共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Craig H Chou CC Welhan JA Stevens CM Engelkemeir A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4885):1535-1539
Air bubbles in polar ice cores indicate that about 300 years ago the atmospheric mixing ratio of methane began to increase rapidly. Today the mixing ratio is about 1.7 parts per million by volume, and, having doubled once in the past several hundred years, it will double again in the next 60 years if current rates continue. Carbon isotope ratios in methane up to 350 years in age have been measured with as little as 25 kilograms of polar ice recovered in 4-meter-long ice-core segments. The data show that (i) in situ microbiology or chemistry has not altered the ice-core methane concentrations, and (ii) that the carbon-13 to carbon-12 ratio of atmospheric CH(4) in ice from 100 years and 300 years ago was about 2 per mil lower than at present. Atmospheric methane has a rich spectrum of isotopic sources: the ice-core data indicate that anthropogenic burning of the earth's biomass is the principal cause of the recent (13)CH(4) enrichment, although other factors may also contribute. 相似文献
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Spahni R Chappellaz J Stocker TF Loulergue L Hausammann G Kawamura K Flückiger J Schwander J Raynaud D Masson-Delmotte V Jouzel J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5752):1317-1321
The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core enables us to extend existing records of atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) back to 650,000 years before the present. A combined record of CH4 measured along the Dome C and the Vostok ice cores demonstrates, within the resolution of our measurements, that preindustrial concentrations over Antarctica have not exceeded 773 +/- 15 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) during the past 650,000 years. Before 420,000 years ago, when interglacials were cooler, maximum CH4 concentrations were only about 600 ppbv, similar to lower Holocene values. In contrast, the N2O record shows maximum concentrations of 278 +/- 7 ppbv, slightly higher than early Holocene values. 相似文献
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The average worldwide tropospheric mixing ratio of methane has increased by 11% from 1.52 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in January 1978 to 1.684 ppmv in September 1987, for an increment of 0.016 +/- 0.001 ppmv per year. Within the limits of our measurements, the global tropospheric mixing ratio for methane over the past decade is consistent either with a linear growth rate of 0.016 +/- 0.001 ppmv per year or with a slight lessening of the rate of growth over the past 5 years. No indications were found of an effect of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation-El Chichon events of 1982-83 on total global methane, although severe reductions were reported in the Pacific Northwest during that time period. The growth in tropospheric methane may have increased the water concentration in the stratosphere by as much as 28% since the 1940s and 45% over the past two centuries and thus could have increased the mass of precipitable water available for formation of polar stratospheric clouds. 相似文献
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Webster CR May RD Toohey DW Avallone LM Anderson JG Newman P Lait L Schoeberl MR Elkins JW Chan KR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,261(5125):1130-1134
Simultaneous in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) in the Arctic winter vortex showed large HCl losses, of up to 1 part per billion by volume (ppbv), which were correlated with high ClO levels of up to 1.4 ppbv. Air parcel trajectory analysis identified that this conversion of inorganic chlorine occurred at air temperatures of less than 196 +/- 4 kelvin. High ClO was always accompanied by loss of HCI mixing ratios equal to (1/2)(ClO + 2Cl(2)O(2)). These data indicate that the heterogeneous reaction HCl + ClONO(2) --> Cl(2) + HNO(3) on particles of polar stratospheric clouds establishes the chlorine partitioning, which, contrary to earlier notions, begins with an excess of ClONO(2), not HCl. 相似文献
