共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
Renato Crouzeilles Jayme Augusto Prevedello Marcos de Souza Lima Figueiredo Maria Lucia Lorini Carlos Eduardo Viveiros Grelle 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(3):479-489
Habitat availability—or how much habitat species can reach at the landscape scale—depends primarily on the percentage of native cover. However, attributes of landscape configuration such as the number, size and isolation of habitat patches may have complementary effects on habitat availability, with implications for the management of landscapes. Here, we determined whether, and at which percentages of native cover, the number, size and isolation of patches contribute for habitat availability. We quantified habitat availability in 325 landscapes spread across the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the Atlantic Forest hotspot, with either high (>50 %), intermediate (50–30 %), low (30–10 %) or very low (<10 %) percentage of native cover, and for six hypothetical species differing in inter-patch dispersal ability. Above 50 % of native cover, the percentage of cover per se was the only determinant of habitat availability, but below 50 % the attributes of landscape configuration also contributed for habitat availability. The number of patches had a negative effect on habitat availability in landscapes with 50–10 % of native cover, whereas patch size had a positive effect in landscapes with <10 % of native cover. The different species generally responded to the same set of landscape attributes, although to different extents, potentially facilitating decision making for conservation. In landscapes with >50 % of native cover, conservation actions are probably sufficient to guarantee habitat availability, whereas in the remaining landscapes additional restoration efforts are needed, especially to reconnect and/or enlarge remaining habitat patches. 相似文献
2.
Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez Iraida M. González-Perez Adriana Garmendia Mireia Solà Alejandro Estrada 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(9):1717-1727
Land-use change is forcing many animal populations to inhabit forest patches in which different processes can threaten their survival. Some threatening processes are mainly related to forest patch characteristics, but others depend principally on the landscape spatial context. Thus, the impact of both patch and landscape spatial attributes needs to be assessed to have a better understanding of the habitat spatial attributes that constraint the maintenance of populations in fragmented landscapes. Here, we evaluated the relative effect of three patch-scale (i.e., patch size, shape, and isolation) and five landscape-scale metrics (i.e., forest cover, fragmentation, edge density, mean inter-patch isolation distance, and matrix permeability) on population composition and structure of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in the Lacandona rainforest, Mexico. We measured the landscape-scale metrics at two spatial scales: within 100 and 500 ha landscapes. Our findings revealed that howler monkeys were more strongly affected by local-scale metrics. Smaller and more isolated forest patches showed a lower number of individuals but at higher densities. Population density also tended to be positively associated to matrices with higher proportion of secondary forests and arboreal crops (i.e. with greater permeability), most probably because these matrices can offer supplementary foods. The immature-to-female ratio also increased with matrix permeability, shape complexity, and edge density; habitat characteristics that can increase landscape connectivity and sources availability. The prevention of habitat loss and isolation, and the increment of matrix permeability are therefore needed for the conservation of this endangered Neotropical mammal. 相似文献
3.
Acknowledgment that the matrix matters in conserving wildlife in human-modified landscapes is increasing. However, the complex
interactions of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat condition and land use have confounded attempts to disentangle
the relative importance of properties of the landscape mosaic, including the matrix. To this end, we controlled for the amount
of remnant forest habitat and the level of fragmentation to examine mammal species richness in human-modified landscapes of
varying levels of matrix development intensity and patch attributes. We postulated seven alternative models of various patch
habitat, landscape and matrix influences on mammal species richness and then tested these models using generalized linear
mixed-effects models within an information theoretic framework. Matrix attributes were the most important determinants of
terrestrial mammal species richness; matrix development intensity had a strong negative effect and vegetation structural complexity
of the matrix had a strong positive effect. Distance to the nearest remnant forest habitat was relatively unimportant. Matrix
habitat attributes are potentially a more important indicator of isolation of remnant forest patches than measures of distance
to the nearest patch. We conclude that a structurally complex matrix within a human-modified landscape can provide supplementary
habitat resources and increase the probability of movement across the landscape, thereby increasing mammal species richness
in modified landscapes. 相似文献
4.
