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1.
Acquired incarcerated inguinal hernia: a review of 13 horses   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
The case records of 13 horses with acquired incarcerated inguinal hernia in January-August 1983, were reviewed. Nine cases were in stallions. The remaining four involved eventration 5-48 hours following castration. Ages ranged from 1-17 years. Horses showed a variable degree of colic. Bowel was felt to pass through the internal inguinal ring on rectal examination in most cases. The physical features of the scrotum varied considerably. Resection of ischemic jejunum and/or ileum was necessary in three horses. Two horses were euthanized at surgery (one with bilateral ischemic jejunum, one with bowel perforation), and a further horse on day 16 postsurgery following development of multiple adhesions. All stallions were castrated. Follow-up for 6-24 months (mean 12.7) disclosed that all ten discharged horses were alive and healthy (recovery rate 77%).  相似文献   

2.
The medical records of 468 horses that underwent 490 exploratory laparotomies for the correction of gastrointestinal diseases were reviewed to search for differences between Andalusian horses and other breeds. The seasonal distribution of surgical colics and their outcome and complications were also investigated. Bivariant analysis was used to compare the horses' age, gender and breed with the type of surgery, the bowel affected and the type of colic, and all these variables were compared in relation to euthanasia during surgery, complications, short-term survival and seasonal distribution. A total of 405 horses survived the surgery and 329 were discharged from the hospital. Horses less than one year old had better short-term survival than older horses. Andalusian horses suffered more inguinal hernias than the other breeds and were more prone to suffer laminitis as a complication. Colic surgery and inguinal hernias were also more common in the summer.  相似文献   

3.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Few studies have evaluated long-term survival and complication rates in horses following surgical treatment of colic, making it difficult to offer realistic advice concerning long-term prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To review the complications occurring after discharge from hospital and survival to >12 months after surgery of 300 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for acute colic. Pre-, intra- and post operative factors that affected long-term complications and long-term survival were assessed. METHODS: History, clinical findings, surgical findings and procedures and post operative treatments of 300 consecutive surgical colic cases (1994-2001) were reviewed. Long-term follow-up information was retrieved from case records and telephone enquiries from owners. RESULTS: The long-term (>12 months) survival rate for 204 horses discharged after colic surgery and for which follow-up information was available was 84%. The most common complication after discharge was colic, affecting 35.1% of horses following a single laparotomy. Colic was most common in horses that had had small intestinal obstructions, bowel resection or post operative ileus. Abdominal adhesions were most common in horses that presented with severe colic due to strangulation of small intestine. Ventral hernia formation occurred in 8% of horses, and was most common in horses that had had post operative wound drainage or infection. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified various factors that appear to predispose horses to long-term complications after colic surgery. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Further evaluation of strategies that might reduce the incidence of such complications are needed; in particular, the value of intraperitoneal heparin should be evaluated, and procedures designed to reduce the rates of wound drainage and infection assessed.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: A retrospective review of the medical records of 41 horses requiring abdominal surgery for sand colic. RESULTS: The diagnosis of sand colic was made when sand was found to be the cause of impaction of the gastrointestinal tract during surgical exploration. The most common clinical signs at presentation were abdominal pain, abdominal distension and diarrhoea. A statistically significant association was found between the respiratory rate on arrival and short-term survival. Sand impaction at multiple locations was detected in one-third of the horses. Concurrent pathology was detected in half of the horses. Four horses were euthanased during surgery; of those that recovered from surgery, 35/37 (95%) were discharged from hospital. Short- and long-term complications were similar to those previously reported. Long-term (1 year) survival of the horses discharged was 100%. CONCLUSION: The good prognosis for horses undergoing surgery for the treatment of sand impaction supports early surgical intervention in cases where large amounts of sand are suspected.  相似文献   

