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1.
The objective of this growth trial was to determine the interrelationship between immunological criteria, gut morphology, and performance of starter pigs fed soybean proteins processed by different methods. One hundred twenty-five pigs were orally infused with 6 g/d of either dried skim milk, soybean meal (48% CP), soy protein concentrate, extruded soy protein concentrate, or experimental soy protein concentrate from 7 to 11 d of age and then fed a diet containing the same protein sources from weaning (d 21) to 35 d of age. All pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 10% dried whey, 1.25% lysine, and 3% soybean oil for the remaining 21 d of the experiment. Xylose absorption and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured on d 6 postweaning, and skin-fold thickness after intradermal injection of protein extracts was measured on d 7 postweaning. A total of 25 pigs (five pigs/treatment) was euthanatized on d 7 postweaning. Villus height and crypt depth from duodenum samples were measured. These measurements were obtained to elucidate a relationship between the hypersensitivity responses to soybean products and growth performance of baby pigs. Pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had a lower (P less than .05) rate of gain (d 0 to 14) and villus height, higher (P less than .01) serum anti-soy IgG titers, and increased skin-fold thickness (d 6 and 7 postweaning) after intradermal injection compared with those fed dried skim milk. Pigs fed other soy proteins also had lower ADG from d 0 to 14 postweaning; however, pigs fed moist extruded soy protein concentrate tended (P less than .09) to have higher ADG and improved feed utilization when compared with pigs fed soybean meal (d 0 to 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig   总被引：35，自引：0，他引：35  
An experiment was conducted to determine whether baby pigs develop hypersensitivity to dietary soybean proteins. Thirty-two pigs were orally infused with either dried skim milk (5 g/d; control) or soybean meal (48% CP; 5 g/d) from d 7 to 14 after birth. Sows were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan to avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed diets containing either soybean meal or milk proteins until d 56. One half of the pigs were killed at 28 d of age and the rest at 56 d of age. Segments of small intestine were collected, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated. At 28 d of age, pigs fed diets containing soybean meal had lower (P less than .05) villus height (221 vs 298 microns) and rate of gain (86 vs 204 g/d) than control pigs did. Pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal had higher (P less than .05) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to soybean protein than did pigs fed a milk protein-based diet. Blood and intestinal lymphocytes collected on d 28 and 56 did not exhibit any proliferative response when cultured with purified soy proteins (2.5 or 5 microns/ml). Phytohemagglutinin- and pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferations were higher (P less than .05) at d 56 than at d 28, but there were no differences attributable to protein source. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in skin-fold thickness measurements following intradermal injection with soy or milk proteins. Decreased villus height and increased serum IgG titers to soybean proteins coinciding with inferior performance of early weaned pigs fed diets containing soybean meal indicate that conventionally processed, commercial soybean meal may retain some antigens that can cause transient hypersensitivity in piglets.  相似文献   

3.
One hundred eighty 3-wk-old pigs (initial weight 4.8 kg) were utilized in a 35-d growth trial to determine the effects of the carbohydrate and(or) protein fraction of dried whey on pig performance. In addition, 30, 3-wk-old pigs (initial weight 4.9 kg) were used in two digestion trials to study the effects of the whey fraction on nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet (control), control + 20% dried whey, control + 14.4% lactose, control + 2.1% lactalbumin, control + 14.4% lactose + 2.1% lactalbumin, and control + 8.4% whey protein concentrate. Pelleted diets containing equal lysine concentrations were fed. Lactose and lactalbumin were added at the same levels as provided by a 20% dried whey diet. Pigs fed diets containing milk products exhibited superior (P less than .05) ADG and efficiency of feed utilization and greater (P less than .05) apparent digestibilities for DM, energy and N compared with pigs fed the control diet. Including either lactose or lactalbumin in the diet for the early weaned pig resulted in similar gain, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility. These results indicate that both the carbohydrate (lactose) and protein (lactalbumin) fractions of dried whey are important in explaining the beneficial response to dried whey elicited in the weanling pig.  相似文献   

