共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Underexpression of beta cell high Km glucose transporters in noninsulin-dependent diabetes 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
J H Johnson A Ogawa L Chen L Orci C B Newgard T Alam R H Unger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4980):546-549
The role of defective glucose transport in the pathogenesis of noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) was examined in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model of NIDDM. As in human NIDDM, insulin secretion was unresponsive to 20 mM glucose. Uptake of 3-O-methylglucose by islet cells was less than 19% of controls. The beta cell glucose transporter (GLUT-2) immunoreactivity and amount of GLUT-2 messenger RNA were profoundly reduced. Whenever fewer than 60% of beta cells were GLUT-2-positive, the response to glucose was absent and hyperglycemia exceeded 11 mM plasma glucose. We conclude that in NIDDM underexpression of GLUT-2 messenger RNA lowers high Km glucose transport in beta cells, and thereby impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and prevents correction of hyperglycemia. 相似文献
2.
Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
R H Unger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,251(4998):1200-1205
Glucose uptake into pancreatic beta cells by means of the glucose transporter GLUT-2, which has a high Michaelis constant, is essential for the normal insulin secretory response to hyperglycemia. In both autoimmune and nonautoimmune diabetes, this glucose transport is reduced as a consequence of down-regulation of the normal beta-cell transporter. In autoimmune diabetes, circulating immunoglobulins can further impair this glucose transport by inhibiting functionally intact transporters. Insights into mechanisms of the unresponsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia may improve the management and prevention of diabetes. 相似文献
3.
In Gram-negative bacteria, the import of essential micronutrients across the outer membrane requires a transporter, an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane, and an inner membrane protein complex (ExbB, ExbD, TonB) that couples the proton-motive force to the outer membrane transporter. The inner membrane protein TonB binds directly to a conserved region, called the Ton-box, of the transporter. We solved the structure of the cobalamin transporter BtuB in complex with the C-terminal domain of TonB. In contrast to its conformations in the absence of TonB, the Ton-box forms a beta strand that is recruited to the existing beta sheet of TonB, which is consistent with a mechanical pulling model of transport. 相似文献
4.
Plant cuticular lipid export requires an ABC transporter 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pighin JA Zheng H Balakshin LJ Goodman IP Western TL Jetter R Kunst L Samuels AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5696):702-704
A waxy protective cuticle coats all primary aerial plant tissues. Its synthesis requires extensive export of lipids from epidermal cells to the plant surface. Arabidopsis cer5 mutants had reduced stem cuticular wax loads and accumulated sheetlike inclusions in the cytoplasm of wax-secreting cells. These inclusions represented abnormal deposits of cuticular wax and resembled inclusions found in a human disorder caused by a defective peroxisomal adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter. We found that the CER5 gene encodes an ABC transporter localized in the plasma membrane of epidermal cells and conclude that it is required for wax export to the cuticle. 相似文献
5.
Elevated levels of glucose transport and transporter messenger RNA are induced by ras or src oncogenes 总被引：46，自引：0，他引：46
An accelerated rate of glucose transport is among the most characteristic biochemical markers of cellular transformation. To study the molecular mechanism by which transporter activity is altered, cultured rodent fibroblasts transfected with activated myc, ras, or src oncogenes were used. In myc-transfected cells, the rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake was unchanged. However, in cells transfected with activated ras and src oncogenes, the rate of glucose uptake was markedly increased. The increased transport rate in ras- and src-transfected cells was paralleled by a marked increase in the amount of glucose transporter protein, as assessed by immunoblots, as well as by a markedly increased abundance of glucose transporter messenger RNA. Exposure of control cells to the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 18 hours had a similar effect of increasing the rate of glucose transport and the abundance of transporter messenger RNA. For ras, src, and TPA, the predominant mechanism responsible for activation of the transport system is increased expression of the structural gene encoding the glucose transport protein. 相似文献
6.
The mechanisms by which hydrophobic molecules, such as long-chain fatty acids, enter cells are poorly understood. In Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide layer in the outer membrane is an efficient barrier for fatty acids and aromatic hydrocarbons destined for biodegradation. We report crystal structures of the long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL from Escherichia coli at 2.6 and 2.8 angstrom resolution. FadL forms a 14-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by a central hatch domain. The structures suggest that hydrophobic compounds bind to multiple sites in FadL and use a transport mechanism that involves spontaneous conformational changes in the hatch. 相似文献
7.
Perry SJ Baillie GS Kohout TA McPhee I Magiera MM Ang KL Miller WE McLean AJ Conti M Houslay MD Lefkowitz RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5594):834-836
Catecholamines signal through the beta2-adrenergic receptor by promoting production of the second messenger adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). The magnitude of this signal is restricted by desensitization of the receptors through their binding to beta-arrestins and by cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. We show that beta-arrestins coordinate both processes by recruiting PDEs to activated beta2-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. In doing so, the beta-arrestins limit activation of membrane-associated cAMP-activated protein kinase by simultaneously slowing the rate of cAMP production through receptor desensitization and increasing the rate of its degradation at the membrane. 相似文献
8.
