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瘦素调节动物采食量及能量代谢的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
下丘脑是动物机体能量代谢的调节中枢,其神经内分泌调节网络的中心环节是感受外周脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素所提供的能量贮存信号,调控下丘脑弓状核内相关蛋白和激素的表达水平,从而调节能量的摄入和消耗,维持机体能量代谢的稳态,能量的摄入离不开采食而通过能量代谢的途径来控制采食量,尤其对于控制繁殖母猪体重显的尤为重要。文章就对瘦素调节动物采食量以及能量代谢的最新研究机制作一综述。 相似文献
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在以色列的一系列有关肉鸡腹水症的研究表明。在肉鸡单位代谢体重的摄食量达到最高值时(肉鸡的第二周龄期间),控制鸡的摄食量,使之仅能维持生存所需,这样就通过增加饲料转化率和降低体脂来进行代偿性生长。 A·shlosberg等(1991)进行了一系列的试验,以研究各种饲养方式对内鸡腹水症发生的影响。结果表明,简单地控制肉鸡6～11日龄的采食觅(20克/天),即能显著 相似文献
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Leptin调控动物体重机理的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从营养物中获取的能量 ,通过吸收、贮存和使用 ,组成了一个生命所必需的体内平衡系统。动物能够在脂肪组织内贮存足够数量的甘油三酯 ,以便维持经常碰到的食物缺乏时的能量来源。然而 ,过多的脂肪组织的存在却又是不利的 ,会引起动物体型的持续、过度变化。因此 ,动物可能存在着一个复杂的生理系统 ,这一生理系统能将燃料贮存和能量平衡调控到最佳水平。最近 ,由白脂肪细胞分泌的肥胖基因 (ｏｂ基因 )编码的蛋白质———Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ及它的受体 (Ｏｂ Ｒ)可能是这个系统的组成部分 ,对动物体重的调节起重要作用。本文对Ｌｅｐｔｉｎ近年来的… 相似文献
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下丘脑是动物机体能量代谢的调节中枢,其神经内分泌调节网络的中心环节是感受外周脂肪细胞分泌的瘦素所提供的能量贮存信号,调控下丘脑弓状核内相关蛋白和激素的表达水平,从而调节能量的摄入和消耗,维持机体能量代谢的稳态,能量的摄入离不开采食而通过能量代谢的途径来控制采食量,尤其对于控制繁殖母猪体重显的尤为重要.本文就对瘦素调节动... 相似文献
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张金辉 《动物科学与动物医学》2012,(8):142-142
云南：育种与繁育研究室完成133头种猪的MC4R和OB基因检测黑素皮质素4受体（MC4R）基因对动物的采食行为,体重和能量稳态调控起着重要的作用,该基因能够通过交感神经来调节机体摄食功能,抑制摄食,导致血糖降低、胰岛素降低和瘦素含量降低,从而减少体脂,降低体重。肥胖（OB）基因的表达产物瘦素（Leptin）对家畜脂肪组织和神经内分泌有调控作用,通过对采食量和能量平衡的调节,促进家畜的生长、繁殖、泌乳和体况,其中较重要的作用是对家畜体重和能量平衡的调节。 相似文献
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云南:育种与繁育研究室完成133头种猪的MC4R和OB基因检测黑素皮质素4受体(MC4R)基因对动物的采食行为,体重和能量稳态调控起着重要的作用,该基因能够通过交感神经来调节机体摄食功能,抑制摄食,导致血糖降低、胰岛素降低和瘦素含量降低,从而减少体脂,降低体重。肥胖(OB)基因的表达产物瘦素(Leptin)对家畜脂肪组织和神经内分泌有调控作用,通过对采食量和能量平衡的调节,促进家畜的生长、繁殖、泌乳和体况,其中较重要的作用是对家畜体重和能量平衡的调节。 相似文献
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引言大量事实表明,无论是野生动物还是家养动物,它们都能在广泛的范围内按某种“食谱”进行选食以满足其维持、生长和生产所必需的全部养分。为了使其“食谱”适当,动物需要一个控制系统以使其对每一种食物都能摄取最适的量。这种控制系统也许是严格的、内在的、在该种动物的所有个体中都是同样的、是通过自然选择进化来的;但在某一具体个体中,这种控制系统也可以是可塑的、是按其自身的经验而产生的。 相似文献
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Xin MENG Guangchuan HUANG Zhiyong WANG Hongyu NIU Hongmao ZHANG 《Integrative zoology》2023,18(5):817-830
Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet. However, the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric competitors is not fully clear. Chinese white-bellied rats (Niviventer confucianus, CWR) and Korean field mice (Apodemus peninsulae, KFM) are common asymmetric competitors in shrublands and forests west of Beijing city. They share similar diet (e.g. plant seeds) and activity (nocturnal), but differ in body size (CWR are bigger than KFM), food hoarding habit (CWR: mainly larder hoarding; KFM: both larder and scatter hoarding), and ability to protect cached food (CWR are more aggressive than KFM). Here, we tested seed competition in 15 CWR–KFM pairs over a 10-day period under semi-natural enclosure conditions to uncover the differences in food hoarding, cache pilferage, and food protection between the 2 rodents, and discuss the implication for coexistence. Prior to pilferage, CWR harvested and ate more seeds than KFM. CWR tended to larder hoard seeds, whereas KFM preferred to scatter hoard seeds. Following pilferage, CWR increased consumption, decreased intensity of hoarding, and pilfered more caches from KFM than they lost, while KFM increased consumption more than they hoarded, and they preferred to hoard seeds in low and medium competition areas. Accordingly, both of the 2 rodent species increased their total energy consumption and hoarding following pilferage. Both rodent species tended to harvest seeds from the source, rather than pilfer caches from each other to compensate for cache loss via pilferage. Compared to CWR, KFM consumed fewer seeds when considering seed number, but hoarded more seeds when considering the seeds’ relative energy (energy of hoarded seeds/rodent body mass2/3) at the end of the trials. These results suggest that asymmetric competition for food exists between CWR and KFM, but differentiation in hoarding behavior could help the subordinate species (i.e. KFM) hoard more energy than the dominant species (i.e. CWR), and may contribute to their coexistence in the field. 相似文献
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M. A. S. Harun M. van Kampen R. J. Veeneklaas G. H. Huisman G. H. Visser 《British poultry science》1997,38(4):381-389
1. The interaction between the effects of food restriction and cold stress on the development of body temperature, homeothermy index, metabolic rate and body weight were studied in Muscovy ducklings from hatching to 21 d of age.