4.
Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of protein source (48% CP soybean meal or casein) and carbohydrate source (25% dextrose or 25% lactose) on digestibility and digesta flow rate in early-weaned pigs. Diets contained 10% crude soybean oil and were formulated to contain 3.5 g lysine, 2.3 g Ca and 2.0 g P per 1,000 kcal DE of diet. In Trial 1, nutrient digestibility was greater for older than for younger pigs. Apparent digestibilities for energy, DM, CP and fat were lower (P less than .08) for younger and older pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein. Digestibility of soluble carbohydrates was less (P less than .02) for younger pigs fed soybean meal rather than casein as a protein source. Fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) in younger pigs fed dextrose than in pigs fed lactose. A protein X carbohydrate source interaction (P less than .01) existed for fat digestibility by older pigs. In Trial 2, pigs were euthanatized, and digestibilities anterior to the ileum and the colon (pre-ileal and pre-cecal) were determined. At the ileum, fat digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed soybean meal, whereas CP digestibility was lower (P less than .05) for pigs fed either soybean meal or dextrose. A protein X carbohydrate interaction was observed for ileal digestibilities of DM (P less than .06) and total carbohydrates (P less than .03) with lowest values obtained for the soybean meal plus dextrose diet. For casein diets, digestibility values were similar between the two carbohydrate sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

5.
An experiment was done to determine manure output, N and P excretion, and apparent digestibilities of AA, CP, P, and DM in growing pigs fed barley-based diets containing micronized or raw peas with or without supplementation with enzyme containing primarily beta-glucanase and phytase (Biogal S+). Eight barrows (21.5 +/- 1.2 kg of initial BW) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a 40-d trial and housed in metabolism cages. Pigs were assigned in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to 4 experimental diets: 1) barley-raw peas control (BRP), 2) barley-micronized peas (BMP), 3) BRP plus enzyme, and 4) BMP plus enzyme (BMP+E). Pigs received 2.6 times maintenance energy requirements based on BW at the beginning of each experimental period. During each experimental period, pigs were acclimatized to their respective diets for 5 d followed by a 3-d period of total fecal and urine collection and another 2-d period of ileal digesta collection. Samples were analyzed for DM, AA (diets and digesta only), N, and P. Wet fecal output of BRP plus enzyme-fed pigs tended to be lower (P = 0.07) than the amount produced by BMP-fed pigs. The amounts of dry feces and urine produced were not different among treatments (P > 0.10). Supplementing the BRP and BMP diet with enzyme increased (P = 0.002) the daily P retained per pig. Pigs fed the enzyme-supplemented diets tended to have lower (P = 0.06) fecal P excretion and greater urinary P excretion (P = 0.001) compared with pigs fed the nonsupplemented diets, but total P excretion was not influenced by diet (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the BMP+E diet retained more (P = 0.006) N per day than pigs fed the BMP diet. However, N excretion was not influenced by dietary treatment (P > 0.10), although BMP+E-fed pigs excreted 13.2% less N in the feces compared with those fed the nonenzyme supplemented controls. Inclusion of micronized peas with or without enzyme supplementation did not affect urinary or fecal N excretion (P > 0.10) compared with the BRP. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.10) on ileal or fecal DM or CP digestibilities. Apparent ileal digestibilities of AA were usually lower (P < 0.05) in the BRP diet compared with the other diets. Enzyme supplementation improved P digestibility at the ileal and fecal level. The current results indicate that utilizing micronized peas in barley-based pig grower diets enhances P retention.  相似文献   

