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1.
本试验旨在研究日粮中不同氨化稻草水平对瘤胃甲烷(CH4)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量的影响。以2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年西门塔尔牛作为瘤胃液供体,以未处理稻草、4%尿素氨化稻草和6%尿素氨化稻草为粗料,分别与精料混合料以6种比例配合日粮,其中精料与粗料的混合比例分别为0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0。应用Menke等(1979)的体外培养发酵技术进行培养发酵并测定日粮48 h的总产气量、CH4和VFA产量。结果表明:日粮精料/粗料为0∶100时,4%尿素氨化稻草组和6%尿素氨化稻草组总VFA(TVFA)产量显著高于未氨化稻草组(P<0.05);随着日粮精料比例增加,乙酸、丙酸和TVFA产量显著增加(P<0.05),乙酸/TVFA和乙酸/丙酸显著下降(P<0.05);当日粮精料/粗料为40∶60时,4%尿素氨化稻草组和6%尿素氨化稻草组48 h CH4产量显著高于未氨化稻草组(P<0.05),并且4%尿素氨化稻草组48 h总产气量显著高于未氨化稻草组(P<0.05),在一定程度上高于6%尿素氨化稻草组(P>0.05);随着日粮精料比例增加,CH4产量和总产气量显著增加(P<0.05);48 h总产气量和CH4产量的组合效应值最高的组为日粮精料/粗料40∶60的4%尿素氨化稻草组;各组48 h总产气量均产生正组合效应,4%尿素氨化稻草组中CH4/TVFA均产生负组合效应。由此可知,CH4产量与日粮精料/粗料和日粮中粗料的品质有关。当日粮精料/粗料为40∶60时,4%尿素氨化稻草组48 h总产气量和CH4产量最高,但CH4/TVFA最低。  相似文献   

2.
本试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的氨化稻草及精组比例对体外发酵产气规律的影响。以2头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛作为瘤胃液供体,以未氨化、4%尿素和6%尿素氨化的稻草为粗饲料,分别与精料混合料配制成6种比例日粮,其中精料与粗饲料的比例为0∶100、20∶80、40∶60、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0。采用体外产气法测定各种日粮体外发酵的产气规律。结果表明:同一尿素氨化水平下,随着精料比例增加,产气量显著增加(P<0.05),并且精料∶粗料为100∶0组极显著高于0∶100组(P<0.01);不同尿素氨化水平下,精料∶粗料为40∶60时,4%尿素氨化组48 h产气量显著高于未氨化组(P<0.05),并且高于6%氨化组,而精料∶粗料为0∶100、20∶80、60∶40、80∶20、100∶0时,3种尿素氨化水平产气量之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明使用4%尿素对稻草进行氨化处理、日粮精料∶粗料为40∶60时,日粮的可消化性最好。  相似文献   

3.
本文旨在研究氨化处理对稻草体外瘤胃发酵甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量的影响。用不同水平的尿素对稻草进行氨化处理,尿素水平分别为0(对照)、2%、4%、6%、8%,应用M enke体外产气技术进行48 h的发酵,应用气相色谱仪测定CH4、CO2和挥发性脂肪酸产量。结果表明:氨化处理极显著提高了稻草的粗蛋白质含量(P<0.01),极显著降低了中性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.01);氨化处理极显著提高了总产气量、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、CH4、CO2和乙酸的产量(P<0.01),但对乙酸/丙酸以及气体的相对产量(CH4/TV-FA、CO2/TVFA和总产气/TVFA)没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,应用氨化处理提高稻草对反刍动物的饲用价值,将不可避免地提高瘤胃CH4、CO2和总产气量,今后有必要研究在使用氨化稻草饲喂反刍动物条件下,降低瘤胃发酵CH4和CO2产量的技术和产品。  相似文献   

