共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 317 毫秒
1.
三株病原真菌对稗草生防潜力的研究 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
从稻田中采集自然感病的稗草标样,分离获得10余种病原真菌,经生测,链格孢菌、尖角突脐孢菌和内脐孢菌是3株很有希望的稗草生防潜力菌。对它们的生长及产孢特性、寄主范围及孢子悬浮液喷雾接种对水稻和稗草的致病性等进行了研究。结果表明,3个菌各有优缺点。链格孢菌对稗草致病力稍差,对水稻有轻度感染,但其产孢速度快,产孢量大;尖角突脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻无影响,但产生孢子慢,产生菌丝多;内脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻安全,菌落生长较慢,但产孢速度快,产孢量多,气生菌丝少。黑暗、空气充足有利于3菌株的生长及产孢。 相似文献
2.
应用均匀设计法筛选稗草病原菌产孢最佳配方培养基 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
筛选生防菌最佳产孢培养基是高效、大量生产生防菌孢子的基础。应用均匀设计法结合二次多项式回归分析,从众多因素中筛选出稗草病原菌弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)和互格交链孢菌(Alternaria alternata)最佳产孢培养基组分,建立多元二次回归数学模型。弯孢菌最佳产孢组分为胡萝卜、芹菜、欧芹、水芹、莴苣、蔗糖和Vc;互格交链孢菌最佳产孢组分为胡萝卜、芹菜、水芹、莴苣和蔗糖。根据回归模型计算理论(拟和)产孢值。比较实测产孢量和理论产孢值,结果表明,稗草病原菌的实测产孢量和回归模型拟合产孢值非常接近,拟合误差小。说明采用均匀设计法从众多因素中筛选培养基最佳成分是可行的。 相似文献
3.
禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型（Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh. f. sp. echinochloae,HGE）是一株稗草生防潜力菌,为了获得该生防菌大量孢子用于田间试验,本文研究了其固体发酵产孢最佳培养基配方及其培养条件。通过试验筛选确定了固体发酵培养基所需碳源及其浓度、氮源及其浓度以及底物基质,适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养基最佳组合为：以珍珠岩为底物基质,在其中添加4%米粉、1%豆粕粉、0.2%Na3PO4.12H2O、0.1%MgSO4.7H2O。同时确定了适合HGE菌孢子生产的培养条件：培养基最适含水量为40%,最佳接菌量为8%菌悬液,25℃静置培养11 d,培养期间用黑光灯12 h循环光照。按优化后培养条件放大培养HGE菌,获得最高产孢量可以达到1.5×107孢子·克-1干物质。温室生测结果显示优化条件生产的HGE菌孢子对稗草防效可达80%以上。 相似文献
4.
为了确定生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性及防除稗草的潜力,研究了该菌株的寄主范围,接种孢子时稗草叶龄、接种后保湿时间、接种浓度对该菌株致病力的影响,土壤带菌对稗草出苗的影响,以及与化学除草剂的相互作用.结果显示,菌株J15(2)只能在稗草上侵染并扩展;接种孢子后保湿24 h,对2叶期稗草抑制率可达55.6%,对1.5叶期稗草抑制率可达100%;保&48h,对2叶期稗草防效提高至91.6%;接种孢子量需达1012孢子/hm2才能较好地抑制稗草生长;土壤带菌亦可抑制稗草生长.该菌与化学除草剂精噁唑禾草灵或二氯喹啉酸混用能显著提高除稗效果,菌株J15(2) 3.3 × 1012孢子//hm2分别与精噁唑禾草灵有效剂量3.83g/hm2二氯喹啉酸有效剂量250.00g/hm2混用,对稗草防效分别为99.5%和88.6%,远高于这两个除草剂单用时的药效.该试验结果表明,菌株J15(2)具有作为微生物除草剂的开发潜力. 相似文献
5.
稗草生防菌新月弯孢菌株J15（2）的生物学特性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了分离自稗草上的一个致病菌新月弯孢Curvularia lunata菌株J15（2）的基本生物学特性。结果表明,该菌菌丝生长、产孢的最适温度为28～32℃,pH为6～8。菌丝生长对光照无要求,黑暗利于增加产孢量,培养至15d可达产孢高峰。碳、氮、磷和硫等元素是该菌菌丝体生长、产孢的必需元素,钾、镁和铁对菌丝体的生长、产孢有极大的促进作用。分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20～35℃,最适温度28℃;适宜培养基初始pH值在4～10之间。在58℃下,分生孢子10min失活。 相似文献
6.