Graph-based analysis is a promising approach for analyzing the functional and structural connectivity of landscapes. In human-shaped
landscapes, species have become vulnerable to land degradation and connectivity loss between habitat patches. Movement across
the landscape is a key process for species survival that needs to be further investigated for heterogeneous human-dominated
landscapes. The common frog (Rana temporaria) was used as a case study to explore and provide a graph connectivity analysis framework that integrates habitat suitability
and dispersal responses to landscape permeability. The main habitat patches influencing habitat availability and connectivity
were highlighted by using the software Conefor Sensinode 2.2. One of the main advantages of the presented graph-theoretical
approach is its ability to provide a large choice of variables to be used based on the study’s assumptions and knowledge about
target species. Based on dispersal simulation modelling in potential suitable habitat corridors, three distinct patterns of
nodes connections of differing importance were revealed. These patterns are locally influenced by anthropogenic barriers,
landscape permeability, and habitat suitability. And they are affected by different suitability and availability gradients
to maximize the best possible settlement by the common frog within a terrestrial habitat continuum. The study determined the
key role of landscape-based approaches for identifying the “availability-suitability-connectivity” patterns from a local to
regional approach to provide an operational tool for landscape planning. 相似文献
5.
The landscape matrix modifies the effect of habitat fragmentation in grassland butterflies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Erik ?ckinger Karl-Olof Bergman Markus Franzén Tomá? Kadlec Jochen Krauss Mikko Kuussaari Juha P?yry Henrik G. Smith Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter Riccardo Bommarco 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(1):121-131
The landscape matrix is suggested to influence the effect of habitat fragmentation on species richness, but the generality
of this prediction has not been tested. Here, we used data from 10 independent studies on butterfly species richness, where
the matrix surrounding grassland patches was dominated by either forest or arable land to test if matrix land use influenced
the response of species richness to patch area and connectivity. To account for the possibility that some of the observed
species use the matrix as their main or complementary habitat, we analysed the effects on total species richness and on the
richness of grassland specialist and non-specialist (generalists and specialists on other habitat types) butterflies separately.
Specialists and non-specialists were defined separately for each dataset. Total species richness and the richness of grassland
specialist butterflies were positively related to patch area and forest cover in the matrix, and negatively to patch isolation.
The strength of the species-area relationship was modified by matrix land use and had a slope that decreased with increasing
forest cover in the matrix. Potential mechanisms for the weaker effect of grassland fragmentation in forest-dominated landscapes
are (1) that the forest matrix is more heterogeneous and contains more resources, (2) that small grassland patches in a matrix
dominated by arable land suffer more from negative edge effects or (3) that the arable matrix constitutes a stronger barrier
to dispersal between populations. Regardless of the mechanisms, our results show that there are general effects of matrix
land use across landscapes and regions, and that landscape management that increases matrix quality can be a complement to
habitat restoration and re-creation in fragmented landscapes. 相似文献
6.
The purpose of our study was to compare the number, proportion, and species composition of introduced plant species in forest
patches situated within predominantly forested, agricultural, and urban landscapes. A previous study suggested that agricultural
landscape context does not have a large effect on the proportion of introduced species in forest patches. Therefore, our main
goal was to test the hypothesis that forest patches in an urban landscape context contain larger numbers and proportions of
non-native plant species. We surveyed the vegetation in 44 small remnant forest fragments (3–7.5 ha) in the Ottawa region;
15 were situated within forested landscapes, 18 within agricultural landscapes, and 11 within urban landscapes. Forest fragments
in urban landscapes had about 40% more introduced plant species and a 50% greater proportion of introduced plant species than
fragments found in the other two types of landscape. There was no significant difference in the number or proportion of introduced
species in forest fragments within forested vs. agricultural landscapes. However, the species composition of introduced species
differed among the forest patches in the three landscape types. Our results support the hypothesis that urban and suburban
areas are important foci for spread of introduced plant species. 相似文献
7.
