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1.
Inhalation of bioaerosols from animal houses can induce acute inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract. Determination of the concentration of airborne endotoxins is widely used to characterize this risk. In this study, the activity of bioaerosol samples from a duck-fattening unit to induce interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in human blood and to react with Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) was investigated. The activity detected in the whole blood assay correlated well with the endotoxic activity found in the LAL assay (Spearmen's rho = 0.902). However in all samples, the inflammation-inducing potential was overestimated by the LAL assay. It is assumed that this overestimation could be, in part, a result of an overestimation of the inflammatory potential of endotoxins originating from Pseudomonadaceae by the LAL assay. Pseudomonadaceae were regularly isolated from the air of the duck-fattening unit. The results presented here indicate that the whole blood assay can be used besides the LAL assay as an additional method to characterize the inflammation-inducing potential of bioaerosols.  相似文献   

2.
The detection of endotoxin contamination is an essential part of drug safety testing. The rabbit pyrogen test (RPT), the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test, and the monocyte activation test (MAT) are established methods for the detection of pyrogens. However, the RPT is insufficiently standardized; the LAL test is solely capable of identifying the presence of endotoxins, whereas the use of the MAT is limited by the availability of human blood. Here, we introduce a new procedure for testing endotoxin contamination using prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from bovine whole blood. We incubated bovine whole blood overnight with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4, concentrations ranging from 1.56 to 12.5 pg/mL, and found significantly increased PGE2 production for even the lowest LPS concentrations. Testing the possibility of storing the blood at 4 °C before use also yielded positive results as 1.56 pg/mL still significantly increased PGE2 production, thus suggesting some flexibility of the assay regarding time. These results emphasize the potential of using bovine whole blood for highly sensitive endotoxin testing. As a perspective, currently ongoing research aims to show whether the assay is also capable of detecting nonendotoxin pyrogens.  相似文献   

3.
Background: Increased serum tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) activity has been associated with onset of serious inflammatory diseases in dogs. Development of treatment with TNFα‐antagonists has been limited by the unavailability of suitable reagents and potency assays for TNFα. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to optimize a cell‐based assay to measure anti‐TNFα activity in serum and plasma from hyperimmune (vaccinated with an Escherichia coli J5 bacterin) and unvaccinated canine donors; to use the assay to determine whether hyperimmune serum inhibits TNFα activity in vivo; and to determine whether soluble TNF receptor‐1 (sTNFR1, a naturally occurring TNFα antagonist) contributes to anti‐TNFα activity. Methods: Commercial plasma and serum from hyperimmune‐frozen plasma (HFP) donors and unvaccinated fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) donors were used in the study. An L929‐cell TNFα‐inhibition assay (LTIA) was optimized to measure anti‐TNFα activity. Using a rat subcutaneous pouch model of inflammation, the effects of HFP, FFP, a synthetic TNFα antagonist (Etanercept), and carprofen on TNFα activity were compared in vivo. Immunofluorescence was used to measure soluble sTNFR1 concentration. Results: Using the optimized LTIA, HFP serum but not FFP serum decreased canine TNFα activity (P<.01). HFP plasma and Etanercept (but not FFP plasma or carprofen) significantly decreased TNFα activity in pouch exudates (P<.05). A significantly higher concentration of sTNFR1 was found in HFP than FFP serum. Conclusions: Using the LTIA, anti‐TNFα activity is readily measured in canine serum and inflammatory exudates. sTNFR1 appears to contribute to anti‐TNFα activity in HFP serum. These results suggest HFP should be investigated further as a potential immunotherapeutic agent for controlling canine diseases in which TNFα is implicated.  相似文献   