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水稻植株与CH4排放的相关因子及模糊聚类分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过对不同水稻品种甲烷排放量与水稻通气组织相关性分析,确定聚类指标,运用离差平方和聚类分析方法对水稻品种进行聚类,初步探讨了水稻植物学特性与甲烷排放的相关性.结果表明,早、晚稻不同水稻品种甲烷排放量与植株显著相关的指标是不同的.早稻品种植株第2节间茎秆维管束总面积、第2节间茎秆壁厚、第2节间叶鞘横切面积/节间横切面积、第2节间叶鞘气腔面积/叶鞘与茎秆横切面积之和4个指标与甲烷排放量呈显著相关关系.晚稻品种植株株高与茎秆长度、第3节间茎壁横切面积/节间横切面积、第3节间茎壁髓腔面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘横切面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘维管束面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘气腔面积/茎壁横切面积、第3节间茎秆维管束面积/茎秆横切面积8个数量指标与甲烷排放量都呈显著相关性.分别以上述相关因子为聚类指标,对早、晚稻品种进行聚类分析,都可分为甲烷排放量高、中、低3类,与实测结果吻合度分别为87.5%和90%.因此,所选指标作为水稻品种甲烷排放量等级聚类指标是可行的,为水稻品种甲烷排放量定性分析提供了实践及理论依据.本研究将为水稻品种甲烷排放量等级区分提供依据,为高产杂交稻、超级稻的育成与推广提供环境学支撑. 相似文献
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低温沼气功能菌群的选育与试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过低温定向培养,从高纬、高寒野外厌氧环境样品和冬季沼气池底泥样品中分别选育出野生低温功能菌群和沼气池低温菌群。在13℃和10℃低温条件下,野生低温菌群产气率达到0.14 m3/d.m3和0.10 m3/d.m3,但所产沼气的甲烷含量较低,只有51.0%和48.0%。同样温度下,沼气池低温菌群的产气率只有0.06 m3/d.m3和0.04 m3/d.m3,但所产沼气的甲烷含量较高,达到62%和56%。两类菌群混合发酵可显著改善产气性能,相同温度下,产气率可达到0.15 m3/d.m3和0.11 m3/d.m3,高于两类菌群单独发酵,是常温菌群的3倍以上;混合低温菌群所产沼气的甲烷含量为57.0%和52.0%,介于野生低温菌群和沼气池低温菌群之间,比常温菌群提高19.0%和16.0%。研究结果表明,混合低温菌群具有较好的低温产气性能和广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste（FW） and rice straw（RS） in continuously stirred tank reactor（CSTR） at high organic loading rate（OLR） was investigated. Co-digestion studies of FW and RS with six different mixing ratios were conducted at an initial volatile solid（VS） concentration of more than 3 g VS · L-1. The biogas production, methane contents, degradation efficiency of VS, chemical oxygen demand（COD） and volatile fatty acids（VFAs） were determined to evaluate the stability and performance of the system. The results showed that the co-digestion process had higher system stability and higher volumetric biogas production than mono-digestions. Increase in FW content in the feedstock could increase the methane yield and shorten retention time. The efficiency of co-digestion systems mainly relied on the mixing ratios of FW and RS to some extent. The highest methane yield was 60.55 m L· g V· S-1 · d-1 at a mass ratio（FW/RS） of 3 ： 1, which was 178% and 70% higher than that of mono-digestions of FW and RS, respectively. Consequently, the anaerobic co-digestion of FW and RS could have superior stability and better performance than monodigestions in higher organic loading system. 相似文献
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为了解接种率及尿素添加量对农村生活垃圾厌氧发酵产甲烷的影响,选取3个水平的接种率（0.3、0.5、1.0）和3个水平的尿素添加量（1%、3%、5%）进行农村生活垃圾厌氧发酵实验。结果表明,在相同尿素添加量的条件下,接种率（0.3~1.0）越高越有利于甲烷产生,同时挥发性脂肪酸降解速率越快;而在相同接种率的条件下,随尿素添加量（1%~5%）的增加,甲烷产量呈先升高后降低的趋势。Gompertz动力学模型拟合结果表明,在接种率为1.0、尿素添加量为3%的条件下,厌氧发酵产甲烷延滞期较短（12 d）,70 d累积甲烷产量最高（0.44 L·g-1 TS）,发酵过程未发生酸化现象。 相似文献
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营养因素对反刍动物甲烷排放影响的研究现状 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
反刍动物是甲烷的主要排放源之一,其甲烷排放量占世界甲烷排放总量的15%-25%。笔者综述了粗料类型、日粮精粗比、饲草加工处理方式、饲料添加剂及日粮营养平衡调控技术对反刍动物甲烷排放量的影响。结果表明,给动物饲喂细碎的牧草、增加日粮中的精料比例、饲料中添加适当的添加剂均可减少反刍动物的甲烷排放量。 相似文献
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以酸枣仁总皂苷含量和浸膏得率的综合评分为考察指标,通过L9(34)正交设计试验,研究影响仿生法制备酸枣仁提取物的各因素。结果表明,影响仿生法制备酸枣仁提取物的各因素大小依次为:固液比(酸枣仁生药与提取液的比例D)>搅拌时间(B)>搅拌次数(C)>转速(A)。仿生法制备酸枣仁提取物的最佳工艺条件为:固液比1:10,搅拌提取两次,每次搅拌时间10min,搅拌转数125r/min。 相似文献
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将膨胀烟丝与某品牌正常生产切丝后烟丝,分别按计算好的不同比例混合均匀后,应用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术采集混合烟丝的近红外光谱,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立预测膨胀烟丝与片烟烟丝掺配比例值的近红外模型,其相关系数是0.993 0,并进行了准确性和精密度试验。试验表明,FT-NIR光谱法可以很好地应用于膨胀烟丝与片烟烟丝掺配比例的快速检测,以监控制丝过程中膨胀烟丝与片烟烟丝的掺配均匀性。 相似文献
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为研究水肥一体化技术中的水肥混合特性,以流体力学中的两相流理论为基础,针对水肥混合过程中混合时间、混合区间长度、流速及管径对其混合效果的影响进行相应的数值模拟研究。结果表明,混合时间及混合区间长度越长有利于提高水肥混合效果及最终水肥混合均匀性;水肥流速比较低时管内水肥混合的均匀性较好,且水肥流速越大则其混合效果及均匀性越好;水肥流速较低时输水管及输肥管的管径比对水肥混合均匀性的影响较大,两者管径比越小则混合效果越好,随着流速的提高两者管径比对其混合效果的影响逐渐减弱。 相似文献
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研究了法国梧桐树落叶在中温(35℃)条件下与厨余垃圾、牛粪混合厌氧发酵产沼气的特性。固定发酵液C/N为25~30、落叶质量含量为16.7%,落叶:厨余垃圾:牛粪的质量比分别为:1∶2∶3、1∶3∶2,发酵液总固体物(TS)质量分数分别为2%、4%和6%。采用批式发酵,研究了发酵过程中pH值、日产气量和甲烷含量等参数的变化情况,得到了混合底物在不同厌氧消化条件下的产沼气特性。结果表明,落叶:厨余垃圾:牛粪质量比为1∶3∶2,TS为4%时,3种原料混合厌氧发酵效果最好。其甲烷产率达201.8 mL·g~(-1),甲烷平均含量达45.3%,发酵周期为59 d。 相似文献