2. The control group (ad libitum fed) and the food restricted group (fed to zero growth rate for 9 d) both became homeothermic when they were 2 d old with moderate (10°C) cold stress. At severe cold stress (0°C) the control group was homeothermic 5 days after hatching. However the food restricted group did not reach homeothermy at 0°C and showed a large decrease (to hatching level) in homeothermy index at 10°C and 0°C after 9 d of food restriction.
3. Body temperature was lower in the food‐restricted group during restriction and increased by 1°C after 24 h of ad libitum feeding. During food restriction, resting metabolic rate did not increase with age and was lower than the basal and existence metabolic rate predicted by Aschoff and Pohl (1970) and Kendeigh (1970) respectively.
4. The ratio of metabolisable energy (ME) intake to resting metabolic rate was 3 times lower in the food‐restricted group than in the control group (0.09 and 0.27 respectively) on day 9. The availability of ME was more important than age for the development of thermoregulation in Muscovy ducklings. It is concluded that small improvements in the feeding regimen of young ducklings enhance the endurance and consequently reduce mortality from to environmental cold stress in a scavenger poultry system. 相似文献
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Selection for increased leanness and improved food efficiency in pigs has resulted in a decreased voluntary food intake. It has been argued that voluntary food intake during lactation should be considered in sow breeding programmes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic correlation of food intake during growth and food intake at maturity with maximum lactation food intake in a mouse model. A total of 179 records were available on female mice selected for litter size at birth (S-line) and non-selected control females (C-line) from 3 weeks of age to 21 days in lactation. Half of the litters were standardized to eight pups per litter (s) and half were not standardized (ns). Growth intake was measured as the average intake between 21 and 42 days of age, mature intake was measured from a linear regression of food intake against age between 42 and 69 days of age, and lactation intake was measured as a linear regression of food intake against days in lactation between 5 and 14 days in lactation. In both lines, females with a higher growth intake also had a higher mature intake (r = 0.63 to 0.75, P < 0.0001). Lactation intake was related with growth intake and mature intake in Sns females (r = 0.50 and 0.46, P < 0.01) and with growth intake in Ss females (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). In both lines, lactation intake was highly correlated with litter weight (r = 0.48 to 0.94, P < 0.001). Sns and Ss females with higher growth intake supported larger litter weights during lactation (r = 0.32 and 0.30, respectively, P < 0.05) and Sns females with higher mature intakes tended to support larger litter weights (r = 0.28, P = 0.060). It is suggested that lactating C-line females eat to support a given litter size, while S-line females support the maximum litter weight that is allowed for by their intake capacity, and still produce at high levels when litters are standardized. Since lactating sows mobilise body reserves, the relationship of food intake during growth with that during lactation may be reflected in the relationship between growth intake and body condition. 相似文献
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Nine desert goats were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design in which they were subjected to (a) ad libitum water and food (control), (b) ad libitum food and water restricted to about 40% of the control, and (c) ad libitum water and restricted food (same amount as given to group b). Parameters measured were dry matter intake (DMI), water intake, rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rate (RR), water balance and body weight (BW) changes. The acute effects of the above treatments on these parameters were monitored during the dry summer using two types of feed. The ratio of DMI to water intake decreased (p < 0.01) due to water restriction but increased (p < 0.01) with Lucerne hay compared to grass hay. With both feeds, BW decreased (p < 0.01) with water restriction, with a further decrease (p < 0.01) observed with food restriction. The control group showed a higher (p < 0.01) gain with Lucerne hay than grass hay. Tr and RR increased (p < 0.01) from morning to afternoon; Tr