4.
Modulatory capacity of bioactive compounds from different wastes has been scarcely investigated in pigs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of grape seed cakes (GS diet) on performance and plasma biochemistry parameters as health indicators, as well as on several markers related to inflammation and antioxidant defence in the liver of fattening‐finishing pigs. Twelve cross‐bred pigs (TOPIG ) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental diets: control and 5% grape seed cake diet during finishing period (24 days). No effect of GS diet on pig performance and blood biochemistry was observed. However, GS diet decreased significantly (?9.05%, p  <  .05) the cholesterol concentration (85.71 ± 0.94 mg/dl vs 94.24 ± 2.16 mg/dl) and increased IgA level (+49.90%, p  <  .05) in plasma (5.04 ± 0.5 mg/ml vs 3.36 ± 0.7 mg/ml). GS cakes decreased the inflammatory response in the liver of pigs fed with GS diet by lowering the Gene expression and protein concentration of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL ‐1β , IL ‐8, TNF ‐α and IFN ‐γ ) as well as the mRNA abundances of NF ‐κ B signalling molecules. The antioxidant status was not increased by GS diet. The gene expression and activity of catalase decreased significantly. The gene expression of Nrf2, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and heat‐shock protein decreased, and no effect on their activity was observed with the exception of catalase activity which decreased. However, TBARS was reduced significantly. GS diet showed a modulatory effect on antioxidative status as well as anti‐inflammatory and hypocholesterolic properties without effect on pig performance.  相似文献   

5.
Weaning is characterized by intestinal inflammation, which is a big challenge in pig industry. Control of intestinal inflammation is important for improvement of growth performance and health. Therefore, the study was focused on the anti‐inflammatory activity of low‐molecular‐weight chitosan oligosaccharide (LCOS) in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC‐J2). The results showed that TNF‐α, as inflammation inducer, significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of IL‐8 and MCP‐1. Afterwards, LCOS significantly attenuated mRNA expression of IL‐8 and MCP‐1 induced by TNF‐α in the cells. Mannose (MAN), as ligand of mannose receptor, had no effect on the anti‐inflammatory activity of LCOS, which suggested that mannose receptor may not involve in the anti‐inflammatory activity of LCOS in IPEC‐J2 cells. Interestingly, N‐[2‐(p‐bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonamide 2HCl hydrate (H89), as PKA (protein kinase A)‐specific inhibitor, reversed the mRNA expression of IL‐8 when co‐cultured with LCOS. Furthermore, LCOS concentration dependent downregulated the mRNA expression of claudin‐1 compared with TNF‐α treatment. However, the trans‐epithelial electric resistance (TEER) was not affected by LCOS when co‐cultured with TNF‐α in 3 hr. In conclusion, LCOS have a potent anti‐inflammatory activity, and as a feed additives, may be useful for the inhibition of inflammatory process in weaning period of pigs with intestinal inflammation occurring.  相似文献   

6.
As Kupffer cells are highly involved in the regulation of hepatic inflammatory response, the main goal of this study was to improve and to characterize a hepatocyte–Kupffer cell co‐culture of pig origin for modelling endotoxin‐induced hepatic inflammation and for testing the efficacy of potential anti‐inflammatory substances. This monolayer co‐culture was prepared from primary isolated swine hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the ratio of 6:1 and 2:1, mimicking different states of liver inflammation. The prepared cell cultures were characterized by immunohistochemical CD‐68 detection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of both co‐cultures resulted in elevated interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and that of 6:1 co‐cultures in increased IL‐6 production with a higher extent than on hepatocyte monocultures, justifying the key role of Kupffer cells in pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. LPS‐induced IL‐8 production was successfully attenuated by concomitant application of both sodium butyrate and terpinen‐4‐ol on hepatocyte monocultures, but not on co‐cultures, demonstrating the importance of the presence of Kupffer cells in cell cultures as inflammatory models. Based on these initial data, the applied porcine primary hepatocyte–Kupffer cell co‐culture is suggested to be a proper tool for in vitro investigations on liver physiology and hepatic inflammation in pigs and can be used as a useful model mimicking in vivo conditions in veterinary research.  相似文献   