6.
Three growth experiments were conducted to assess the effect of fumaric acid (FA) supplementation on the performance of pigs fed different types of diets. These 4-wk experiments involved 550 crossbred pigs weaned at 30 +/- 3 d of age. Pigs in Exp. 1 were fed either a simple corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or a 75% corn-SBM, 25% dried skim milk (DSM) diet. Zero, 2, or 3% FA were added to the diets to create a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Supplementing diets with DSM improved gain (P less than .05) and gain/feed (P less than .001). Fumaric acid addition improved efficiency of feed utilization (P less than .01). Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of protein source (casein or soy protein concentrate [SPC]) on the response to 3% FA. Sodium bicarbonate (BCB; 2.75%) was added to one diet containing casein and FA to negate the effect of FA on growth performance. Addition of FA improved gain and feed efficiency (P less than .05) during the first 2 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Two trials were conducted to determine the suitability of soybean products for baby pigs. Weanling pigs (n = 40 and 48 in Trials 1 and 2, respectively) were infused orally (6 g/d) with dried skim milk, soybean meal (SBM, 48% CP); soy protein concentrate, moist extruded soy protein concentrate, or soy protein isolate from d 7 to 12 of age. Pigs were then fed a diet containing the same protein source for 1 (Trial 1) or 2 (Trial 2) wk after weaning (d 21 of age). To avoid exposure of pigs to soybean proteins, the dams of pigs were fed a corn-corn gluten meal-based diet supplemented with lysine and tryptophan from d 109 of gestation. All pigs in Trial 1 were killed at 28 d of age, and samples of ileal digesta and small intestine were obtained. In Trial 2, the soy protein isolate was not included, and all pigs were fed a diet containing 4% soybean oil and 1.25% lysine for the last 3 wk of the trial. Growth performance, skin-fold thickness, after intradermal injection of extracts of the corresponding proteins, and anti-soy immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured. Results indicated that pigs fed diets containing SBM had lower (P less than .05) villus height and xylose absorption but higher (P less than .05) serum anti-soy IgG titers and increased skin-fold thickness compared with the mean of pigs given milk and all other soy treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

8.
Four 28-d trials were conducted using a total of 432 pigs, with average initial weight across trials ranging from 6.3 to 9.7 kg, to estimate the tryptophan (trials 1 and 2) and threonine (trials 3 and 4) requirements of pigs fed low protein, corn-sunflower meal diets. The effect of tryptophan, threonine and protein level on serum calcium, phosphorus and zinc also was studied. The diets contained either 12 or 13% protein and were calculated to be adequate in all nutrients except crude protein and the amino acid being investigated. A lysine supplemented, 18% protein, corn-sunflower meal diet was included in all trials as a positive control. In trial 1, weight gains of pigs increased linearly (P less than .005) while feed conversion improved cubically (P less than .05) as dietary tryptophan increased from .14 to .22%. Pigs fed the 18% protein diet gained faster (P less than .05) and required less feed/gain than pigs fed low protein diets. In trial 2, weight gains improved quadratically (P less than .005) and feed conversion improved linearly (P less than .05) as dietary tryptophan increased from .104 to .204%. Serum phosphorus and zinc concentrations were lower (P less than .05) in pigs fed the 18% protein diet. In both trials, serum urea N responded quadratically (P less than .05) to increasing dietary tryptophan, and was lower (P less than .05) in pigs that were fed diets supplemented with L-tryptophan than in those fed the low protein basal or 18% protein diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

9.
Dried whole whey, lard or dried skim milk was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to determine the effect on apparent nitrogen (ND), energy (ED) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) in pigs weaned at 28 d. Four groups of four littermate barrows were allotted to the experimental diets and placed in individual metabolism pens for 12 d (3 d adjustment and three collection periods of 3 d each) after weaning. The study was a 4 X 3 factorial with diet and period as main effects. Addition of dried skim milk or dried whey to the diet resulted in higher values (P less than .05) for DMD and ED as compared with the basal or corn-soy and lard diet. Pigs fed added dried skim milk had improved (P less than .05) ND over pigs on other dietary treatments. All nutrient digestibility coefficients increased (P less than .05) from period 1 to period 2, and ND increased (P less than .05) from period 2 to 3. It was concluded that the young pig requires at least 6 to 9 d after weaning at 28 d to adjust to typical corn-soybean meal starter diets.  相似文献   