Land cover change, predominantly habitat conversion to agricultural use and urbanization, has recently been recognized as
the primary cause of biodiversity loss in terrestrial ecosystems. We evaluated the relative effects of urban and agricultural
landscapes on anuran species richness and the abundance of six anuran species found at breeding ponds in and around the cities
of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. We performed six call surveys at 29 permanent focal ponds surrounded by one of three
landscape contexts: primarily urban, primarily agricultural, and primarily forested. We also measured three local pond variables
to control for the effects of local habitat quality in our analyses. We found that anuran species richness was significantly
lower in breeding ponds in urban landscapes compared to forested and agricultural landscapes, which exhibited no significant
difference in species richness. The abundances of individual anuran species were also consistently lower in urban landscapes
for all species except one, which exhibited no response to landscape type. Three species had their highest abundances in ponds
in forested landscapes, whereas two species had their highest abundances in ponds in agricultural landscapes. We conclude
that ponds embedded in urban landscapes support lower biodiversity than ponds in agricultural settings. We suggest that landscapes
composed of a mosaic of forest and open habitats surrounding wetlands would hold the highest biodiversity of these species. 相似文献
8.
Howell Christine A. Latta Steven C. Donovan Therese M. Porneluzi Paul A. Parks Geoffrey R. Faaborg John 《Landscape Ecology》2000,15(6):547-562
We examine the influence of both local habitat and landscape variables on avian species abundance at forested study sites situated within fragmented and contiguous landscapes. The study was conducted over a six year period (1991–1996) at 10 study sites equally divided between the heavily forested Missouri Ozarks and forest fragments in central Missouri. We found greater species richness and diversity in the fragments, but there was a higher percentage of Neotropical migrants in the Ozarks. We found significant differences in the mean number of birds detected between the central Missouri fragments and the unfragmented Ozarks for 15 (63%) of 24 focal species. We used stepwise regression to determine which of 12 local vegetation variables and 4 landscape variables (forest cover, core area, edge density, and mean patch size) accounted for the greatest amount of variation in abundance for 24 bird species. Seven species (29%) were most sensitive to local vegetation variables, while 16 species (67%) responded most strongly to one of four landscape variables. Landscape variables are significant predictors of abundance for many bird species; resource managers should consider multiple measures of landscape sensitivity when making bird population management decisions.Order of first two authors decided by coin toss 相似文献
9.
Forest bird species exhibit noticeable seasonal behavioral changes that might lead to contrasting effects of landscape pattern
upon species abundance and performance. We assessed if the effect of patch and habitat attributes on the landscape use of
thorn-tailed rayaditos (Aphrastura spinicauda), a forest bird in a relict patchy forest in northern Chile, varied temporally in association with changes in the behavior
of individuals linked to breeding vs. non-breeding conditions. We also assessed the relationship between nest success and
patch and habitat attributes, as nest success might be associated to the density rayaditos during the breeding season. We
found that density of rayaditos was affected by patch size and functional connectivity but not by habitat structure and that
the magnitude of the effect of patch size was greater during the non-breeding season, thus supporting the existence of a temporally
variable effect of landscape pattern. Similarly, the nest success of rayaditos was positively affected by functional connectivity
and negatively by structural connectivity. We hypothesize that these results emerged from the interaction among territorial
behavior, resource limitation and predation risk. Despite the variable intensity of the effect of patch size upon density,
however, this landscape attribute, in addition to connectivity, is essential for the persistence of rayaditos at this relict
patchy forest landscapes. 相似文献
10.
Classical metapopulation models do not account for temporal changes in the suitability of habitat patches. In reality, however,
the carrying capacity of most habitat types is not constant in time due to natural succession processes. In this study, we
modeled plant metapopulation persistence in a successional landscape with disappearing and emerging habitat patches, based
on a realistic dune slack landscape at the Belgian–French coast. We focused on the effects of the variation of different plant
traits on metapopulation persistence in this changing landscape. Therefore, we used a stage based stochastic metapopulation
model implemented in RAMAS/Metapop, simulating a large variation in plant traits but keeping landscape characteristics such
as patch turnover rate and patch lifespan constant. The results confirm the conclusions of earlier modeling work that seed
dispersal distance and seed emigration rate both have an important effect on metapopulation persistence. We also found that
high population growth rate or high recruitment considerably decreased the extinction risk of the metapopulation. Additionally,
a long plant life span had a strong positive effect on metapopulation persistence, irrespective of the plant's dispersal capacity
and population growth rate. Plant species that invest in life span require less investment in offspring and dispersal capacity
to avoid extinction, even in dynamic landscapes with deterministic changes in habitat quality. Moreover, metapopulations of
long-lived plant species were found to be much less sensitive to high levels of environmental stochasticity than short-lived
species. 相似文献
11.