影响链格孢菌生长及产孢的因子 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
在实验室研究了影响稗草病原真菌链格孢生长及产孢的因子.链格孢菌可在较宽的温度范围内生长、繁殖;连续黑暗、空气充足条件下有利于产孢;该菌在4种不同的植物产品上培养可产生大量的孢子,最多的无芒稗籽上每克干物质产孢量达3.59×108个,这些培养物在首次产孢收获后均可直接培养作二次产孢利用.固体(菌块)和液体(菌悬液)接种培养物均能成功产孢.但培养量大时液体接种优于固体接种,产孢量与接种菌悬液浓度呈正相关. 相似文献
7.
禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用. 相似文献
8.
江汉平原水稻白叶枯病菌致病型的变异研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从水稻和稻田周围常见的10种杂草上来集梨孢属菌株,以涂沫法作交互接种,分离自牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐的梨孢菌与分离自水稻的梨孢菌可以交叉侵染其寄主,茭白和碎米莎草梨孢菌与稻梨孢菌不能交互侵染;自然诱发条件下来自牛筋草和狗尾草的梨孢菌与来自水稻的梨孢菌对其寄主同样发生交叉侵染。直接从杂草寄主上分离的梨孢菌株对水稻的致病性较弱,接种到水稻感病品种发病后再分离的菌株,对水稻致病性增强,对原寄主的致病性基本保持不变。推断稻瘟病区稻田周围牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐等杂草寄主上的梨孢菌在稻瘟病菌的积累和传播方面具有作用。 相似文献
9.
稗草Echinochloa crus-galli作为稻田难以防除的恶性杂草,严重影响水稻产量。为发掘具有防治稻田稗草潜力的生防菌,本研究从江苏、广西、贵州三省采集感病稗草,采用组织分离法获得10株对稗草致病性较强的优势菌株。通过观察优势病原菌的形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS、GAPDH、EF-1α基因片段序列分析确定10株菌分别为新月弯孢Culvularia lunata、尖角突脐蠕孢Exserohilum monoceras、禾长蠕孢菌Setosphaeria rostrata、稻平脐蠕孢Bipolaris oryzae、梭形突脐蠕孢Exserohilum fusiforme、澳大利亚弯孢Curvularia australiensis、双色平脐蠕孢Bipolaris bicolor、高粱附球菌Epicoccum sorghinum、亚隔孢壳属Didymella americana和亚隔孢壳属Didymella pinodella。该研究丰富了稗草病原菌生物资源,为进一步开发稻田生物除草剂提供了新材料。 相似文献
10.
黄皮果核有机溶剂浸提物对稗草光活化生长抑制活性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄皮果核的甲醇提取物并结合光照和非光照处理稗草萌发的种子,检测对稗草生长的影响。结果表明,光照与非光照条件下对稗草均有一定的抑制作用。在8mg/ml的处理浓度下,经紫外光(波长365nm)照射2h后,对稗草的根、茎、鲜重的抑制率分别为87.84%、60.38%、18.40%,非光照处理为77.99%、45.71%、14.44%。毒力测定结果表明,粗提物对根长抑制率的IC50值,光照组为3.030mg/ml,非光照组为3.357mg/ml;对茎长抑制率的IC50值,光照组为4.533mg/ml,非光照组为4.558mg/ml。进而对其甲醇提取物进行了溶剂萃取分离,生测结果表明,三氯甲烷萃取物对稗草生长抑制活性显著,当处理浓度为4mg/ml时,光照处理的根长和茎长抑制率均达到100%,而非光照处理分别为87.80%和59.02%,表现出光活化除草活性。 相似文献
11.