decreased due to food restriction during both morning and afternoon with Lucerne hay (p < 0.05) and grass hay (p < 0.05), whereas RR decreased (p < 0.01) with both types of feeds. For all groups of animals, Tr was higher (p < 0.05) with Lucerne hay than with grass hay, this effect being more pronounced (p < 0.01) with the control group. With both feeds, water restriction decreased (p < 0.01) water turnover rate and evaporative losses, with decreased (p < 0.05) faecal losses observed in the water-restricted groups on Lucerne hay but higher (p < 0.05) losses of urine. The tolerance of desert goats to thermal stress and their coping with shortage of water and food depended on their capacity to lose heat through panting and cutenaous evaporation as well as their ability to concentrate urine. 相似文献
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The metabolisable energy (ME) of the diet of laying hens at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 20 degrees C was abruptly changed from 10.9 MJ/kg to 12.9 MJ/kg, or vice versa. Food intake during the next 14 d was significantly reduced by the low ME diet and was increased by the high ME diet, that is, the expected compensatory changes in food intake did not occur. Laying hens given the same change of diet as above but kept at 32 degrees C did not show any change in food intake within 14 d. Thus ME intake increased with the high ME diet and decreased with the low ME diet. Daily doses of 10 ml maize oil/kg body weight given directly into the crop of laying hens at a Ta of 20 degrees C, resulted in an immediate, significant, reduction of food intake such that total ME intake remained the same as with normal feeding. Daily doses of 3 ml maize oil/kg, given as before, resulted in an immediate, significant, reduction in food intake at a Ta of 20 degrees C but at a Ta of 32 degrees C food intake remained unchanged; consequently daily ME intake increased. Loading the crop with glucose or sucrose, at Ta 20 degrees C, in quantities which provided a similar ME as 3 ml maize oil/kg, reduced food intake but the adjustment was less precise and daily ME intake increased. Loading with glycerol or protein hydrolysate decreased both food and ME intake. Crop loads of starch were as effective as maize oil in bringing about a significant and compensatory reduction of food intake. Similar volumes of water or liquid paraffin placed in the crop did not affect food or ME intake. A similar weight or cellulose placed in the crop reduced food and ME intake. 相似文献
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Heat production, which accounts for 0.6 of gross energy intake, is insufficiently represented in predictions of food intake. Especially when heat production is elevated (for example by lower temperature or poor feathering) the classical predictions based on body weight, body-weight change and egg mass are inadequate. Heat production was reliably estimated as [35.5-environmental temperature (degree C)] x [Defeathering (=%IBPW) + 21]. Including this term (PHP: predicted heat production) in equations predicting food intake significantly increased accuracy of prediction, especially under suboptimal conditions. Within the range of body weights tested (from 1.6 kg in brown layers to 2.8 kg in dwarf broiler breeders), body weight as an independent variable contributed little to the prediction of food intake; especially within strains its effect was better included in the intercept. Significantly reduced absolute values of residual food consumption were obtained over a wide range of conditions by using predictions of food intake based on body-weight change, egg mass, predicted heat production (PHP) and an intercept, instead of body weight, body-weight change, egg mass and an intercept. 相似文献
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人工饲养环境下斑鳖采食量与温度关系的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
斑鳖是极度濒危的物种,目前仅在中国和越南的动物园中有3只存活个体。为了建立科学合理的人工饲养斑鳖的方法,在苏州动物园的1只雄性斑鳖饲养于改造过的人工池塘内,采用定时定点人工饲喂方法,在2008～2010年期间,较为系统地观察了其采食习性。结果表明,气温达到18～20℃（大约每年的3～4月）,斑鳖从冬眠中苏醒,开始自由活动。只有当日最高气温达到25℃以上时,才开始采食。随着温度上升和活动量加大,采食量也会随之加大。6月平均气温在22～26℃之间,平均最高气温在27～31℃之间,是斑鳖食欲旺盛时期,出现采食高峰期。但是,平均气温在28～31℃,最高平均气温在31～36℃时,斑鳖几乎停止采食,重新钻进池塘底部的淤泥里,进入了夏眠状态。当进入秋季,平均气温低于18℃时（每年的9月底～10月底）,斑鳖逐渐减少采食或不食,然后逐步进入冬眠状态。 相似文献
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Bo ZHANG Xiaoning CHEN Michael A. STEELE Jingang LI Gang CHANG 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(1):104-113