9.
Although critical for development, immunity, wound healing, and metastasis, integrins represent one of the few classes of plasma membrane receptors for which the basic signaling mechanism remains a mystery. We investigated cytoplasmic conformational changes in the integrin LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2) in living cells by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cyan fluorescent protein-fused and yellow fluorescent protein-fused alphaL and beta2 cytoplasmic domains. In the resting state these domains were close to each other, but underwent significant spatial separation upon either intracellular activation of integrin adhesiveness (inside-out signaling) or ligand binding (outside-in signaling). Thus, bidirectional integrin signaling is accomplished by coupling extracellular conformational changes to an unclasping and separation of the alpha and beta cytoplasmic domains, a distinctive mechanism for transmitting information across the plasma membrane. 相似文献
10.
Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter 总被引：134，自引：0，他引：134
M Mueckler C Caruso S A Baldwin M Panico I Blench H R Morris W J Allard G E Lienhard H F Lodish 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,229(4717):941-945
The amino acid sequence of the glucose transport protein from human HepG2 hepatoma cells was deduced from analysis of a complementary DNA clone. Structural analysis of the purified human erythrocyte glucose transporter by fast atom bombardment mapping and gas phase Edman degradation confirmed the identity of the clone and demonstrated that the HepG2 and erythrocyte transporters are highly homologous and may be identical. The protein lacks a cleavable amino-terminal signal sequence. Analysis of the primary structure suggests the presence of 12 membrane-spanning domains. Several of these may form amphipathic alpha helices and contain abundant hydroxyl and amide side chains that could participate in glucose binding or line a transmembrane pore through which the sugar moves. The amino terminus, carboxyl terminus, and a highly hydrophilic domain in the center of the protein are all predicted to lie on the cytoplasmic face. Messenger RNA species homologous to HepG2 glucose transporter messenger RNA were detected in K562 leukemic cells, HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells, and human kidney tissue. 相似文献
11.
分别敲除了植物病原体野油菜黄单胞菌（Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004）的3个葡萄糖转运蛋白和2个葡萄糖脱氢酶,获得了5株相应基因敲除的突变体。在营养丰富的培养基中,这5株突变体的生长曲线、胞外纤维素酶活性和胞外多糖量与野生型相比并无显著差异。在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源的M63培养基中,XC_2460基因的敲除显著影响了黄单胞菌的生长;在以CMC作为唯一碳源的M63培养基中,XC_2460基因的敲除使突变体的胞外葡萄糖累积量达到野生菌株的167倍。这些结果首次显示阻遏葡萄糖的跨膜转运是改进纤维素分解菌株积累葡萄糖量的有益途径。 相似文献
12.
Insulin receptor phosphorylation may not be a prerequisite for acute insulin action 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
An antiserum to the insulin receptor mimicked insulin's acute actions on glucose transport, phosphorylation of integral membrane proteins, and internalization of the insulin receptor in isolated rat adipose cells. These insulinomimetic actions of the antiserum occurred without the equivalent increase in phosphorylation of the beta subunit of the insulin receptor observed with insulin. Thus, a role of receptor phosphorylation in acute insulin action is now questioned. 相似文献
13.
Clantin B Delattre AS Rucktooa P Saint N Méli AC Locht C Jacob-Dubuisson F Villeret V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):957-961
In Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles, beta-barrel proteins of the outer membrane protein 85-two-partner secretion B (Omp85-TpsB) superfamily are essential components of protein transport machineries. The TpsB transporter FhaC mediates the secretion of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). We report the 3.15 A crystal structure of FhaC. The transporter comprises a 16-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by an N-terminal alpha helix and an extracellular loop and a periplasmic module composed of two aligned polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) domains. Functional data reveal that FHA binds to the POTRA 1 domain via its N-terminal domain and likely translocates the adhesin-repeated motifs in an extended hairpin conformation, with folding occurring at the cell surface. General features of the mechanism obtained here are likely to apply throughout the superfamily. 相似文献
14.
ABC转运蛋白(ATP—binding cassette transpoter)是一类庞大而古老的跨膜运输蛋白家族,在生物体内参与多种物质的转运积累、有害物质解毒、气孔调节、植物防御等生理活动。杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv)作为重要的中药材,其药用成分主要为次生代谢产物,次生代谢物转运与积累过程需要ABC转运蛋白的参与。利用生物信息学手段对杜仲ABC转运蛋白基因家族进行鉴定,并分析该家族蛋白质性质和结构、跨膜结构、亚细胞定位、系统进化关系。研究表明,EuABC家族生物信息学预测有76个成员,含有1~7个保守基序;编码蛋白多为稳定蛋白,主要分布于细胞质膜上,二级结构以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主要构成元件;进化树分析表明,杜仲ABC转运蛋白家族可分为8个亚家族(A~G;I),每组成员数量分别为3、19、14、1、1、1、29、8。研究结果可为进一步研究杜仲次生代谢物质转运与积累奠定基础,也为其他植物ABC转运蛋白家族的研究提供了参考依据。 相似文献
15.
