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1.
宁南黄土丘陵区马铃薯连作土壤养分、酶活性和微生物区系的演变 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
采用常规方法研究了宁南黄土丘陵区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤养分、酶活性及微生物区系组成的演变趋势。结果表明,宁南黄土丘陵区土壤有机质及全氮与土壤微生物数量和酶活性均呈显著正相关;马铃薯连作4年引起土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及全盐含量显著下降,而土壤pH、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著增加;试验区土壤微生物区系组成中细菌占微生物总量的80%以上;随连作年限的延长,土壤真菌比例逐渐上升,土壤放线菌比例有较大幅度提高,而土壤细菌比例则明显下降。逐步回归分析表明,脲酶、蔗糖酶、真菌、放线菌和细菌都与土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性显著负相关;全磷及速效磷只和磷酸酶极显著正相关;土壤pH与脲酶、蔗糖酶及细菌均呈显著或极显著负相关;脲酶与蔗糖酶及细菌、放线菌和真菌之间均呈显著或极显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶极显著负相关。马铃薯连作不仅加重土壤养分亏缺,土壤理化性状恶化,而且导致过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,土壤微生物区系组成发生改变。 相似文献
2.
江河源区不同建植年限人工草地土壤微生物及酶活性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对江河源区不同建植年限人工草地(2龄、4龄、6龄)土壤养分、微生物数量及酶活性进行研究.结果表明:不同建植年限人工草地土壤养分随着建植年限的增加呈“V“型规律变化,其中人工2龄草地土壤养分含量最高,6龄草地土壤养分含量虽不及2龄草地高,但均明显高于4龄草地.土壤细菌和放线菌数量与土壤养分变化规律一致,真菌数量随建植年限的增加呈降低趋势,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性与细菌、放线菌和土壤养分变化规律相同.同时,土壤养分、微生物数量和酶活性变化均具有明显的空间层次现象,即随土层的加深呈降低的趋势.经典型相关分析表明,土壤细菌与土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和pH值之间相关性最好,脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效钾和pH值之间相关性最好,故土壤微生物数量和酶活性可作为评价土壤肥力的指标. 相似文献
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4.
以青海省尖扎县设施辣椒连作土壤为对象，研究不同连作年限土壤理化性状、酶活性及微生物区系的变化。结果表明，土壤理化性状、酶活性、微生物数量及微生物量均表现出明显的连作效应。随着连作年限的增加，土壤容重和电导率呈上升趋势，pH呈下降趋势，有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾呈先上升后下降趋势。土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶和过氧化氢酶随连作年限的增加均呈下降趋势，脲酶和碱性蛋白酶呈先上升后下降趋势。与对照相比，连作导致土壤细菌与真菌数量的比值降低，土壤微生物量碳与微生物量氮比值升高，土壤微生物群落结构由“细菌型”转变为“真菌型”。 相似文献
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为了探明连作年限对薏苡根际土壤特性、根系形态、产量和品质的影响,以不同连作年限的薏苡为对象,研究其根际土壤性质、根系形态、产量和品质的变化规律及其相关性。结果表明:连作薏苡使土壤逐渐酸化,全氮含量显著升高,全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,有机质含量随连作年限的增加逐渐下降,连作6年的土壤碱解氮含量比轮作降低16.32%～33.93%;土壤细菌和放线菌数量明显减少,真菌数量逐渐增加;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著下降,过氧化氢酶活性显著升高,连作6年的土壤过氧化氢酶活性比轮作高出30.18%～38.98%;随着连作年限的增加薏苡总根系长、总根系表面积、根系平均直径和根系总体积呈下降趋势;连作6年薏苡的千粒重、结实率、每穴粒重和每穴粒数显著低于轮作,连作年限每增加一年,薏苡产量减少632.276 kg/hm2,连作6年的薏苡减产44.13%～53.43%;连作薏苡的可溶性糖、赖氨酸和支链淀粉含量降低,连作对粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的影响不显著。相关性分析结果表明,连作薏苡的土壤有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量以及pH显著影响微生物数量;过氧化氢酶活性与全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH呈显著负相关,蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与细菌、放线菌数量以及全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾和pH呈显著正相关;土壤理化性质中的有效磷和速效钾含量是影响产量和品质的主要因素。连作导致薏苡根际土壤化学性质和微生物环境恶化,根系发育不良,进而使产量和品质下降。 相似文献
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黄河三角洲不同退化程度人工刺槐林土壤酶活性、养分和微生物相关性研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
由人为及自然多种因素的影响造成很多地区人工林地出现衰退现象。本研究选择黄河三角洲不同退化程度的刺槐人工林,对林地土壤酶、养分和微生物及其相关性进行了研究,探讨人工刺槐林退化的原因。结果表明:随着人工刺槐林退化程度加重,土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性下降;过氧化氢酶活性则先上升,重度退化林地下降。脲酶与多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著相关,过氧化物酶与多酚氧化酶活性显著相关,其他酶之间相关性不显著。土壤养分与土壤酶的变化趋势基本一致,随着林分退化程度加重,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈下降趋势;土壤pH、含盐量随着林分退化程度加重与土壤深度增加而上升,与土壤酶活性的变化趋势相反。土壤酶特别是脲酶活性与土壤养分显著正相关性,与土壤pH和含盐量呈显著负相关。不同退化程度的人工刺槐林地土壤细菌数量最多;真菌和放线菌与细菌变化趋势各不相同,随着退化程度的增加,细菌平均数量表现为未退化>轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化,真菌数量为轻度退化>未退化>中度退化>重度退化,放线菌数量为中度退化>轻度退化>未退化>重度退化。脲酶与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著相关,细菌与除过氧化氢酶外的土壤酶活性显著相关,其他酶活性与各类微生物数量相关性不显著。 相似文献
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新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用方式土壤养分、酶活性及微生物特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新疆艾比湖地区在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有典型性和较高研究价值,通过对不同土地利用方式土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性及微生物特性(土壤微生物量和微生物数量)。