5.
Complications associated with equine castration are the most common cause of malpractice claims against equine practitioners in North America. An understanding of the embryological development and surgical anatomy is essential to differentiate abnormal from normal structures and to minimise complications. Castration of the normal horse can be performed using sedation and regional anaesthesia while the horse is standing, or under general anaesthesia when it is recumbent. Castration of cryptorchid horses is best performed under general anaesthesia at a surgical facility. Techniques for castration include open, closed and half-closed techniques. Failure of left and right testicles to descend occurs with nearly equal frequency, however, the left testicle is found in the abdomen in 75% of cryptorchid horses compared to 42% of right testicles. Bilateral cryptorchid and monorchid horses are uncommon. Surgical approaches described for the castration of cryptorchid horses include an inguinal approach with or without retrieval of the scrotal ligament, a parainguinal approach, or less commonly a suprapubic paramedian or flank approach. Laparoscopic castration of cryptorchid horses has recently been described but the technique has limited application in practice at this time. A definitive diagnosis of monorchidism can only be made after surgical exploration of the abdomen, removal of the normal testis and hormonal testing. Hormonal assays reported to be useful include analysis of basal plasma or serum testosterone or oestrone sulphate concentrations, testosterone concentrations following hCG stimulation, and faecal oestrone sulphate concentrations. Reported complications of castration include postoperative swelling, excessive haemorrhage, eventration, funiculitis, peritonitis, hydrocele, penile damage and continued stallion-like behaviour.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heavy (> or = 680 kg [> or = 1,500 lb]) draft horses undergoing surgical treatment for acute signs of abdominal pain were at a greater risk for anesthetic and postoperative complications and lower postoperative survival rates than light (< 680 kg) draft horses. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 72 draft horses. PROCEDURES: Medical records of draft horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for signs of acute abdominal pain from October 1983 to December 2002 were reviewed. Medical records of draft horses in which a celiotomy was performed for correction of reproductive abnormalities were not included in the study. RESULTS: When compared with light draft horses, heavy draft horses had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and lower survival rates. Seventy-six percent of horses that recovered from anesthesia had postoperative complications. Postoperative complications associated with low survival rates included myopathy and neuropathy, ileus, diarrhea, and endotoxemia. All horses with postoperative myopathy and neuropathy died or were euthanized. The short-term survival rate for horses that recovered from anesthesia was 60%. Horses undergoing small intestinal surgery had a worse prognosis for short-term survival than those undergoing large intestinal surgery. The survival rate for horses for which long-term (> 1 year) follow-up information was available was 50%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Draft horses weighing > 680 kg that underwent surgery because of acute signs of abdominal pain had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and higher mortality rates than draft horses weighing < 680 kg.  相似文献   

7.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Early (acute) relaparotomy after surgery for equine colic is widely considered to be an acceptable treatment option for management of certain post operative complications. However, there is relatively little published information about resulting complication rates and short- and long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To document the proportions, indications, complication rates and survival rates of horses undergoing acute relaparatomy following colic surgery. METHODS: History, clinical findings, surgical findings and procedures, post operative treatments and outcome of 300 consecutive surgical colic cases (1994-2001) were reviewed. Long-term follow-up information was retrieved from case records and telephone enquiries from owners. RESULTS: Acute relaparotomy was performed in 27/254 horses (10.6%) that recovered from initial general anaesthesia. The indications for relaparotomy included persistent pain, persistent ileus, peritonitis and wound breakdown. Of these 27 horses, 21 (77.8%) recovered from the second surgery, of which 8 (29.6%) died during the immediate post operative period. Thirteen of the 27 horses (48.2%) were discharged. Of these 13 horses, 5 (38.5%) were re-admitted to the hospital for surgical treatment of a subsequent bout of colic. The long-term survival rate for the 27 horses that underwent relaparotomy was 22.2%. Colic following discharge after relaparotomy was recorded in 69.2% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Relaparotomy is necessary in approximately 10% of horses undergoing surgery for acute colic. Persistent pain and post operative ileus were the most common indications. The short-term survival rate for horses requiring relaparotomy was approximately 50% and the long-term survival rate 22%. Nearly 40% of horses surviving relaparotomy developed episodes of acute colic that necessitated further surgery. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Owners of horses requiring early (acute) relaparotomy should be advised of the high complication rates for this procedure.  相似文献   