10.
An evaluation of barley in starter diets for swine   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Four growth trials and one digestibility trial were conducted to determine the effects of substituting barley for grain sorghum in weanling pig diets on pig performance and nutrient digestibility. Experiments 1 and 2 were 35-d growth trials in which barley was substituted for gain sorghum at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the diet. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (F/G) were not affected by dietary barley level (P greater than .50). Experiment 3 was a digestibility trial conducted to determine the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), gross energy (GED), and N (ND) and percentage of N retained (%NRT) of pigs fed the 0, 20 and 40% barley diets. As dietary barley level increased, DMD and GED decreased linearly (P less than .05), whereas %NRT increased linearly (P less than .10). Apparent N digestibility was not affected by dietary treatment (P greater than .12). Experiments 4 and 5 were 35-d growth trials with treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design to determine the effects of barley particle size (fine, 635 microns or medium, 768 microns) and dried whey level (0, 10 or 20%) on pig performance. Average daily gain and ADFI increased linearly (P less than .01) as whey level increased. Pigs fed diets containing fine-ground barley grew faster and were more efficient (P less than .05) than those fed medium-ground barley diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
Nutritional value of quality protein maize for starter and finisher swine.   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Growth trials with starter (n = 120, 6.8 kg initially, 28 d of age, Exp. 1) and finisher (n = 70, 59 kg initially, Exp. 2) pigs were conducted to compare quality protein maize (QPM, .40% lysine) and normal corn (.31% lysine) in simple corn-based diets containing the same levels of soybean meal. In Exp. 1, pig performance was similar (P greater than .10) on all diets, regardless of the level of soybean meal, suggesting that QPM and normal corn have similar feeding value in lysine-adequate (.99 to 1.11%) diets. In Exp. 2, less soybean meal was needed in QPM than in normal corn diets to maximize performance; increasing soybean meal from 10.8 to 13.8% improved rate (P less than .05) and efficiency (P less than .01) of gain of pigs fed normal corn diets but had no effect on performance of pigs fed QPM diets. A QPM-based diet containing 6% soybean meal and supplemental lysine and tryptophan failed to maximize feed efficiency, but growth rate was equal to that obtained on the normal corn diet with 13.8% soybean meal. The apparent fecal digestibility of GE and ileal digestibility of N were similar for QPM and normal corn, but apparent ileal digestibility of most essential amino acids was slightly higher for QPM (Exp. 3). Experiment 4 compared apparent digestibilities of QPM, conventional opaque-2 corn and two high-protein corns. Digestibilities differed (P less than .05) among the corns, but the absolute differences were small and were likely due to differences in amino acid content of the corns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
This study was conducted to evaluate 1) the effects of soybean meal (SBM) from 3 major SBM-producing countries (United States, Brazil, and India) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs and 2) the feeding value of the evaluated SBM as a feedstuff for growing-finishing pigs. Soybean meal representative of each country was purchased on the open market. A total of 144 barrows with the average BW of 23.77 (SD = 1.52 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The US SBM used in this trial had greater CP and total AA contents, greater KOH protein solubility, and less crude fiber than SBM from either Brazil or India. Diets were formulated to be isolysinic and isocaloric. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM were heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs fed diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM at 12 and 18 wk. Pigs fed diets containing US SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F throughout the overall period when compared with pigs fed SBM produced in Brazil or India. The DM and N digestibility were greater for US SBM (P < 0.05) than Brazilian and India SBM at 6, 12, and 18 wk. Pigs were slaughtered at the end of 18 wk, and no differences were observed on meat quality (backfat thickness, LM area, pH, meat color, water holding capacity, and drip loss) among the treatments, except lean percentages were less and backfat thickness was greater in pigs fed Brazilian and Indian SBM than US SBM. The cost per kilogram of BW gain of the experimental diet containing US SBM was less than that of diets containing Brazilian or Indian SBM, but it would depend on the relative prices of each SBM. Based on the results of the current experiment, the productivity and feeding value of US SBM seems to be greater than the SBM produced in Brazil and India.  相似文献   