4.
本试验旨在利用体外产气法评价缓释尿素替代山羊饲粮中苜蓿蛋白的可行性,为开发利用缓释尿素作为反刍动物蛋白质饲料提供基础数据。以4只肉羊作为瘤胃液供体羊,应用ANKOM RFS产气测量系统进行体外产气,体外发酵底物分别为含48%苜蓿不含缓释尿素的饲粮(对照组)、含24%苜蓿和0.5%缓释尿素的饲粮(试验1组)、不含苜蓿含1.0%缓释尿素的饲粮(试验2组),持续发酵72 h后终止发酵,测定指标包括产气量、发酵参数、纤维素酶活性、体外干物质降解率、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和甲烷产量。结果显示:1)试验1组和试验2组的24 h累积产气量(GP 24)、48 h累积产气量(GP 48)、72 h累积产气量(GP 72)、慢速降解部分产气量(b)、潜在产气量(a+b)、可消化有机物含量、代谢能均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验1组的快速降解部分产气量(a)显著低于对照组、试验2组(P<0.05)。试验1组、试验2组、对照组的产气速率(c)数值依次降低,且各组间差异显著(P<0.05)。2)对照组、试验2组、试验1组pH依次降低且互相之间差异显著(P<0.05),但数值差异极小;试验1组的氨态氮浓度显著低于对照组和试验2组(P<0.05);3组的微生物蛋白浓度、纤维素酶活性、体外干物质降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)试验1组和试验2组的丙酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);对照组、试验1组、试验2组的乙酸/丙酸依次降低且互相之间差异显著(P<0.05);3组的总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丁酸浓度与甲烷产量差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,在体外发酵条件下,适宜水平的缓释尿素可替代苜蓿蛋白,有利于瘤胃体外发酵。在本试验条件下,以0.5%的缓释尿素替代50%的苜蓿蛋白(饲粮中苜蓿占比由48%降至24%)为宜。  相似文献   

5.
采用瘤胃体外发酵技术评定了不同化学处理对稻草体外发酵特性的影响。试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为瘤胃液供体,用复合碱、氨及尿素处理稻草后,称量1 g样品于含有10 mL瘤胃液和90 mL培养基的39℃发酵瓶内体外发酵,分别于24,48,72,96 h冰浴终止发酵,测定产气量、发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮及微生物蛋白浓度。结果表明,化学处理提高了稻草发酵的产气量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮以及微生物蛋白浓度。其中复合碱处理组的发酵速度最快,累计产气量、干物质消失率和挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,显著高于其他各组,其次为尿素处理组和氨化处理组,对照组最低;尿素处理组的pH、氨态氮浓度和微生物蛋白含量最高,显著高于其他各组,氨化处理组和碱化处理组次之,对照组最低。化学处理提高了稻草的体外降解率,其中复合碱化处理的效果最好。  相似文献   

6.
试验旨在探究添加不同水平蔗糖对泌乳奶牛体外产气和瘤胃发酵的影响。以泌乳中期奶牛为瘤胃液供体,设置0%、2%、4%、6%、8%共5个蔗糖添加水平,使用微生物发酵微量产气自动记录仪(AGRS-Ⅲ)记录发酵48 h产气量(GP48 h)并拟合产气动力学参数、计算体外干物质消失率(IVDMD)和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量;测定体外发酵0.5、1、2、3、6、48 h的发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)含量。结果表明：GP48 h、理论最大产气量(A)、达到1/2产气量的产气速率(AGPR)随蔗糖添加水平提高线性增加(P<0.01),蔗糖添加水平对发酵48 h的IVDMD、发酵液pH、VFA和NH3-N含量无显著影响;但体外发酵1、2h的发酵液pH线性下降(P<0.01);6%、8%组乙酸和丙酸比例低于其余3组(P<0.01)。本试验条件下,较对照组而言,4%蔗糖组在不改变瘤胃发酵模式的同时,提高了体外产气速率和底物降解速率。  相似文献   

7.
试验采用3×3因子试验设计,应用体外产气法研究不同水平的可发酵糖(0、1.5、3g/l发酵液)、尿素(0、0.5%、1%DM)互作对中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)及产气参数的影响。结果表明:6h可发酵糖与尿素互作对pH值、NDFD的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);当培养24h,显著降低发酵液的pH值、提高NDFD(P<0.05);而培养48h,极显著降低发酵液的pH值(P<0.01),但对NDFD的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。各处理组96h的产气量(G)、理论最大产气量(A)及参数B的变化趋势基本一致,B、C组较低,I组最高。从本试验的研究结果来看,3g/l的可发酵糖、1%的尿素互作的综合效果最佳。  相似文献   