7.
Pelligand, L., King, J. N., Toutain, P. L., Elliott, J., Lees, P. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib in a feline tissue cage model of inflammation. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.  35 , 19–32. Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug developed for use in cats. It is a highly selective COX‐2 inhibitor. Results from previous feline studies showed that, despite a short half‐life in blood, the effect of robenacoxib persisted for 24 h in clinical studies. A tissue cage model of acute inflammation was used to determine robenacoxib’s pharmacokinetics and its ex vivo and in vivo selectivity for COX‐1 and COX‐2 using serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 as surrogate markers for enzyme activity, respectively. After intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration (2 mg/kg), the clearance of robenacoxib from blood was rapid (0.54–0.71 L·h/kg). The mean residence time (MRT) in blood was short (0.4, 1.9 and 3.3 h after intravenous, subcutaneous and oral administration, respectively), but in exudate MRT was approximately 24 h regardless of the route of administration. Robenacoxib inhibition of COX‐1 in blood was transient, occurring only at high concentrations, but inhibition of COX‐2 in exudate persisted to 24 h. The potency ratio (IC50 COX‐1: IC50 COX‐2) was 171:1, and slopes of the concentration–effect relationship were 1.36 and 1.12 for COX‐1 and COX‐2, respectively. These data highlight the enzymatic selectivity and inflamed tissue selectivity of robenacoxib and support the current recommendation of once‐daily administration.  相似文献   

8.
Reasons for performing study: Meloxicam is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in equine practice, but little is known about its in vivo effects on joint inflammation and cartilage turnover. Objectives: To study the effects of meloxicam on biomarkers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and cartilage biomarkers in joints with experimental synovitis. Methods: In a 2‐period cross‐over study, synovitis was induced at T = 0 h in the L or R intercarpal joint of 6 horses by intraarticular injection of 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Horses received once daily meloxicam (0.6 mg/kg bwt per os) or placebo starting at post injection hour (PIH) 2, and clinical evaluations as well as blood and synovial fluid (SF) sampling were performed at PIH 0, 8, 24 and 168. Synovial fluid was analysed for prostaglandin E2, bradykinin, substance P, general MMP activity, glycosaminoglycans (GAG), CS846 epitope, type II collagen cleavage fragments (C2C) and type II collagen carboxypropeptide (CPII). Concentrations in meloxicam‐ vs. placebo‐treated joints over time were compared using a linear mixed model. Results: Lipopolysaccharide injection caused marked transient synovitis without systemic effects. Meloxicam caused a significant reduction in lameness at PIH 8 and 24 and tended to reduce effusion. In addition, meloxicam significantly suppressed SF prostaglandin E2 and substance P release at PIH 8 and bradykinin at PIH 24 compared to placebo treatment. General MMP activity at PIH 8 and 24 was significantly lower in meloxicam‐ vs. placebo‐treated joints, as were GAG, C2C and CPII concentrations at PIH 24. Conclusions: Acute transient synovitis leads to substantial increases in SF biomarkers of inflammation, MMP activity and cartilage turnover, which can be significantly suppressed by meloxicam. Potential relevance: Early oral treatment with meloxicam ameliorates not only clinical signs and joint inflammation in acute synovitis, but may also limit inflammation‐induced cartilage catabolism.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Pineapple stem starch (PS) was evaluated for its suitability as a new starch source in concentrate for fattening cattle, based on the growth performance, blood profile, and rumen parameters of 36 steers in a 206‐day feeding study. PS was formulated as a 40% concentrate and fed with forage in comparison with ground corn (GC) and ground cassava (CA) formulated at the same level. PS feeding improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio without affecting feed intake. PS did not obviously influence blood lipid profiles throughout the experiment. Ruminal concentration of total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased with PS without affecting SCFA composition throughout the feeding study. Rumen amylolytic group, especially Ruminococcus bromii, was dominant in the rumen microbial community, and showed increased abundance by PS feeding throughout the experiment. These results clearly indicate the potential of PS as a useful starch source for fattening cattle in terms of rumen fermentation and growth performance.  相似文献   