13.
Three studies were performed to examine the effect of starch and protein digestion rates on N retention in grower pigs. In Exp. 1, the glycemic index (GI) of corn, a malting barley, and a slow-rumen-degradable barley (SRD-barley) were measured using 6 barrows (BW = 18.0 ± 0.5 kg). The GI of malting barley was greater (P < 0.05) than that of SRD-barley (71.1 vs. 49.4), and the GI of both barley cultivars was less (P < 0.05) than that of corn (104.8). In Exp. 2, the standardized ileal digestibility of AA and DE content of the 3 ingredients were determined using 5 ileal-cannulated barrows (BW = 20.7 ± 2.3). The apparent total-tract energy digestibility values of corn (86.1%) and malting barley (85.7%) were greater (P < 0.05) than that of SRD-barley (82.3%). The standardized ileal digestibility of Lys was 94.0, 92.6, and 92.4% for corn, malting barley, and SRD-barley, respectively, and did not differ among grains. In Exp. 3, 6 diets were formulated to equal DE (3.40 Mcal/kg), standardized ileal digestibility of Lys (8.6 g/kg), starch (424.9 g/kg), and digestible CP (180.0 g/kg) using the values obtained in Exp. 2. Three GI [high (corn), medium (malting barley), and low (SRD-barley)] and 2 rates of protein digestion [rapid (soy protein hydrolysate) and slow (soy protein isolate)] were tested in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 36 barrows (BW = 32.2 ± 2.5 kg). Pigs were fed 3.0 times the maintenance energy requirement daily in 2 meals for 2 wk and were housed in metabolic crates to collect feces and urine separately. At the end of the study, intestinal contents were collected from 4 equal-length segments of the small intestine. The percentage of unabsorbed CP in segment 1 relative to dietary CP was greater (P < 0.05) for the soy protein isolate diet than for the soy protein hydrolysate diet (170.3 vs. 116.5%). The percentages of unabsorbed starch in segments 1 and 2 were greater (P < 0.05) for the SRD-barley diet than for the malting barley or corn diet. Nitrogen intake and fecal N excretion were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the malting barley and SRD-barley diets than for pigs fed the corn diet. Urinary N excretion was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the SRD-barley diet than for pigs fed the corn or malting barley diet. Pigs fed slowly digestible starch (SRD-barley; 46.6%) had less (P < 0.05) net N retention than pigs fed corn or malting barley (54.7 and 54.1%, respectively). In conclusion, slowly digestible starch sources such as SRD-barley may not be suitable to support maximum protein deposition in restricted-fed grower pigs.  相似文献   

14.
Two trials were conducted with 15 wethers surgically equipped with duodenal and ileal cannulas to study the utilization of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn from swine waste and broiler litter. For each trial, animals were fed a low-P basal diet until serum inorganic P averaged 5.5 mg/dl; then they were allotted at random to the following 50% DM ensiled diets: low-P basal, basal + swine waste, basal + broiler litter, basal + dicalcium phosphate and basal + soybean meal. Each trial consisted of a 7-d preliminary period, a 7-d collection of feces and urine and 6-d sampling of duodenal and ileal digesta and feces. Apparent P absorption was not different (P greater than .05) between sheep fed waste-supplemented diets (37%) and those fed the conventionally supplemented diets (28%). Phosphorus absorption, calculated by difference, tended (P less than .1) to be higher from the waste supplements (59%) than from dicalcium phosphate and soybean meal (37%). Less (P less than .05) Ca was absorbed from the waste diets (.62 g/d) than from the conventional diets (1.28 g/d). More (P less than .05) Cu (mg/d) was absorbed from the waste diets, but no difference was found when absorption was expressed as percentage of intake. Broiler litter and swine waste were good sources of available P and Mg for ruminants.  相似文献   