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Tyler GL Sweetnam DN Anderson JD Borutzki SE Campbell JK Eshleman VR Gresh DL Gurrola EM Hinson DP Kawashima N Kursinski ER Levy GS Lindal GF Lyons JR Marouf EA Rosen PA Simpson RA Wood GE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,246(4936):1466-1473
The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptune system included radio science investigations of the masses and densities of Neptune and Triton, the low-order gravitational harmonics of Neptune, the vertical structures of the atmospheres and ionospheres of Neptune and Triton, the composition of the atmosphere of Neptune, and characteristics of ring material. Demanding experimental requirements were met successfully, and study of the large store of collected data has begun. The initial search of the data revealed no detectable effects of ring material with optical depth tau [unknown] 0.01. Preliminary representative results include the following: 1.0243 x 10(26) and 2.141 x 10(22) kilograms for the masses of Neptune and Triton; 1640 and 2054 kilograms per cubic meter for their respective densities; 1355 +/- 7 kilometers, provisionally, for the radius of Triton; and J(2) = 3411 +/- 10(x 10(-6)) and J(4) = -26(+12)(-20)(x10(-6)) for Neptune's gravity field (J>(2) and J(4) are harmonic coefficients of the gravity field). The equatorial and polar radii of Neptune are 24,764 +/- 20 and 24,340 +/- 30 kllometers, respectively, at the 10(5)-pascal (1 bar) pressure level. Neptune's atmosphere was probed to a pressure level of about 5 x 10(5) pascals, and effects of a methane cloud region and probable ammonia absorption below the cloud are evident in the data. Results for the mixing ratios of helium and ammonia are still being investigated; the methane abundance below the clouds is at least 1 percent by volume. Derived temperature-pressure profiles to 1.2 x 10(5) pascals and 78 kelvins (K) show a lapse rate corresponding to "frozen" equilibrium of the para- and ortho-hydrogen states. Neptune's ionosphere exhibits an extended topside at a temperature of 950 +/- 160 K if H(+) is the dominant ion, and narrow ionization layers of the type previously seen at the other three giant planets. Triton has a dense ionosphere with a peak electron concentration of 46 x 10(9) per cubic meter at an altitude of 340 kilometers measured during occultation egress. Its topside plasma temperature is about 80 +/- 16 K if N(2)(+) is the principal ion. The tenuous neutral atmosphere of Triton produced distinct signatures in the occultation data; however, the accuracy of the measurements is limited by uncertainties in the frequency of the spacecraft reference oscillator. Preliminary values for the surface pressure of 1.6 +/- 0.3 pascals and an equivalent isothermal temperature of 48 +/- 5 K are suggested, on the assumption that molecular nitrogen dominates the atmosphere. The radio data may be showing the effects of a thermal inversion near the surface; this and other evidence imply that the Triton atmosphere is controlled by vapor-pressure equilibrium with surface ices, at a temperature of 38 K and a methane mixing ratio of about 10(-4). 相似文献
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探讨了沼气作为农用内燃机替代燃料的适应性，分析了压缩比、点火提前角及甲烷含量对内燃机工作性能的影响，得到了甲烷含量为６５％时的最佳结构参数，压缩比为１６，最佳点火提前角为３０°，这对于自然发酵的沼气（甲烷含量通常在６０～８０％之间），也是相适应的． 相似文献
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Seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of biogenic methane in a coastal sediment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Systematic seasonal variations in the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane gas occur in the anoxic sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, a lagoonal basin on North Carolina's Outer Banks. Values for the carbon isotope ratio (delta 13C) of methane range from -57.3 per mil during summer to -68.5 per mil during winter in gas bubbles with an average methane content of 95%. The variations are hypothesized to result from changes in the pathways of microbial methane production and cycling of key substrates including acetate and hydrogen. The use of stable isotopic signatures to investigate the global methane cycle through mass balance calculations, involving various sediment and soil biogenic sources, appears to require seasonally averaged data from individual sites. 相似文献