12.
Tick density and population dynamics are important factors in the ecological processes involved in pathogen circulation in
a habitat. These characteristics of tick populations are closely linked to habitat suitability, which reflects the limiting
ecological factors and landscape features affecting tick populations; however, little work has been done on the regional assessment
of habitat suitability. In this study, a regional model for the distribution and abundance of the tick Ixodes ricinus in central Spain is developed. An occurrence and an abundance model were constructed; climate and vegetation variables were
found to be the main predictors of both occurrence and density in a relatively homogeneous matrix of habitat patches, whereas
topographical variables were found to have small contributions and were therefore discarded. The residuals of the abundance
model showed good correlation with the isolation of each patch. The predictive power of the abundance model was greatly enhanced
by inclusion of the traversability (a measure of the permeability of each patch to the propagules of the metapopulation) and
recruitment (an index of the relative importance of each patch to the traffic through the entire habitat network). The removal
from the landscape of the patches whose recruitment values were in the top 10% has a critical effect on tick density, an effect
not observed when patches are removed at random. These results indicate that permanent tick populations can be sustained only
in landscapes containing a minimum network of viable sites. Graph theory and measurements of patch isolation should prove
to be important elements in the forecasting of tick abundance and the management of the features underlying the landscape
ecology of tick populations and pathogen circulation in the field. 相似文献
13.
Yohan?Charbonnier Pierre?Gaüzère Inge?van?Halder Julien?Nezan Jean-Yves?Barnagaud Hervé?Jactel Luc?Barbaro
Context
In heterogeneous landscapes, habitat complementation is a key process underlying the distribution of mobile species able to exploit non-substitutable resources over large home ranges. For instance, insectivorous bats need to forage in a diversity of habitat patches offering varied compositions and structures within forest landscape mosaics to fulfill their life cycle requirements.Objectives
We aimed at analyzing the effects of forest structure and composition measured at the stand and landscape scales on bat species richness, abundance and community composition in pine plantation forests of south-western France.Methods
We sampled bat communities at different periods of the summer season using automatic ultrasound recorders along a tree composition gradient from pine monocultures to pure oak stands. We analyzed bat species activity (as a proxy for bat abundance) and species richness with linear mixed models. Distance-based constrained ordinations were used to partition the spatio-temporal variation in bat communities.Results
Deciduous tree cover increased bat activity and modified community composition at both stand and landscape scales. Changes in bat communities were mostly driven by landscape-scale variables while bat activity responded more to stand-scale predictors.Conclusions
The maintenance of deciduous trees at both stand and landscape scales is likely critical for bat communities living in fast-growing conifer plantations, by increasing the availability and diversity of prey and roosting sites. Our study suggests that bats respond to forest composition at both stand and landscape scales in mosaic plantation landscapes, mainly through a resource complementation process.14.
Ungulate herbivores create patterns of forage availability, plant species composition, and soil fertility as they range across
large landscapes and consume large quantities of plant material. Over time, herbivore populations fluctuate, producing great
potential for spatio-temporal landscape dynamics. In this study, we extend the spatial and temporal extent of a long-term
investigation of the relationship of landscape patterns to moose foraging behavior at Isle Royale National Park, MI. We examined
how patterns of browse availability and consumption, plant basal area, and soil fertility changed during a recent decline
in the moose population. We used geostatistics to examine changes in the nature of spatial patterns in two valleys over 18 years
and across short-range and long-range distance scales. Landscape patterns of available and consumed browse changed from either
repeated patches or randomly distributed patches in 1988–1992 to random point distributions by 2007 after a recent record
high peak followed by a rapid decline in the moose population. Patterns of available and consumed browse became decoupled
during the moose population low, which is in contrast to coupled patterns during the earlier high moose population. Distributions
of plant basal area and soil nitrogen availability also switched from repeated patches to randomly distributed patches in
one valley and to random point distributions in the other valley. Rapid declines in moose population density may release vegetation
and soil fertility from browsing pressure and in turn create random landscape patterns. 相似文献
15.