11.
Intensive lamb fattening systems are evolving in developing Middle Eastern countries due to high demand for lambs at favorable prices; however, little is known about their characteristics and constraints. A survey was conducted in Syria involving 241 farmers to characterize the fattening production systems and main constraints, with emphasis on feeding, management, labor, and marketing. Most farmers (90%) considered the income from fattening to be from medium to high, and 57% expressed that lamb fattening along with alternative income sources compose the family's livelihood strategies. Fattening systems offer employment to family members. Market price was the main decision factor to buy and sell lambs, but this was only part of various marketing aspects. Male lambs usually bought at markets at the mean age of 4 months (mean weight of 31 kg) are sold after fattening at a 50–60 kg weight range. The average yearly fattening cycle was 2.7 batches, and the average number of lambs per batch was 232. For 65% (n = 241) of the farmers the major constraint to fattening was feeding cost, and for about a half of farmers (51%, n = 241), disease outbreaks and prices for veterinarian services constituted the second important constraint. Research on least-cost fattening diets and curbing disease problems to increase farmer's income margins is needed. It is expected that due to existing commonalities, the information emerging from this study regarding major constraints to Awassi lamb fattening systems could be useful for an across-synthesis on Awassi fattening production in the region.  相似文献   

12.
Background: ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’ (CMtc) is a hemotrophic bacterial species that can, alone or in combination, induce anemia in cats. The diagnostic test of choice for hemoplasma infections is PCR. Conventional PCR assays have been developed for the detection of Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf) and ‘Candidatus M. haemominutum’ (CMhm) but not for CMtc. Although real‐time PCR assays have been reported for all of the feline hemoplasmas, the expense of necessary instrumentation precludes its use in Brazil and many other countries. Objectives: The goals of this study were to develop and optimize a conventional PCR assay to diagnose CMtc using an internal control to detect false‐negative results, and to evaluate the occurrence of CMtc infection in domestic cats from Brazil. Methods: Species‐specific primers were designed and a PCR assay was developed for the detection of CMtc 16S rDNA in cat blood. Sensitivity was determined by serial 10‐fold dilutions of plasmid and DNA extracted from blood from an experimentally infected cat. EDTA blood samples from 373 cats were collected. DNA was extracted using a silica‐based protocol and tested using the PCR assay. Results: Primer concentration, annealing temperature, and MgCl2 concentration were optimized in the presence and absence of the internal control. Two samples negative for the internal control were excluded. Of the remaining 371 samples (117 healthy and 254 unhealthy cats), 17 (4.6%) were positive for CMtc. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the utility of an optimized PCR assay to detect CMtc in feline blood samples. We also report for the first time the prevalence of CMtc infection in domestic cats in Brazil.  相似文献   

13.
Robenacoxib and ketoprofen are acidic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Both are licensed for once daily administration in the cat, despite having short blood half‐lives. This study reports the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling of each drug in a feline model of inflammation. Eight cats were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, three‐period cross‐over study. In each period, sterile inflammation was induced by the injection of carrageenan into a subcutaneously implanted tissue cage, immediately before the subcutaneous injection of robenacoxib (2 mg/kg), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg) or placebo. Blood samples were taken for the determination of drug and serum thromboxane (Tx)B2 concentrations (measuring COX‐1 activity). Tissue cage exudate samples were obtained for drug and prostaglandin (PG)E2 concentrations (measuring COX‐2 activity). Individual animal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibition were generated by PK/PD modelling. S(+) ketoprofen clearance scaled by bioavailability (CL/F) was 0.114 L/kg/h (elimination half‐life = 1.62 h). For robenacoxib, blood CL/F was 0.684 L/kg/h (elimination half‐life = 1.13 h). Exudate elimination half‐lives were 25.9 and 41.5 h for S(+) ketoprofen and robenacoxib, respectively. Both drugs reduced exudate PGE2 concentration significantly between 6 and 36 h. Ketoprofen significantly suppressed (>97%) serum TxB2 between 4 min and 24 h, whereas suppression was mild and transient with robenacoxib. In vivoIC50COX‐1/IC50COX‐2 ratios were 66.9:1 for robenacoxib and 1:107 for S(+) ketoprofen. The carboxylic acid nature of both drugs may contribute to the prolonged COX‐2 inhibition in exudate, despite short half‐lives in blood.  相似文献   