Ho Le Thi Chung‐Ho Lin Reid J. Smeda Felix B. Fritschi 《Weed Biology and Management》2014,14(4):221-231
Bioactive compounds that are produced by select rice cultivars have the potential to control barnyardgrass, a major rice yield‐limiting factor. In this study, the Vietnamese rice cultivars, OM 3536, OM 4498 and OM 5930, were selected and their inhibitory activity on cress, lettuce, canola and barnyardgrass was evaluated by using donor–receiver bioassays. These bioassays revealed that OM 3536 and OM 5930 exerted the greatest inhibitory activity, with an average growth inhibition of 57.2% on the roots and shoots of barnyardgrass. A bioassay‐guided approach was used to identify the allelopathic fractions from OM 5930 and was coupled with reverse‐phase chromatography in order to isolate several growth‐inhibitory fractions. The effective dose of the aqueous methanol extract of the rice plants that was required for 50% inhibition (ID50) of the shoot and root growth of the four test plant species, as determined by a logistic regression analysis, averaged 0.091 and 0.062 g mL?1 for OM 5930 and 0.112 and 0.072 g mL?1 for OM 3536, respectively. The ID50 of the barnyardgrass roots and shoots in the assays, as determined by a logistic regression analysis, was 0.044 and 0.149 g mL?1 for OM 3536 and 0.052 and 0.114 g mL?1 for OM 5930, respectively. A growth‐inhibitory fraction in the aqueous methanol extract of OM 5930 was isolated and the inhibitory activity on lettuce seedlings was determined. At a concentration of 100 p.p.m., this growth‐inhibitor inhibited lettuce root growth by up to 80.2%, compared to the control plants. These findings demonstrate that the dried plant tissues of Vietnamese rice cultivars could contain bioactive compounds that strongly inhibit plant growth. 相似文献
12.
Chui‐Hua Kong Ming‐Li Wang Peng Wang Han‐Wen Ni Xiang‐Rui Meng 《Pest management science》2013,69(1):142-148
BACKGROUND: In spite of increasing knowledge of allelopathic rice as an efficient component involved in paddy weed management, relatively little is known about its reproduction in response to competing weeds. Reproduction allocation of individual allelopathic rice plants in relation to monoculture and mixed culture with competing barnyardgrass in a paddy field was studied, along with analyses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to understand the potential mechanism. RESULTS: At a 1:1 barnyardgrass and rice mixture proportion identified from a replacement series study, biomass, grain yield and major parameters of individual allelopathic rice plants at the mature stage were increased by competing barnyardgrass. There was no difference in allelopathic rice root‐zone soil ammonium N and Olsen P between monoculture and mixed culture. However, mixed culture altered soil microbial biomass C and communities. When mixed with barnyardgrass, allelopathic rice root zone had an 87% increase in soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling indicated that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi were affected by mixed culture. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA in different soil samples. CONCLUSION: Allelopathic rice specific changes in soil microbial communities may generate a positive feedback on its own growth and reproduction in the presence of competing barnyardgrass in a given paddy system. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
13.
为探究0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可湿性粉剂(WP)与除草剂五氟磺草胺分散油悬浮剂(OD)混用对稗草防除效果及对水稻生长的影响,以无芒稗和水稻为研究对象,设置清水对照、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP、25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用4个处理,观察药后无芒稗和水稻的生长情况,测定乙酰乳酸合酶(ALS)活性、叶绿素荧光参数及糖代谢和氮代谢等生理指标。结果表明,与25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD单用相比,0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用处理药后第7天,无芒稗的中毒综合指数显著提高13.2%,ALS活性显著降低27.61%;无芒稗的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ETR、qP)、糖代谢和氮代谢指标均显著下降;水稻的ALS活性、糖、氮代谢水平均显著提高。0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔WP+25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用提高了五氟磺草胺对无芒稗光合作用及糖代谢和氮代谢水平的抑制作用,提高了五氟磺草胺对无芒稗的防除效果;并能缓解五氟磺草胺对水稻的胁迫作用,促进水稻生长。 相似文献
14.
水稻与稗草在大田条件下的竞争关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
不同类型不同密度的水稻与一定密度的稗草混合种植 ,结果表明 :在低密度条件下稗草的生长速率显著高于水稻 ,而在高密度条件下水稻的生长速率显著高于稗草 ;随着种植密度的增加 ,水稻的生长速率逐渐增大而稗草的生长速率逐渐减小。所有条件下稗草的相对生长速率都显著高于水稻的相对生长速率。水稻单位面积产量在试验条件下随水稻密度的增加而增加 ,且差异显著。相对来说 ,稗草对穗重型品种的影响比对穗数型品种的影响更大一些 ,但差异不显著 相似文献
15.