Habitat corridors and the conservation of small mammals in a fragmented forest environment 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
Andrew F. Bennett 《Landscape Ecology》1990,4(2-3):109-122
At Naringal in south-western Victoria, Australia, clearing of the original forest environment has created an agricultural landscape dominated by grazed pastures of introduced grasses. Remnant forest vegetation is re-stricted to small patches of less than 100 ha in size, that are loosely linked by narrow forested strips along road reserves and creeks. Six native and two introduced species of small terrestrial mammal (< 2 kg) occur within this environment. The native mammals, being dependent upon forest vegetation, were less tolerant to forest fragmentation than were the introduced species that also persist in farmland and farm buildings. The native mammals displayed an increasing frequency of occurrence in successively larger size-classes of forest patches. Those species with the greatest body-weight were the most vulnerable to habitat loss. All species of small mammal occurred in narrow habitat corridors of forest vegetation on roadsides. The resident status, seasonal variation in relative abundance, patterns of reproduction, and movements of each species were monitored in two habitat corridors during a 25-month trapping study. The corridors were found to facilitate continuity between otherwise-isolated populations of small mammals in this locality in two ways: firstly, by providing a pathway for the dispersal of single animals between patches; and secondly, by enabling gene flow through populations resident within the corridors. The small size of forest remnants at Naringal, and the vulnerability of species with low population sizes, emphasize the importance of preserving a mosaic of numerous habitat patches that together will support regional populations of sufficient size for longer-term persistence. The continuity between remnant habitats that is provided by a network of habitat corridors is an essential, and critical, component of this conservation strategy. 相似文献
16.
Loss of connectivity is one of the main causes of decreases in habitat availability and, thus, in species abundance and occurrence
in fragmented landscapes. It is therefore important to measure habitat connectivity for conservation purposes, but there are
several difficulties in quantifying connectivity, including the need for species movement behavioral data and the existence
of few consistent indices to describe such data. In the present study, we used a graph theoretical framework to measure habitat
availability, and we evaluate whether this variable is adequate to explain the occurrence pattern of an Atlantic rainforest
bird (Pyriglena leucoptera, Thamnophilidae). The playback technique was used to parameterize the connectivity component of habitat availability indices
and to determine the presence or absence of the study species in forest patches. Patch- and landscape-level habitat availability
indices were considered as explanatory variables. Two of these were landscape-level indices, which varied in terms of how
inter-patch connections are defined, using either a binary or probabilistic approach. This study produced four striking results.
First, even short open gaps may disrupt habitat continuity for P. leucoptera. Second, the occurrence of P. leucoptera was positively affected by habitat availability. Third, proper measures of this explanatory variable should account for the
landscape context around the focal patch, emphasizing the importance of habitat connectivity. Finally, habitat availability
indices should consider probabilistic and not binary inter-patch connections when intending to explain the occurrence of bird
species in fragmented landscapes. We discuss some conservation implications of our results, stressing the advantages of an
ecologically scaled graph theoretical framework. 相似文献
17.
Forest loss has been invoked as a cause for changes in the reproductive success of animal-pollinated woodland plants, associated
with changes in their pollinators. To analyze such effects, it is important to include all of the three key players: landscapes,
pollinators and a plant. We investigated effects of forest loss on an insect-pollinated plant through landscapes in forested
ecosystems to pollinator communities and plant populations. Then we questioned if abundance and species richness in pollinator
communities decrease as forest loss increases, and this in turn leads to a decrease in reproductive output of an insect-pollinated
plant. We made a study with 12 populations of the bee pollinated herb, Erythronium americanum, in a landscape characterized by scattered fragments of deciduous forest within intensively managed agricultural fields.
We also sampled bees as the potential pollinators by pan traps. We quantified the study landscapes using the amount of forest
cover and the length of forest edge within each of the six radii (250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,250 and 1,500 m). Regression analyses
showed that the abundance and species richness of all collected bees were positively related to only the forest cover at the
radius of 750 m. We also found the positive relationships for the seed set of E. americanum when the forest cover at the same radius and abundance of all collected bees were used as the predictor variables. These
results indicate that forest loss causes negative impacts on potential pollinator communities and seed sets of some woodland
herbs. 相似文献
18.