15.
A series of three experiments was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of fish meals as protein sources in young pigs' diets. Four fish meals (menhaden; mackerel, dried at 85 degrees C and 70 degrees C; and herring, dried at 70 degrees C) were tested. For the first experiment, eight pigs (2 wk old) were surgically fitted with ileal cannulas and used to measure apparent digestibility of the fish meals over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Compared with menhaden fish meal, mackerel and herring fish meals yielded higher (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility values for threonine, serine, alanine, valine, histidine, lysine, and arginine and also for the average of all amino acids. Ileal digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) as pigs grew. For the second experiment, four different diets each containing different fish meals were fed to 120 pigs to evaluate growth performance over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Average daily gain was higher (P < 0.07) in pigs fed diets containing either mackerel or herring fish meal than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal during 3 to 5 wk of age and was highest (P < 0.07) in pigs fed a diet containing mackerel fish meal during 5 to 6 wk of age. Gain/feed was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing mackerel and herring fish meals than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal. Mackerel dried at 70 degrees C showed the highest value from the previous two experiments and was chosen to measure the relative bioavailability in comparison to spray-dried porcine plasma. A classical slope-ratio design was used to measure relative bioavailability of mackerel fish meal compared to porcine plasma protein. This study showed that mackerel dried at 70 degrees C can replace spray-dried porcine plasma with the same bioavailability during d 17 to 29 postpartum with additional crystalline lysine and amino acid supplementation to match amino acid profile of the spray-dried porcine plasma.  相似文献   

16.
Two trials were conducted to determine the replacement nutritive value of dried skim milk for growing-finishing pigs. In a three-phase feeding trial, 180 growing composite barrows (40.8 +/- 2.9 kg BW) were allotted to three dietary treatments. Each phase lasted 28 d. Treatment 1 comprised a basal corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with crystalline AA to contain true ileal digestible concentrations (as-fed basis) of 0.83, 0.66, and 0.52% Lys; 0.53, 0.45, and 0.40% Thr; and 0.51, 0.45, and 0.42% sulfur amino acids (SAA; Met + Cys) in Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatments 2 and 3 were the basal diets with 5 and 10% (as-fed basis) dried skim milk added. The three diets at each phase were formulated to have the same quantities of DE, true ileal digestible Lys, Thr, Trp, SAA, Ca, and available P. Pigs were housed 10 per pen (six pens/treatment), allowed ad libitum access to feed, and slaughtered at 121.6 +/- 9.3 kg BW. No differences were detected between pigs fed the basal diet and the dried skim milk diets or between pigs fed the 5 and 10% dried skim milk diets, respectively, in 84-d ADG (P = 0.84 or P = 0.71), ADFI (P = 0.54 or P = 0.91), and G:F (P = 0.80 or P = 0.97), in hot carcass weight (P = 0.66 or P = 0.74), 45-min postmortem LM pH (P = 0.90 or P = 0.53), 10th-rib backfat thickness (P = 0.24 or P = 0.77), LM area (P = 0.13 or P = 0.63), weights of belly (P = 0.43 or P = 0.70), trimmed wholesale cuts (P = 0.18 to 0.85 or P = 0.06 to 0.53), and ham components (P = 0.25 to 0.98 or P = 0.32 to 0.63). In the N balance trial, four littermate pairs of finishing gilts (82.9 +/- 2.0 kg BW) were assigned within pair to the basal or the 10% dried skim milk (as-fed basis) finishing diet. Daily feed allowance was 2.6x maintenance DE requirement and was given in two equal meals. Total fecal collection from eight meals and a 96-h urine collection began on d 14 when gilts weighed 92.1 +/- 2.2 kg BW. No differences were found between dietary treatments in gilt's daily N intake (P = 0.33) and the daily output of urinary urea (P = 0.88), urinary N (P = 0.97), fecal N (P = 0.69), and total manure (P = 0.62), as well as apparent total-tract N digestibility (P = 0.84) and N retention (P = 0.84). It is concluded that growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing 10% dried skim milk would have growth performance, carcass traits, and N digestibility and use similar to those fed typical corn-soybean meal diets.  相似文献   