8.
[目的] 研究不同水平干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分能量饲料对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃体外产气量、发酵参数、营养物质消化率和生长性能的影响。[方法] 分别采用0、4%、8%、12%、16%干苹果渣替代肉牛精料补充料中部分玉米,应用体外产气法测定各组日粮体外发酵0~72 h的产气量;体外产气试验结束后,测定瘤胃液的发酵参数;体外发酵48 h测定人工瘤胃液营养成分体外消化率;利用4%、8%、12%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米,测定饲喂不同替代比例日粮育肥牛的增重指标。[结果] 4%干苹果渣组总产气量显著（P<0.05）高于8%和16%干苹果渣组,各组样品产气主要集中在4~24 h,36~72 h产气量趋于平稳。产气后各组pH值均在正常范围;8%干苹果渣组氨态氮浓度显著（P<0.05）高于12%和16%干苹果渣组;4%和8%干苹果渣组的乙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组。对照组的干物质、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维消化率显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组,8%干苹果渣组酸性洗涤纤维消化率显著（P<0.05）高于其他各组。各组育肥牛的试验期间总增重和日增重差异均不显著（P>0.05）。[结论] 4%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米可提高西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃体外发酵产气量,4%和8%干苹果渣替代精料补充料中部分玉米可提高瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度及挥发性脂肪酸浓度,有利于瘤胃发酵和饲粮消化。  相似文献   

9.
应用人工瘤胃技术,研究了稻草添补不同比例0%(DEGO)、25%(DEG25)、50%(DEG50)、75%(DEG75)及100%(DEG100)矮象草(DEG)体外混合发酵96 h的累计产气量及其在产气量上的组合效应.累计产气量及产气速率随着DEG在混合发酵基质中比例的增加而增加.DEG50发酵至36 h组合效应达到最大值,而DEG50与DEG75则在48 h达到最大值,以后均随培养时间的延长而下降,但DEG50下降最慢,直到发酵终点96h,几乎所有混合发酵基质的组合效应值均达到显著水平(P<0.05).就产气量而言,反刍动物稻草日粮添补矮象草的比例以占整个日粮总量的50%～75%为宜.  相似文献   

10.
《畜牧与兽医》2016,(11):37-42
本试验以尿素和溴氯甲烷(Bromochloromethane,BCM)作为两个试验因子,采用2×2因子试验设计,应用体外发酵法,模拟瘤胃内发酵过程,探究尿素和BCM对奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵的影响。试验分为对照组,尿素组,对照+BCM组,尿素+BCM组,其中尿素组中尿素代替培养基中所有含氮物质作为唯一氮源,BCM组添加BCM处理。结果表明:(1)尿素显著降低了发酵各时间点产气量、初期产气速率、甲烷产量、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸以及MCP含量(P0.05);显著增加了发酵产气速率、达1/2理论最大产气量时间、乙丙比、NH3-N(P0.05)。(2)BCM能有效抑制甲烷产生,降低了48 h发酵产气量(P0.05),显著影响初期产气速率(P0.05);降低乙酸,丁酸,总挥发性脂肪酸含量以及乙丙比(P0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P0.05);对NH3-N及MCP含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。(3)交互作用对发酵影响不显著;但显著影响理论最大产气量、发酵产气速率和初期产气速率(P0.05)。  相似文献   