Unni S. Lande Ivar Herfindal Tomas Willebrand Pål F. Moa Torstein Storaas 《Landscape Ecology》2014,29(1):127-139
The effects of landscape composition on species and populations have become increasingly important due to large and rapid habitat changes worldwide. In particular, concern is raised for several forest-dwelling species such as capercaillie and black grouse, because their habitats are continuously changing and deteriorating from human development. Conservation of these species is linked to sustainable forest management that seeks to benefit multiple species, which demands knowledge about demographic rates in relation to forest composition and structure. We related the spatial variation in adult density and chick production of capercaillie and black grouse to landscape characteristics from 13 areas within the boreal forest of Norway. Linear mixed effects models showed that black grouse and capercaillie had similar associations to landscape characteristics. Adult density of both species was positively related to the proportion of old forest (>80 years), but only if the area had large proportions of mid to high productive forests. Chick production was negatively related to the proportion of old forest, but positively to habitat diversity and more so for black grouse compared to capercaillie. However, the result for chick production suggest that other forest types also are important, and that forest grouse needs a variety of habitats during their life history stages. Management that seeks to simultaneously conserve populations of black grouse and capercaillie needs to ensure a matrix of various forest types. A special focus must be on the critical life history of local populations to successfully preserve viable populations, for black grouse and capercaillie this implies protection of old and mid to high productive forest while keeping a heterogeneous landscape. 相似文献
19.
Size of a forest patch is a useful predictor of density and reproductive success of Neotropical migratory birds in much of eastern North America. Within these forested landscapes, large forest tracts appear to be sources – fragments in which surpluses of offspring are produced and can potentially colonize new fragments including woodlot sinks where reproduction fails to balance adult mortality. Within agricultural landscapes of the midwestern U.S., where forests are severely fragmented, high levels of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and intense predation on nests generally result in low reproductive success for Neotropical migrants regardless of forest size. In some midwestern U.S. landscapes, however, the variation in reproductive success among forest fragments suggests that `source' habitat could still exist for Neotropical migrants. We used vegetation, fragment and landscape metrics to develop multivariate models that attempt to explain the variation in abundance and reproductive success of Neotropical migrants nesting in an agricultural landscape in northern Indiana, USA. We produced models that reasonably described the pattern of species richness of Neotropical migrants and the abundance of wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) and several other Neotropical migrant species within 14 forest fragments. In contrast, we were unable to produce useful models of the reproductive success of wood thrushes breeding in the same forest fragments. Our results suggest that (1) abundance patterns of Neotropical migrants are probably influenced by both landscape- and fragment-scale factors; (2) multivariate analyses of Neotropical migrant abundance are not useful in modeling the corresponding patterns of reproductive success; and (3) the location of any remaining `source' habitat for Neotropical migrants breeding within agricultural landscapes in North America will be difficult to predict with indirect measures such as vegetation composition or landscape context. As a result, the potential for developing conservation strategies for Neotropical migrants will be limited without labor-intensive, direct measurements of demographic parameters. 相似文献
20.
The distribution and abundance of a species may be simultaneously influenced by both local-scale habitat features and the
broader patch and landscape contexts in which these populations occur. Different factors may influence patch occupancy (presence–absence)
versus local abundance (number of individuals within patches), and at different scales, and thus ideally both occupancy and
abundance should be investigated, especially in studies that seek to understand the consequences of land management on species
persistence. Our study evaluated the relative influences of variables associated with the local habitat patch, hillside (patch
context), and landscape context on patch occupancy and abundance of the collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) within tallgrass prairie managed under different fire and grazing regimes in the northern Flint Hills of Kansas, USA. Using
a multi-model information-theoretic approach that accounted for detection bias, we found that collared lizard abundance and
occupancy was influenced by factors measured at both the local habitat and landscape scales. At a local scale, collared lizard
abundance was greatest on large rock ledges that had lots of crevices, high vegetation complexity, and were located higher
up on the hillslope. At the landscape scale, collared lizard abundance and occupancy were both higher in watersheds that were
burned frequently (1–2 year intervals). Interestingly, grazing only had a significant effect on occupancy and abundance within
less frequently burned (4-year burn interval) watersheds. Our results suggest that, in addition to the obvious habitat needs
of this species (availability of suitable rock habitat), land-management practices have the potential to influence collared
lizard presence and abundance in the grasslands of the Flint Hills. Thus, mapping the availability of suitable habitat is
unlikely to be sufficient for evaluating species distributions and persistence in such cases without consideration of landscape
management and disturbance history. 相似文献