Rodents influence plant establishment and regeneration by functioning as both seed predators and dispersers. However, these rodent–plant interactions can vary significantly due to various environmental conditions and the activity of other insect seed predators. Here, we use a combination of both field and enclosure (i.e. individual cage and semi‐natural enclosure) experiments, to determine whether rodents can distinguish sound seeds from those infested with insects. We also demonstrate how such responses to insects are influenced by food abundance and other environmental factors. We presented rodents with 2 kinds of Quercus aliena seeds (sound and insect‐infested seeds) in a subtropical forest in the Qinling Mountains, central China, from September to November of 2011 to 2013. The results showed that rodents preferred to hoard and eat sound seeds than infested seeds in the field and semi‐natural enclosure, while they preferred to eat infested seeds over sound seeds in the individual cages. In addition, both hoarding and eating decisions were influenced by food abundance. Rodents hoarded more sound seeds in years of high food abundance while they consumed more acorns in years of food shortage. Compared with field results, rodents reduced scatter‐hoarding behavior in semi‐natural enclosures and ate more insect‐infested seeds in smaller individual cages. These results further confirm that rodents distinguish infested seeds from non‐infested seeds but demonstrate that this behavior varies with conditions (i.e. environment and food abundance). We suggest that such interactions will influence the dispersal and natural regeneration of seeds as well as predation rates on insect larvae. 相似文献
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1. Sexed broiler-type chicks were raised either under a continuous (CON) 23 h Light (L) and 1 h Dark (D) schedule or an increasing photoperiod (INC) consisting of an initial 6 h L and 18 h D which increased by 4 h L per week from 14 to 35 d of age after which a 23 L:1D was maintained to 49 d of age. 2. From 5 to 11 d of age birds were fed either: ad libitum (AL), energy intake (kJ ME) restricted to 9.414 x gBW0.67 (R1) or energy intake (kJ ME) restricted to 6.276 x gBW0.67 (R2). Food intake was ad libitum at all other times. 3. Food restriction reduced growth to 49 d of age although some compensatory growth did occur. Food efficiency was not significantly affected by restriction. 4. Although abdominal fat pad weight was significantly reduced for R2 compared to AL, this was not significant on a percentage body weight basis. 5. Adipocyte number in the abdominal fat pad was similar for AL, R1 and R2, but concomitant with a smaller fat pad weight, R2 showed reduced adipocyte volume compared to AL. 6. INC birds were lighter at 21 d of age, but body weights were equivalent to CON by 42 d of age. 7. Abdominal fat pad weight was some 10% larger at 49 d of age for INC birds. Adipocyte volume was unaffected, the increase in adipocyte being entirely caused by an increase in adipocyte number in INC birds. 相似文献
20.
Effects of short photoperiod on energy intake,thermogenesis, and reproduction in desert hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Xueying ZHANG Zhijun ZHAO Nina VASILIEVA Anastasia KHRUSHCHOVA Dehua WANG 《Integrative zoology》2015,10(2):207-215
Desert hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) are the least known species in the genus Phodopus with respect to ecology and physiology, and deserve scientific attention, particularly because of their small body size. Here, the responses of energy metabolism and reproductive function to short photoperiods in desert hamsters were investigated. Male and female desert hamsters were acclimated to either long day (LD) (L:D 16:8 h) or short day (SD) photoperiods (L:D 8:16 h) for three months, and then the females were transferred back to an LD photoperiod for a further five months, while at the end of the SD acclimation the males were killed and measurements were taken for serum leptin as well as molecular markers for thermogenesis. We found that like the other two species from the genus Phodopus, the desert hamsters under SD decreased body mass, increased adaptive thermogenesis as indicated by elevated mitochondrial protein content and uncoupling protein‐1 content in brown adipose tissue, and suppressed reproduction compared to those under LD. However, different from the other two species, desert hamsters did not show any differences in energy intake or serum leptin concentration between LD and SD. These data suggest that different species from the same genus respond in different ways to the environmental signals, and the desert adapted species are not as sensitive to change in photoperiod as the other two species. 相似文献