11.
本研究采用体外培养技术,研究了葡萄渣添加水平和水稻秸秆对牛瘤胃发酵气体动力学、消化率和发酵特性的影响。采用完全随机试验设计,试验因素为2×4阶乘,即两种类型的水稻秸秆(3%尿素处理和未处理),4种(0、2、4、6%)葡萄渣添加水平。结果表明,在底物中添加2%、4%和6%的葡萄渣显著影响气体动力学(P<0.05),但显著降低了累积气体产量(P<0.05)。在体外,尿素处理秸秆添加2%葡萄渣有较高的消化率(P<0.05),同时尿素处理组添加葡萄渣较其他组显著提高微生物含量(P<0.05)。添加葡萄渣可显著增加挥发性脂肪酸总浓度,尤其是丙酸(P<0.05),而甲烷产量显著降低(P<0.05)。添加葡萄渣后细菌数量增加,原生动物数量减少(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,用3%尿素处理水稻秸秆,再添加2%葡萄渣可以改善体外气体动力学、消化率、丙酸、挥发性脂肪酸总量浓度和细菌数量,同时降低乙酸与丙酸的比例、原生动物数量和甲烷产量,结果揭示了葡萄渣可以提高瘤胃发酵的潜力,并有可能提高反刍动物的生产效率。  相似文献   

12.
作者用体外法研究玉米秸秆和不同氮源的组合效应,尿素和豆粕分别作为主要氮源,玉米秸秆为主要纤维源,根据体外产气量和消化率评价反刍动物日粮中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和粗蛋白质(CP)间的组合效应。结果表明,培养24 h,豆粕组饲料蛋白质水平为9%~18%时均呈现显著正组合效应（P＜0.05）,当饲料蛋白质水平为15%时气体产量最高（P＜0.01）;尿素组的组合效应在CP水平为8%～15%的范围内达到显著（P＜0.05）,CP水平为12%时效应值最高（P＜0.01）。  相似文献   

13.
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prolonged feeding of urea‐treated rice straw, compared with feeding of hay, on the regulation of body fluids, milk yield and mammary circulation at early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid‐lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum) in crossbred Holstein Friesians. Sixteen first lactating crossbred Holstein Friesians (HF), consisting of eight animals of two breed types, 87.5%HF and 50%HF, were selected and each breed was randomly allocated into two groups. Each group, consisting of four animals from the same breed, was fed either 5% urea‐treated rice straw or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage in combination with a similar concentrate throughout the experiments. During the course of lactation there were no significant differences in body weight, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma volume and blood volume among groups of 87.5%HF animals and 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. Water turnover rate, total body water space and total body water as a percentage of body weight of 50%HF animals were significantly higher than those of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The packed cell volume was significantly higher in all lactating periods of both groups of 50%HF animals in comparison with 87.5%HF animals. The ratio of DM intake to milk production for 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw was significantly lower than that of 50%HF animals in early lactation. The udder blood flow and milk secretion of 87.5%HF were significantly higher in early lactation and markedly declined when lactation advanced in comparison with those of 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The ratio of mammary blood flow to milk yield for all groups was in a similar range during early lactation although it significantly increased in mid‐ and late lactation for both groups of 87.5%HF animals. From these results it can be concluded that both 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding on urea‐treated rice straw as a roughage source do not show any undernutritional effects in comparison with those fed with hay during the course of lactation. The physiological response differences between breeds are that 87.5%HF animals, which have a genetic makeup closer to the exotic bos taurus breed and a high milk yield, show a poor adjustment to the tropical environment and poorer lactation persistency in comparison with 50%HF animals.  相似文献   

14.
Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)2 in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH3-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.  相似文献   

15.
In vitro gas production was measured to investigate associative effects of untreated and chemically treated rice straw (RS) and of RS and grass hay or mulberry leaves (ML). The RS was treated with NaOH, urea, or (NH4)HCO3. Cumulative gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 h of incubation, and the Gompertz function was used to describe the kinetics of gas production. Treatment with NaOH, urea, and NH4HCO3 increased (P < 0.05) gas production at 48 h by 55, 52, and 37% and the maximum rate of gas production of RS from 0.64 to 1.51, 1.27, and 1.13 mL/h, respectively. The inclusion of treated straws, hay, and ML in a mixture with RS at increasing proportions (25, 50, 75, 100%) elevated cumulative gas production and its rate. Maximum gas production was not different between the RS and its mixtures with the treated straws, but inclusion of hay into RS or NH4HCO3-treated RS increased the maximum gas production. Associative effects were defined as the difference between the observed gas production for the mixtures and the sum of the individual component feeds. The NaOH-treated RS, included at higher proportions, had positive associative effects at all times of incubation < 96 h; effects were negative or absent at 96 h. No effects were observed with mixtures of RS with urea-treated RS. The NH4HCO3-treated RS mixture tended to have negative associative effects at all three levels. Positive associative effects (P < 0.05) were observed for both RS and NH4HCO3-treated RS at almost all inclusion levels of hay or ML after 12 to 96 h of incubation. The response was more pronounced with ML than with hay. Associative effects generally declined with duration of incubation. We conclude that positive associative effects on in vitro gas production occurred more consistently when RS was incubated in mixtures with hay or ML than when incubated in mixtures with chemically treated RS.  相似文献   