14.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is recognized as a cytokine because of its involvement in inflammation‐mediated biological defense functions. Although TNF‐α is primarily produced by macrophages, it is also produced by other cells, including lymphocytes, Kupffer cells, natural killer cells and adipocytes. While TNF‐α has diverse immune system functions, including antitumor activity, antimicrobial activity and mediation of inflammation, it also regulates a number of physiological functions, including appetite, fever, energy metabolism and endocrine activity. Factors such as viruses, parasites, other cytokines, and endotoxins induce TNF‐α production. In combination with other cytokines, TNF‐α plays a clinically important role in cattle by mediating immune inflammatory responses such as mastitis and endotoxic shock. It has been reported that cytokines such as TNF‐α are involved in metabolic disease such as acidosis. On the other hand, several data suggest that lactoferrin (LF) acts to prevent the release of a number of inflammatory mediators from various activated cells, and further suggest that the prophylactic effect of LF involves inhibition of cytokine production, including TNF‐α, that are principal mediators of the inflammatory response leading to death from toxic shock. This review discusses the role of TNF‐α in pathological conditions in cattle, including infections and metabolic diseases caused by perturbation of metabolism and endocrine functions.  相似文献   

15.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of micronized pea seeds introduced into feed mixes for broilers on the slaughter yield, blood lipid parameters, content of fatty acids in selected tissues, and meat quality. The studies involved 150 1‐day‐old Ross 308 chicks split into three groups (for 42 days). The feed rations differed in terms of the source of proteins: in the control group (C), it was post‐extraction soybean meal (SBM) 100%; in group I, SBM 50% and micronized peas 50%; and in group II, micronized peas only, 100%. Irradiated pea seeds added to the feed ration for chicks reduced the fattening grade of carcasses (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant improvement of blood lipid indices was recorded. The share of the irradiated pea seeds in feed mixes decreased the share of saturated fatty acids in the muscles and abdominal fat and had a positive effect on the n‐6/n‐3 ratio, hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic ratio, as well as the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices (P < 0.05).  相似文献   

16.
Schmid, V. B., Spreng, D. E., Seewald, W., Jung, M., Lees, P., King, J. N. Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory actions of robenacoxib in acute joint inflammation in dog. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 118–131. The objectives of this study were to establish dose–response and blood concentration–response relationships for robenacoxib, a novel nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug with selectivity for inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoenzyme, in a canine model of synovitis. Acute synovitis of the stifle joint was induced by intra‐articular injection of sodium urate crystals. Robenacoxib (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg), placebo and meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously (s.c.) 3 h after the urate crystals. Pharmacodynamic endpoints included data from forceplate analyses, clinical orthopaedic examinations and time course of inhibition of COX‐1 and COX‐2 in ex vivo whole blood assays. Blood was collected for pharmacokinetics. Robenacoxib produced dose‐related improvement in weight‐bearing, pain and swelling as assessed objectively by forceplate analysis (estimated ED50 was 1.23 mg/kg for z peak force) and subjectively by clinical orthopaedic assessments. The analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects of robenacoxib were significantly superior to placebo (0.25–4 mg/kg robenacoxib) and were non‐inferior to meloxicam (0.5–4 mg/kg robenacoxib). All dosages of robenacoxib produced significant dose‐related inhibition of COX‐2 (estimated ED50 was 0.52 mg/kg) but no inhibition of COX‐1. At a dosage of 1–2 mg/kg administered s.c., robenacoxib should be at least as effective as 0.2 mg/kg of meloxicam in suppressing acute joint pain and inflammation in dogs.  相似文献   

