the physicochemical changes in the soil of potato field that was irrigated by fresh water, differentially diluted wastewater and undiluted wastewater (hereafter called wastewater). The potato crop was cultivated for consecutive three seasons under fertilized and unfertilized conditions. The wastewater contained higher concentrations of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) and lower concentrations of heavy metals. In this study, properties of wastewater-irrigated soil were compared with fresh water-irrigated soil. The application of wastewater reduced the bulk density of the surface soil by 2.83% and augmented the porosity by 6.02%. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity of the soil were improved under wastewater irrigation. Soil pH increased due to wastewater application but decreased, to a smaller extent, due to fertilizer application. Soil EC increased both with wastewater and fertilizer application; both parameters changed significantly in the top 0–15 cm soil layer. But, at the deeper layers, they were not affected by wastewater application. The organic C, total N, available P and S of the soils increased significantly (p = 0.05) when potato field was irrigated with raw wastewater. The organic C increased by 23.80% under wastewater irrigation in the top soil layer. The N content of the soil showed similarities with the organic C contents. Exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg; Zn and B of the soil also increased significantly with wastewater application. So, irrigation with urban wastewater is suggested to improve soil fertility as well as to ease pressure on the fresh water in the area of water scarcity. 相似文献
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Prasenjit Ray Siba Prasad Datta Brahma S. Dwivedi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):628-637
Use of wastewater for irrigating agricultural crops is on the rise, particularly in the developing countries. The present study was undertaken to assess the long-term effect of irrigation with zinc smelter effluent on important soil properties including heavy metal status. Metal concentration in the edible parts of the crops grown on smelter effluent-irrigated soils was also measured. For this purpose, the agricultural lands which have been receiving the zinc smelter effluent irrigation for about five decades at Debari, Udaipur, India were selected. The adjacent tubewell water-irrigated fields were selected as reference. Long-term irrigation with smelter effluent resulted into significant buildup of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extractable Zn (57.7 fold), Cu (4.51 fold), Fe (3.35 fold), Mn (1.77 fold), Ni (1.20 fold), Pb (45.1 fold), and Cd (79.2 fold) in soils over tubewell water-irrigated fields. Total Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd content in effluent-irrigated soils was also increased by 27.0, 1.60, 1.40, 1.30, 26.2, and 167 fold, respectively. Risk assessment indicated a very high to moderate potential ecological risk due to Cd, Pb, and Zn in soils close to the immediate vicinity of the smelter plant. Cadmium and Pb concentrations in edible parts of almost all the crops grown on effluent-irrigated soils were above the safe limit of CODEX commission. On an average, soil pH dropped by 0.31 units due to smelter effluent irrigation. Smelter effluent irrigation resulted into significant increase in soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and CaCO3 content. On an average, there was decrease in available N (21.0%) and P (20.8%) content in effluent-irrigated soils over the tubewell water-irrigated ones. An increase in available K (102%) and S (26.0 fold) was recorded in effluent-irrigated soils. Long-term irrigation with zinc smelter effluent resulted into reduced microbial activities in soil as evidenced from the level of microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity. In view of the buildup of heavy metals and subsequent imbalance in essential plant nutrients in smelter effluent-irrigated soils, appropriate remediation-cum-fertilization strategy needs to be adopted for better soil health and plant nutrition. 相似文献
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造纸厂污水对不同品种大豆中钾、钙、钠和镁浓度的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
A field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil at an Experimental Farm in Taejon, South Korea, to determine the effects of paper mill sludge compost application rates on K, Na, Ca and Mg concentrations of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) aboveground tissues and the genotypic effects on the concentrations of these elements. Sludge compost treatments of 0, 75, and 150 t ha-1 were applied to 30 diverse soybean cultivars. Concentrations of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in aboveground tissues harvested 69 days after planting (DAP) varied with the genotype and the application rate of paper-mill sludge compost, with the sludge compost application rate exerting stronger influence on these concentrations than the genotype. The magnitude of variation caused by both genotype and sludge compost application was in the order of Mg > K > Ca > Na. Significantly positive correlations were observed between K and Na (P < 0.01), Na and Ca (P < 0.05), and Ca and Mg (P < 0.01). Also, the lower the sludge compost application rate, the larger the variation in the concentrations of K, Na, and Ca. From this several cultivars were identified for use as an accumulator for one or more of these elements. 相似文献
18.
滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
为探寻解决干旱区棉田冬季灌水问题,明晰北疆棉田不同冬灌方式及灌水定额对土壤水分、盐分分布以及翌年棉花生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,以未冬灌大田作为对照(CK),设置滴灌和漫灌2种灌水方式下4个梯度的灌水定额(1 800、2 400、3 000、3 600、3600 m3/hm2)共9个处理进行冬灌试验,分析了冬灌灌水后到播种前0~300 cm土层的水分、盐分的动态变化以及翌年各处理棉花的出苗率、群体生理指标(群体光合势、群体净同化率、叶面积指数)和产量数据。结果表明,冬灌对次年播前土壤水盐分布及含量的大小均具有一定的影响,无论漫灌还是滴灌方式进行冬灌,随灌水定额增加土壤水分和盐分的影响深度也随之加深,灌水定额达到3 000和3 600 m3/hm2时,冬灌对土壤水盐影响深度可达300 cm。冬灌可显著改变次年播前土壤盐分的自然分布状态,有效淋洗并降低上层土壤盐分含量;相对漫灌方式而言,滴灌冬灌方式土壤水分入渗更加均匀且规律明显。冬灌对次年滴灌棉花的生长发育及产量均具有重要影响,冬灌后次年棉花群体指标与未冬灌处理的差异随冬灌灌水定额的增加愈加显著,灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2滴灌冬灌处理的次年棉花群体光合势与叶面积指数较未冬灌处理分别提升34.30%和42.60%;冬灌有利于次年棉花产量的提高,滴灌冬灌灌水定额3 000、3 600 m3/hm2处理时的棉花产量相对未冬灌处理分别增产10.66%和12.36%。综合考虑冬灌方式及灌水定额对次年土壤水盐分布及棉花生长和产量的影响,研究认为滴灌条件下灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2的冬灌在试验条件下比较适宜,既可淋洗盐分至耕层以下300 cm处,亦可获得6 107.75 kg/hm2的较高产量。 相似文献
19.
This study evaluated soil health in fields of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Shatabdi) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) irrigated by different blends of municipal wastewater (hereafter called wastewater). The crops were grown with and without added fertilizers over three consecutive years. The wastewater contained high concentrations of organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn) and boron (B). It also contained negligible concentrations of a few heavy metals. Irrigation by wastewater resulted in an increase in the porosity of the surface soil and thus a reduced bulk density. Wastewater enhanced the saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention capacity of the soils. The organic carbon, total N, available P and S, and exchangeable Na, K, Ca and Mg of the soils increased proportionately with the quantity of applied wastewater. C, N and K increased significantly (α = 0.05) when fields were irrigated using raw wastewater after applied fertilizers; the other elements accumulated in the soil insignificantly under both fertility levels. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the upper 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers increased with the application of wastewater; the increase was significant only under raw wastewater irrigation. In the 40–60 cm soil layer, both EC and pH remained unchanged. The applied inorganic fertilizers raised EC but reduced soil pH. The wastewater contained large counts of total coliform (TC: 17.2 × 106 cfu/100 mL) and faecal coliform (FC: 13.4 × 103 cfu/100 mL). Irrigation using municipal wastewater is proposed for improving soil fertility as well as for alleviating water scarcity with the exception of some crops whose edible parts come in direct contact with wastewater and/or are eaten uncooked. 相似文献
20.
Wastewater Reuse for Alfalfa Production in the Gaza Strip 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Geography, population growth, and politics combine to make the Gaza Strip a worst-case scenario for water resource planners. Potable water sources are shrinking while at the same time, the proportion of potable water used for irrigation is increasing. To assess whether water from wastewater treatment plants could be safely used for irrigation, this study collected 51 treated wastewater, 51 sludge, 44 soil, 30 alfalfa, and 24 oranges and lemon samples and analyzed the samples for major and trace elements. Both Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP/OES) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used for the determination of Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, Zr, Th, and U in digested and solid samples, respectively. Treated wastewater characteristics showed a very good agreement with the guidelines of many developed countries. Moreover, none of the tested parameters in soil showed concentrations exceeding their corresponding background values. For alfalfa, both ICP/OES and XRF showed Zn concentrations in leaves (36–42 mg/kg, respectively) higher than in root (19–31 mg/kg, respectively). The Cu showed also the same trend as Zn. No significant variation was observed between the concentrations of Cr and Mn in plant parts; concentrations of Co and Pb were two times higher in roots than in leaves and stems. The findings confirm that treated wastewater is safe to use for irrigation in Gaza. Collecting and reclaiming this water can contribute to wise use of each drop of water available. 相似文献