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1.
李珂 《绿色中国(A版)》2004,(Z2)
生物学家们常说“地球上99％的物种最终都是要灭绝的”,物种绝灭是进化的自然过程。然而由于人的干扰,现在地球正经历着继650万年前恐龙灭绝后遇到的最大的一场生物多样性危机,全世界每分钟有一种植物灭绝,每天有一种动物灭绝。 生物多样性保护与持续利用已成为人类与环境领域的中心议题。5月22日是“国际生物多样性日”,今年的主题是“生物多样性:对粮食、水和健康有益”。 相似文献
2.
李珂 《绿色中国(综合版)》2004,(3M):83-83
生物学家们常说“地球上99％的物种最终都是要灭绝的”，物种绝灭是进化的自然过程。然而由于人的干扰，现在地球正经历着继650万年前恐龙灭绝后遇到的最大的一场生物多样性危机。全世界每分钟有一种植物灭绝，每天有一种动物灭绝。生物多样性保护与持续利用已成为人类与环境领域的中心议题。5月22日是“国际生物多样性日”，今年的主题是“生物多样性：对粮食、水和健康有益”。 相似文献
3.
森林生物多样性保护原理概述 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：21
热点地区的分析,为我们确定生物多样性保护的策略和优先等级提供了依据;由于人类的剧烈干扰,现在地球上有许多物种和生态系统都处于濒危的境地,热带雨林的生物多样性丧失最为严重;热点地区虽然在地球上所占的面积很小,但却拥有大量的物种,这些地区的生物多样性丧失应特别引起我们注意;每个物种灭绝的难易程度不同,稀有种和长寿命种特别易于灭绝,而关键种一旦受到威胁,依赖于其生存的许多物种也会有灭绝的危险。遗传多样性的丧失也是生物多样性丧失的重要方面,种群内遗传多样性的丧失主要来源于奠基者效应、统计瓶颈效应、遗传漂变和近亲交配４种因素。物种的概念影响到对物种的保护,物种保护应包括物种内遗传多样性的保护;种群的动态调节机制和源—汇种群动态对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。种群生存力分析是了解物种濒危机制的崭新手段。群落中的种间关系和自然干扰体系是生物多样性保护中应考虑的重要方面。人为的生境破碎与自然景观的异质性不同,生境破碎会造成边缘效应和拥挤效应等一系列的生物学后果。 相似文献
4.
生物多样性．即地球上生命形式的多样性．是地球上所有生命的总和．包括不同的植物、动物、微生物以及它们所含的基因和形成的生态系统。生物生态系统中的各个环节是相互依存和制约的．大家都知道“螳螂捕蝉．黄雀在后”这句谚语．地球上的生命群落就是由无数个这样的食物链组成的生态网。网与网纵横交错．各个物种及其之间的食物链关系就像网丝及其交叉关系．网丝越多．说明生物多样性越大．网的结构就越稳定．如果其中某一根网丝被破坏．即一个物种灭绝．整个网还能支撑．如果物种灭绝到一定程度．整个网则必然毁灭。人类也是这张网上的一根丝．与其他物种有着共同的命运． 相似文献
5.
生物多样性丧失的原因主要有二大类,一是大自然的灾变．二是人类活动,后考是最根本原因。据推算,现在每3年将增加人口1亿．人类对地球上的生物和非生物资源的占有欲恶性膨胀,生物系统的初级生产力根本不能满足人口非持续增长的要求,导致生物多样性丧失。保护生物多样性优先对象是物种,只有物种存在．生态系统才不致于退化或毁灭。物种受威胁、丧失、灭绝的因素归纳起来有7个方面：一是大面积森林破坏,这对野生物种是毁灭性的。据估算,热带雨林面积占地球陆地面积的7％,却拥有地球生物物种总数的50％以上。现在热带雨林每年以18万k… 相似文献
6.
可持续发展是当今和未来社会发展的新战略和新模式。实质是尽快发展经济,满足人类日益增长的基本需要。经济发展要考虑生态环境的承载力,不以牺牲环境为代价或先污染后治理,最终实现经济、社会、生态的综合协调发展。显而易见植物园作为具有丰富科学内涵和美丽园林外貌的科研、科普教育和生态旅游基地,在可持续发展中发挥重要的基础作用。一、植物园是地区生物多样性保护和利用中心由于人类活动的结果,生物多样性在全部层次上急剧丧失,最严重的是物种灭绝。如今,物种灭绝的速度比自然灭绝高1000倍,而一种物种的灭绝常导致10种一30种… 相似文献
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8.
提到动物灭绝,人们往往想到恐龙。的确, 恐龙的消失是地球生命史上的一次划时代的灭绝事件,但这既不是惟一的、也不是人为的。在恐龙灭绝的白垩纪以前,已有大批的物种在地球上生存过,并已逝去。恐龙的灭绝,虽为哺乳动物让出了“万类霜天竞自由”的发展空间,但各种动物的灭绝之声一直是如影随形、余音袅袅。只是在人类这种动物对自然的开发力度大大加强之后,我们才又迎来了一场从速度和范围上都是史无前例的、由一个物种(现代人)一手造成的地球物种大灭绝,而且这次灭绝,恐怕是6500万年即恐龙灭绝以来,地球生命史上最为严峻的生态悲剧。 相似文献
9.
据世界物种保护协会和世界野生生命基金等组织发表报告说,现在地球上每8种已知植物物种中至少有一种面临灭绝的危险。 这是来自不同国家的十多个生物保护组织及其他研究机构共同进行的第一次国际植物多样性调查后得出的结论,这项调查长达20年。 相似文献
10.
森林生态系统与生物多样性保护 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,我国具有热带、亚热带、暖温带、温带和寒温带森林生态系统,也是生物物种资源最丰富、最多样的系统。我国森林生态系统有16大类,含185类.它由无数的物种组成,具有复杂的层次结构.巨大的生物产量和强大的物质与能量交换能力,在维持生态平衡方面具有重要的作用。生物物种是经过漫长岁月的自然演化而生存下来的。具有独特的适应生存环境的本领和遗传基因的多样性,抗逆性,蕴藏着巨大的生产潜力。目前各类森林生态系统正遭到严重破坏,丰富多彩的生物物种正面临着逐渐灭绝的境地。保护生物多样性必须保护森林生态系统,也就是保护其生存环境,因为地球上有半数以上的生物物种都栖息在森林生态系统之中.建立自然保护区,加强对保护区领导,明确职责,认真执行有关政策和法令,是保护生物多样性的有效方法。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
19.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献