17.
Reasons for performing study: It has been suggested that many of the beneficial effects of corticosteroids are mediated through mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 inhibition. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of the MAPK p38 inhibitor compound MRL‐EQ1 to either prevent (Phase 1) or treat (Phase 2) recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. Methods: MRL‐EQ1 was administered i.v. at a dosage of 0.75‐1.5 mg/kg bwt q. 12 h. In Phase 1, susceptible horses in clinical remission were divided into 2 groups (n = 5/group), based on historical values of respiratory mechanics. All horses were entered in the study in pairs (one control, one treated horse) and exposed to the same environmental challenge (stabling, mouldy hay and dusty conditions). The treatment group received MRL‐EQ1 for 14 days while the control horses were untreated during the same period. In Phase 2, affected horses were ranked by severity of respiratory dysfunction and split randomly into either dexamethasone or MRL‐EQ1 treatment groups (n = 5/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, respiratory mechanic measurements, MRL‐EQ1 plasma concentration and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) whole blood activity were evaluated sequentially. Results: In Phase 1, MRL‐EQ1 did not prevent the occurrence of clinical signs and pulmonary inflammation. However, treatment was associated with a reduction in severity and a delay in the onset of signs and a reduction in pulmonary neutrophilia. In Phase 2, plasma concentrations achieved resulted in ex vivo suppression of lipopolysaccharide‐induced TNF production in equine blood. MRL‐EQ1 did not improve airway inflammation or lung function and was associated in a dose dependent manner with behavioural (depression, excitability) and blood changes (neutrophilia, increased serum muscle enzyme concentrations). Conclusions: Inhibition of p38 in the horse was partially effective in reducing clinical signs and airway inflammation when administered prior to, but not during clinical exacerbation in RAO. Potential relevance: Inhibitors of p38 MAPK with a better toxicity profile may be effective in the prevention or treatment of RAO.  相似文献   

18.
The present study investigated the influence of feeding a large amount of grass hay to steers from the early to middle fattening period on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat characteristics. Steers were randomly divided into grass hay‐fed (GHF, n = 6) and concentrate‐fed (CF, n = 6) groups. The dressed weight of the GHF steers was lower than that of the CF steers, but the final body weight was not significantly different between the groups. The GHF steers had decreased subcutaneous fat and rib thickness compared with the CF steers. Lipid content, monounsaturated fatty acids, and drip loss in the muscles were lower in the GHF steers than in the CF steers. Furthermore, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the GHF steers compared with the CF steers. The GHF steers had lower body weight during the middle fattening stage, which may have occurred as a result of muscle growth suppression caused by increased Myostatin expression; an increase in daily gain during the finishing period may have occurred as a result of muscle growth activation caused by decreased Myostatin expression. Feeding steers a grass hay‐based diet during the early fattening period possibly maintains the quantitative productivity of beef similarly to feeding a concentrate‐based diet.  相似文献   

19.
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disorder found in dogs. The disease process can lead to heart failure (HF) and has been found to be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Statins exert antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in human HF patients. However, the beneficial effects of statins in MMVD dogs are still unclear. Thirty MMVD dogs were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: MMVD without HF dogs (n = 15) and MMVD with HF dogs (n = 15). Atorvastatin (8 mg kg?1 day?1) was administered orally to all dogs for 4 weeks. All dogs underwent physical examination and cardiac examination at the beginning and end of the experiment, including baseline values for hematology, blood chemistry profile, lipid profile, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide, oxidative stress marker (8‐isoprostane), and inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor alpha). The results showed that atorvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol levels in both groups. In addition, plasma concentrations of 8‐isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide were significantly lower after atorvastatin administration, but only in MMVD dogs in the HF group. Atorvastatin found to be associated with possible antioxidant and inflammatory effects in dogs with HF secondary to MMVD. The potential benefits of statins in dogs with HF merits further investigation in larger, placebo‐controlled studies.  相似文献   

20.
Summary

Metabolic disturbances following intravenous and intramammary administration of endotoxins in ruminants are described. In contrast to the similarity in response of blood biochemical parameters after intravenous and intramammary administrations of endotoxins, responses in plasma concentrations of enzyme activities, the thyroid hormones, cortisol, and somatotropin differ markedly. Biochemical changes in blood after endotoxin administration are predominantly dose‐dependent; thus some of the biochemical parameters ‐ especially plasma concentrations of Fe and Zn ‐ serve also to evaluate the effects of certain drugs in endotoxin models.

Changes in milk composition have been documented only after intramammary infusion of endotoxins and can partly be explained by the increased permeability of the blood/milk barrier. Appearance and production of milk returns to normal within a week after intramammary endotoxin treatment, indicating that the mammary gland is only temporarily damaged by endotoxin‐induced mastitis.  相似文献   

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