17.
To assess differences in soybean meal quality related to region of production, researchers in Illinois, Kansas, North Carolina, The Netherlands, and Ohio collected four soybean meal samples processed locally at least 15 d apart. These samples were assayed for ileal amino acid digestibility by pigs using a common soybean meal and a soy protein concentrate as references, and a low-protein casein diet for determination of endogenous amino acid losses. Digestibility was determined at each university using seven barrows surgically fitted with ileal cannulas in a 7 x 7 Latin square design. The experimental diets contained 17% CP from the test material except for the low-protein casein diet. Animals were fed twice daily, 12 h apart, at a level of 45 g x kg(-0.75) BW for each meal. Following a 5-d adaptation period, ileal digesta were collected for two 12-h periods for 2 d to be used for determination of ileal digestibility. Variation in amino acid digestibility was very small among and within sites and was much smaller than variation in the concentration of amino acids. Among sites, samples from The Netherlands had less total and thus digestible lysine and methionine than the U.S. samples (P < 0.05). The soybean meals tested in this experiment were approximately 4% higher in amino acids than that reported in the NRC (1998). True (standardized) digestibilities, however, were very similar to NRC values except for cysteine and threonine, which were 5 and 3 percentage points lower in this experiment, respectively. In conclusion, soybeans grown in the United States and locally processed into soybean meal were very similar in nutritional composition. Soybean meals produced in The Netherlands were lower in lysine and methionine (P < 0.05) but had a digestibility similar to that produced in the United States.  相似文献   

18.
Eight female PIC Line 42 pigs (initial BW = 47.5 +/- 1.8 kg) were used in a two-period switchback design (n = 4 per treatment per period) to evaluate the nutritional difference between a genetically modified corn and a similar nontransgenic corn. The genetically altered corn (gdhA+) contained a glutamate dehydrogenase gene isolated from Escherichia coli. The non-transgenic corn was the same variety lacking the transgenic cassette, grown at the same two locations. Pigs were surgically fitted with steered ileocecal valve cannulas for collection of ileal digesta. Diets were made up of primarily one of the two corn sources. Dietary AA profiles were adjusted using crystalline AA to match Illinois Ideal Protein Ratios. Pigs were limit-fed at 8% of metabolic body weight (BW0.75) in two equal feedings at 0600 and 1800 daily throughout the experiment. The study consisted of two 15-d periods. Each period consisted of a 7-d acclimation period, a 3-d total collection of feces and urine, two 12-h ileal collections, and a 3-d adjustment period between ileal collections to ensure adequate hydration. Crude protein, leucine, methionine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and tyrosine concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the gdhA+ corn than in the nontransgenic variety. The presence of the gene did not alter (P > 0.17) BW gain. Similarly, DM digestibility, fecal N excretion (grams per day), apparent total-tract N digestibility, N balance, net protein utilization, and N retained as percentages of absorbed were not affected (P > or = 0.32) by the gene modification. Apparent ileal AA digestibility values did not differ (P > 0.31) between the two dietary treatments. Results of this study suggest corn that contains the E coli. gene for glutamate dehydrogenase was nutritionally equivalent to the unaltered variety.  相似文献   