16.
Four cattle were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to study digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen retention and preference of ensiling pruned persimmon branch (PPB) chips treated with urea. After 60 days of ensiling, urea‐treated PPB showed higher (P < 0.05) pH, acetic acid and ammonia‐N levels than no‐urea PPB. Both urea‐treated PPB and rice straw diets showed higher (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility and digestible nutrient content in cattle than no‐urea PPB diet. Neither mold nor yeast was detected in any urea‐treated PPB. Urinary and fecal excretion as well as nitrogen retention in cattle fed urea‐treated PPB were higher (P < 0.05) than in those fed no‐urea PPB and rice straw. With the exception that ruminal ammonia‐N levels in cattle fed urea‐treated PPB were higher (P < 0.05) than in those given no‐urea PPB and rice straw, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid concentrations, and the acetic : propionic acid ratio of rumen content were unaffected by diets. The rank order of preference was rice straw > low‐urea > no‐urea > high‐urea. The results suggested that urea treatment of PPB inhibited growth of mold and yeast during silage storage, enhanced its digestibility and had nutritive value almost equivalent to that of rice straw.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme preparation (containing cellulase and xylanase) on in vitro fermentation characteristics of rice straw, wheat straw, maize stover, and maize stover silage were examined using an in vitro gas production technique. Four levels of yeast culture and fibrolytic enzyme supplements (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g/kg of straw DM, respectively) were tested in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of yeast culture increased the cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, rate of gas production, IVDMD, and in vitro OM disappearance (IVOMD), and decreased the lag time for each type of straw. Fibrolytic enzyme supplementation tended to increase cumulative gas production, theoretical maximum of gas production, and rate of gas production; prolonged lag time of gas production; and enhanced IVDMD and IVOMD for 4 types of cereal straws, with the significance of this effect being dependent on the level of supplemented enzymes. There were significant interactions between fibrolytic enzymes and yeast on all in vitro gas production parameters, IVDMD, and IVOMD of each type of straw. The outcome of this research indicated that the application of fibrolytic enzyme preparation and yeast culture could improve in vitro gas production fermentation of cereal straws.  相似文献   

18.
本试验旨在探讨植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)对玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性的影响。采用单因子随机区组试验设计,分别以玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆为发酵底物,分析不同添加水平[0(对照)、0.25×107、0.50×107和0.75×107CFU/m L]植物乳杆菌对发酵底物体外发酵产气量(1、2、4、6、12、24、36、48 h)、产气参数、干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)、发酵液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度及p H的影响。结果表明:添加植物乳杆菌能显著提高玉米秸秆发酵初期产气速率和产气量(1~24 h)(P0.05),以添加0.75×107CFU/m L效果最为理想;添加植物乳杆菌能显著提高水稻秸秆体外发酵后期(36~48 h)产气量(P0.05),而以添加0.25×107CFU/m L效果最为理想。随着植物乳杆菌添加水平的增加,2种底物体外发酵液NH3-N浓度均呈现显著的线性增加效应(P0.05)。不同植物乳杆菌添加水平对2种底物体外发酵NDFD、DMD、发酵液VFA(乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸和戊酸)浓度以及p H均无显著影响(P0.05)。由试验结果推断,添加植物乳杆菌能促进玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆体外发酵及其氮代谢,同时对维持p H的稳定平衡具有积极作用,最佳添加水平分别为0.75×107和0.25×107CFU/m L。  相似文献   

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