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成不尽一致,黏粒含量占主导地位,粗砂粒含量相对较低,土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用方式对土壤养分具有较大影响,不同土地利用方式下土壤养分(有机碳、全氮、全磷)和有效养分(有效磷、有效氮、有效钾、有效锌、有效铁含量)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,土壤全磷在不同土地利用方式下差异均不显著(p0.05);与耕地相比,土壤微生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌),土壤酶活性(土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性)均有明显的增加,大致表现为:林地草地耕地未利用地;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳和氮、细菌、放线菌和真菌数量、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均呈显著或者极显著的负相关(p0.05,p0.01);土壤有机质和全氮与蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶和细菌数量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),土壤有效养分与土壤微生物量碳、细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关(p0.05,p0.01),说明土壤微生物量碳仍是有效养分的主要来源,其中土壤容重对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为负,土壤养分对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为正,这是造成不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性差异的重要原因,其中有机质和全氮是土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性的主要养分来源。 相似文献
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通过研究施用有机肥、化学肥料和生物菌肥对I-107杨树人工林根际和非根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响,分析土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量的关系。研究结果表明:不同种类肥料使用后3个月,林地根际土壤和非根际土壤微生物总量均有显著增长,其中有机肥处理土壤微生物数量增长幅度最大,菌肥处理最小。施肥处理显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性,但尿素和菌肥处理土壤多酚氧化酶活性降低。施用有机肥处理对土壤微生物和土壤酶根际效应值影响最明显,菌肥处理影响最小。尿素处理土壤pH值高于对照,有机肥和菌肥处理小于对照,但不同处理间土壤pH值的根际效应值差异性不明显。土壤微生物数量与土壤酶活性之间存在一定的相关性,其中:土壤脲酶活性与好气性纤维素分解菌之间、土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与氨化细菌、真菌、放线菌、亚硝酸细菌之间,土壤过氧化氢酶与好气性纤维素分解菌、真菌、放线菌之间相关性显著。 相似文献
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山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以山药连作（0 a,1 a,2 a）和轮作（山药—小麦）土壤为研究对象,探讨耕作模式对山药种植地耕层土壤（0—30 cm）微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤耕层的有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随山药连作年限的延长而逐渐降低,而山药—小麦轮作模式则有助于恢复地力。山药连作、轮作的土壤均以细菌所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;与对照（0 a）相比,细菌、放线菌数量均随着山药连作年限增加呈递减趋势;但放线菌的降幅明显大于细菌,表现出对连作年限更强的敏感性;真菌数量随连作年限呈先升后降的趋势。山药连作可以明显降低土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,轮作模式则可以激发该三种酶的活性,其中轮作较连作2 a的处理可以明显提高脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,差异分别达显著水平（p < 0.05）和极显著水平（p < 0.01）。说明山药连作会破坏土壤耕层微生物种群结构,并抑制土壤酶活性,轮作可以在一定程度上改善土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性质量。 相似文献
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马铃薯连作栽培对土壤微生物多样性的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
为阐明马铃薯连作对土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响,揭示马铃薯连作障碍机制,本试验采用BIOLOG技术结合丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)形态学鉴定方法,就连作0(迎茬)、2 a、4 a、6 a、10 a的马铃薯田块土壤进行研究。结果表明:土壤养分含量随马铃薯连作年限增加有一定程度下降,其中,连作10 a马铃薯根际土壤的全磷、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮与连作4 a相比分别下降61.32%、26.86%、26.87%和17.24%,但没有明显的养分亏缺和不均衡现象。土壤微生物群落结构发生了较大变化,放线菌、真菌数量显著随连作年限的延长先增加后减少,呈单峰型变化趋势;细菌数量随连作年限的延长呈逐步减少趋势,但差异不显著。连作4~6 a土壤微生物群落依然有较强的功能多样性,培养120 h后,连作6 a较迎茬AWCD值提高3.89%;群落组成中随连作年限的延长以碳水化合物、氨基酸类为碳源的微生物类群代谢能力明显下降,但代谢功能多样性趋于一致。连作马铃薯土壤AM真菌优势种发生改变,迎茬土壤为沙漠球囊霉(Glomus deserticola),连作2 a土壤为扭形球囊霉(Glomus delhiense)和福摩萨球囊霉(Glomus formosanum),连作10 a土壤为球泡球囊霉(Glomus globiferum)。多元分析结果表明,土壤微生物结构与功能多样性、AM真菌多样性变化受土壤p H、全磷含量、放线菌数量、细菌数量及土壤中以碳水化合物、氨基酸类等为碳源基质的微生物类群影响。说明长期连作栽培会影响土壤真菌、放线菌的数量,使真菌群落中AM真菌种的多样性显著下降,优势种发生改变,打破了微生物群落结构与功能平衡,引起土壤微生物群落结构与功能的失调。 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):367-375
Abstract Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory. Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population. No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths. 相似文献
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E. A. Mikhailova C. J. Post M. A. Schlautman J. M. Galbraith H. A. Zurqani 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(15):1826-1834
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs. 相似文献
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土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响 总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。 相似文献
14.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate. 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):833-840
Abstract The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):567-571
Abstract The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described. 相似文献
17.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly. 相似文献
18.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments. 相似文献
19.
Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rattan Lal 《Soil & Tillage Research》1993,27(1-4):1-8
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions. 相似文献
20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。 相似文献