19.
Two experiments with young pigs (25 d of age) were conducted to investigate the effect of multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and P utilization and excretion. In Exp. 1, 24 pigs (six pigs per treatment) were used in a 28-d performance and digestibility trial using four diets: control (no enzyme) and control supplemented with enzyme preparation A, B, or C. The control diet was formulated to meet 95% of NRC (1998) nutrient specifications (except for available P, which was at 44% NRC) and composed of corn, wheat, wheat by-products, barley, soybean meal, canola meal, and peas. All three enzyme preparations contained xylanase, glucanase, amylase, protease, invertase, and phytase activities and differed in the type of plant cell wall-degrading activities; Enzyme A contained cellulase, galactanase, and mannanase; Enzyme B contained cellulase and pectinase; and Enzyme C contained cellulase, galactanase, mannanase, and pectinase. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had higher ADG (P = 0.02) and G:F (P = 0.01) than those fed the control diet. On average, and when compared with control diet, enzyme supplementation improved (P = 0.001 to 0.04) ileal digestibility of DM (60 vs. 66%), GE (62.8 vs. 70.4%), CP (62 vs. 72%), starch (86.7 vs. 94.2%), nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; 10.1 vs. 17.6%), and phytate (59 vs. 70%). Compared with the control, total-tract digestibility of nutrients was increased (P = 0.001 to 0.01) owing to enzyme supplementation, with Enzyme C showing the highest improvement in DM, GE, CP, starch, NSP, phytate, and P utilization. Pigs fed enzyme-supplemented diets had decreased (P = 0.04) fecal P excretion. The benefit from improved nutrient utilization with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated in a 38-d growth performance study with 48 pigs. The control and Enzyme C-supplemented diets (same as Exp. 1) were assigned to six replicate pens (four pigs per pen). The study was conducted in three phases (Phase 1 = d 0 to 7; Phase 2 = d 7 to 21; Phase 3 = d 21 to 38). Individual BW and pen feed disappearance were monitored. Average daily gain and G:F were 231 and 257 g (P = 0.01), and 0.56 and 0.63 (P = 0.001) for the control and enzyme-supplemented diets, respectively. It is evident from this study that the use of enzyme preparations may allow for cost-effective and environmentally friendly formulation of young pig diets.  相似文献   

20.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of 2 varieties of Purdue high-digestible sorghum (PHD1 and PHD2) and a normal sorghum, compared with corn, in diets of pigs and broiler chicks. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (average BW, 55 kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were fed 4 diets containing 946 g of corn or sorghum (PHD1, PHD2, and normal) per kg in a 2-period crossover design (i.e., each pig received 2 diets over a 2-wk period with 6 pigs per dietary treatment) to determine apparent ileal or total tract digestibility of nutrients and energy. There was no difference in the ileal or total tract digestibility of DM, energy, P, Ca, or N among dietary treatments. In Exp. 2, a total of 192 broiler chicks were grouped by weight into 8 blocks of 4 cages each with 6 chicks per cage, and cages were assigned randomly to 1 of the 4 dietary treatments within each block. Chicks were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) or sorghum-SBM diets for 21 d to determine apparent total tract retention and then switched to diets containing 935 g of the corresponding corn or 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties per kg for 7 d to determine apparent ileal digestibility and total tract retention. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM and P, as well as energy, were not different in chicks fed diets containing 935 g of corn or 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties per kg. However, apparent total tract retention of DM, energy, and N in chicks fed corn was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed 1 of the 3 sorghum varieties. Although the apparent ME content of corn was greater than PHD1 and normal sorghum (P < 0.01), it was not different from PHD2 sorghum. There was no difference in apparent total tract retention of DM between chicks fed the corn-SBM and PHD-SBM diets, but it was greater (P < 0.05) in chicks fed the corn-SBM diet than those fed the normal sorghum-SBM diet. Apparent total tract retention of N in chicks fed the PHD1-SBM diet was lower (P < 0.05) than in those fed the corn-SBM diet but greater (P < 0.05) than in chicks fed the normal sorghum-SBM meal diet. No difference in the apparent ME content between the corn-SBM and PHD2-SBM diets was observed, but it was greater (P < 0.05) for the corn-SBM diet than the PHD1- or normal sorghum-SBM diet. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were not different in chicks fed the corn-SBM or sorghum-SBM diets. Sorghum could serve as a substitute for corn in cereal grain-SBM diets for pigs and broiler chicks.  相似文献   

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