In the present study, the phytotoxic activity of top-soil applied with thenylchlor [2-chloro- N -(3-methoxy-2-thieny)-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide] on the growth of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was dependent on the emergence depth in soil but its activity on barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi) was only slightly affected by the emergence depth. However, the phytotoxic activity on barnyardgrass and rice was similar irrespective of the different emergence depths in its treatment to all soil layers. Thenylchlor treatment to the mesocotyl of barnyardgrass induced significant inhibition of shoot elongation, whereas the treatment to the coronal root only inhibited the coronal elongation without inhibiting shoot elongation. Absorption and translocation of 14 C-thenylchlor in barnyardgrass were determined in water culture. The different amounts of radioactivity per plant among the treatments to the underground parts were due to the plant part that came in contact with 14 C-thenylchlor. The radioactivity per dry weight was found to be higher in the basal part of the shoot than in its upper part in all treatments to the underground parts. It was suggested that the phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of barnyardgrass in soil is induced by its accumulation in the basal part of the shoot through translocation. This primarily occurs after the absorption substantially by the mesocotyl from the herbicide-treated layer and additionally by other underground parts. 相似文献
16.
中国稗草病原真菌对稗草及水稻的致病性 总被引：25，自引：1，他引：24
从稗草病叶上分离到８种病原真菌,它们是：链格孢、棒弯孢、月弯孢、画眉草弯孢、橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌、Ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｉｓｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ和尖角突脐孢。前４种病原菌对水稻有致病作用。在对水稻无致病作用的４种病原菌中,橙黄树座霉、紫附球菌和Ｂ．ｓｃｈｏｅｍａｋｅｒ对稗草的致病力弱,而尖角突脐孢对４．５叶期以下的稗草有极强的致病作用。寄主范围测定表明尖角突脐孢除了轻度侵染玉米幼苗,对其它主要作物如水稻、小麦、大豆、棉花、谷子、豌豆、芸豆、向日葵、芝麻、大麻无致病作用。本研究结果表明尖角突脐孢在我国可作为微生物除稗剂的候选菌 相似文献
17.
稗Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv.在稻田的发生危害对水稻生产造成了严重威胁.为明确稗对水稻生长的影响及其经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法研究了不同稗草密度下水稻各产量性状的变化规律.研究结果表明,水稻在稗的竞争干扰下,植株的分蘖数、有效穗数、千粒重及产量均随稗草密度的增加而逐渐降低.指数模型y=beax可以较好地拟合稗对水稻分蘖数(y=493.74e-0.0164x,P＜0.0001)、有效穗数(y=437.2e-0.0165x,P＜0.0001)及千粒重(y=21.876e-0.0006x,P＜0.005)的影响,而对数模型y=aLnx b拟合稗与水稻产量(y=-1250.4Lnx 6375.4,P＜0.0001)及产量损失(y=18.844Lnx 3.9182,P＜0.0001)间的关系最佳.稻田使用乙苄、丁草胺、禾大壮、二氯喹啉酸等药剂进行化学除草时,稗的经济危害允许水平在0.71%～1.10%之间,经济阈值在0.85株/m2左右. 相似文献
18.
SOPHEA PHENG MARIA OLOFSDOTTER GARY JAHN STEVE ADKINS 《Weed Biology and Management》2010,10(3):176-184
There is a general perception among Cambodian rice (Oryza sativa) farmers that, after harvesting, rice crop residues that are incorporated into the field benefit the growth of the subsequent rice crop. However, the effect of this action upon weed establishment and growth has not yet been considered. A series of pot and field trials were conducted to determine whether such action could inhibit weed establishment and/or growth. The pot studies first evaluated the response of the test plant (rice line ST‐3) and three weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli), small umbrella sedge (Cyperus difformis), and water primrose (Ludwigia octovalves), to the residue of 16 rice lines and the field trials were later conducted to evaluate the response of the same test plants to the residue of seven putatively allelopathic rice lines and one non‐allelopathic rice line. The residue of all the studied rice lines, depending on how long they had been incorporated into the soil, reduced the establishment and growth of all three weed species, as well as the rice crop. However, if the residue's incorporation was delayed by 2 weeks or only a proportion of the residue was incorporated, the rice crop could withstand the growth‐inhibiting effect, while the inhibition of the establishment and growth of the three weed species was retained. These responses of rice and the weeds to rice crop residues might provide a basis for a weed management strategy, particularly in the resource‐poor rice‐production systems of Cambodia. 相似文献