Grebe M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5745):60-61
In his Perspective, Grebe discusses how a plant proton pump residing in intracellular compartments, rather than in the plasma membrane of the cell surface, regulates growth and development. The pump modulates the expression at the plasma membrane of both a transporter for the hormone auxin and another proton pump. These findings open new views on how plants regulate cell wall acidity and hormone transport during development. 相似文献
16.
旨在研究他克林对猪精液冻后质量、抗氧化能力及糖代谢的影响机制。手握法采集12头18～24月龄健康杜洛克种公猪精液,在其冷冻保存稀释液中加0.10mmol/L他克林并冷冻保存,检测冻后精子活率、质膜完整率、顶体完整率和畸形率、线粒体膜电位、DNA完整性,同时利用试剂盒检测总抗氧能力、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、总胆固醇含量、丙酮酸含量及己糖激酶活性。结果表明,与鲜精相比,冻融后精子活率和质膜完整率、顶体完整率、线粒体膜电位、DNA完整性、抗氧化能力及糖代谢指标均极显著下降,畸形率极显著升高。与空白组相比,他克林显著提高冻后精子顶体完整率、DNA完整率、超氧化物歧化酶、丙酮酸含量;极显著提高精子活率、质膜完整率、线粒体膜电位、总抗氧能力、丙二醛含量、总胆固醇含量及己糖激酶活性,极显著降低畸形率。总之,猪精液冷冻前添加浓度为0.10 mmol/L的他克林可能通过提高抗氧化能力和糖代谢水平改善冻融后猪精子的质量。 相似文献
17.
Diabetes mellitus: induction in mice by encephalomyocarditis virus 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
Hyperglycemia and lesions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans developed in some, but not all, adult mice infected with a variant of the encephalomyocarditis virus. Large amounts of virus were recovered from the pancreas during acute stages of infection. At this time blood glucose concentrations were markedly elevated and the islets of Langerhans exhibited focal necrosis and degranulation of beta cells. Evidence of abnormal glucose metabolism persisted for varying periods after recovery from the infection. The islets of Langerhans of chronically hyperglycemic mice were distorted and decreased in size, and the beta cells were degranulated. Encephalomyocarditis virus appears to cause diabetes mellitus by reducing the mass of functional beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. 相似文献
18.
del Pozo MA Alderson NB Kiosses WB Chiang HH Anderson RG Schwartz MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5659):839-842
Translocation of the small GTP-binding protein Rac1 to the cell plasma membrane is essential for activating downstream effectors and requires integrin-mediated adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix. We report that active Rac1 binds preferentially to low-density, cholesterol-rich membranes, and specificity is determined at least in part by membrane lipids. Cell detachment triggered internalization of plasma membrane cholesterol and lipid raft markers. Preventing internalization maintained Rac1 membrane targeting and effector activation in nonadherent cells. Regulation of lipid rafts by integrin signals may regulate the location of membrane domains such as lipid rafts and thereby control domain-specific signaling events in anchorage-dependent cells. 相似文献
19.
Insulin-resistant diabetes due to a point mutation that prevents insulin proreceptor processing 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
Y Yoshimasa S Seino J Whittaker T Kakehi A Kosaki H Kuzuya H Imura G I Bell D F Steiner 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4853):784-787
A point mutation in the human insulin receptor gene in a patient with type A insulin resistance alters the amino acid sequence within the tetrabasic processing site of the proreceptor molecule from Arg-Lys-Arg-Arg to Arg-Lys-Arg-Ser. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes from this patient synthesize an insulin receptor precursor that is normally glycosylated and inserted into the plasma membrane but is not cleaved to mature alpha and beta subunits. Insulin binding to these cells is severely reduced but can be increased about fivefold by gentle treatment with trypsin, accompanied by the appearance of normal alpha subunits. These results indicate that proteolysis of the proreceptor is necessary for its normal full insulin-binding sensitivity and signal-transducing activity and that a cellular protease that is more stringent in its specificity than trypsin is required to process the receptor precursor. 相似文献
20.
Previous work has identified two families of proteins that transport classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, but the protein responsible for vesicular transport of the principal excitatory transmitter glutamate has remained unknown. We demonstrate that a protein that is unrelated to any known neurotransmitter transporters and that was previously suggested to mediate the Na(+)-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate across the plasma membrane transports glutamate into synaptic vesicles. In addition, we show that this vesicular glutamate transporter, VGLUT1, exhibits a conductance for chloride that is blocked by glutamate. 相似文献