8.
Reasons for performing study: If untreated, caecal impaction may progress to rupture of the caecum and reports of long‐term outcome for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction are required. Objectives: To describe short‐ and long‐term complication rates for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction in an otherwise life‐threatening gastrointestinal condition. Methods: Case records were reviewed for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction. Horses were included in the study if an abnormally large, fluid‐distended or feed‐impacted caecum was the primary diagnosis at surgery and excluded if the caecum had already ruptured upon opening the abdomen, necessitating euthanasia. Short‐term follow‐up data were obtained from clinical records; and included complications, repeat celiotomy and survival to discharge. Long‐term survival was defined as survival for >1 year post operatively. Long‐term follow‐up data were obtained through telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinary surgeons. Survival, occurrence of post operative colic and subsequent use of the horse were recorded. Results: Twenty horses underwent surgery for caecal impaction: 16 horses underwent caecal bypass (typhlotomy and removal of caecal contents, ileal transection followed by ileocolostomy); 3 underwent typhlotomy alone; and one horse underwent typhlotomy followed by a second procedure where caecal bypass was performed. Five horses (25%) were admitted for colic evaluation with primary caecal impactions, in 10/20 (50%) of cases the impaction was secondary to previous orthopaedic surgery and in 5/20 (25%) caecal impaction was identified at repeat celiotomy following a previous colic surgery. Sixty‐five percent (13/20) of horses survived to discharge; 11/13 (85%) of horses discharged survived long term; 100% (3/3) horses that received typhlotomy alone were discharged and survived long term. Conclusions: The prognosis following caecal impaction surgery is fair, if the horse survives to discharge then prognosis for long‐term survival is good. Potential relevance: Surgery for caecal impaction carries a fair prognosis for a potentially life threatening disease, in particular where caecal dysfunction is suspected.  相似文献   

9.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Few studies have assessed short- and long-term complication rates of horses following surgical treatment of colic, a potentially fatal condition. Complications can lead to patient discomfort and increased costs; knowledge of predisposing factors may help to reduce complication rates. OBJECTIVES: To document and analyse short-term complications in 300 horses undergoing colic surgery, and to assess some of the possible predisposing factors. METHODS: History, clinical findings, surgical findings and procedures, and post operative treatments of 300 consecutive surgical colic cases (1994-2001) were reviewed. Comparisons among groups of discrete data were made using chi-squared or Student's t tests as appropriate. RESULTS: Short-term complications in 227 horses following a single laparotomy included colic/pain (28.2%), incisional drainage or infection (26.9%), post operative ileus (13.7%), severe endotoxaemic shock (12.3%), jugular thrombophlebitis (7.5%), septic peritonitis (3.1%) and colitis/diarrhoea (2.2%). Horses with small bowel obstruction had a higher rate of post operative ileus than those with large bowel obstruction. Rates of post operative pain and shock were higher in horses with small colon rather than large colon obstruction, and in those that had an ischaemic rather than a simple obstruction. The rate of wound complications increased with increasing total plasma protein concentration at admission. Horses that had a repeat laparotomy had a higher rate of wound complications compared to those that had a single laparotomy. Application of a stent bandage was associated with a higher rate of wound complications than if no stent was applied; however, application of an incise drape over the wound for recovery was associated with a lower rate of wound complications than for horses that had no protective covering of the wound. CONCLUSIONS: The most common short-term post operative complications following colic surgery were pain, incisional drainage, ileus, endotoxaemiac shock and jugular thrombophlebitis. Some factors that appeared to predispose to these complications were identified. Although many of these factors related to the underlying disease process, a number of factors, including surgical techniques, were identified that might be amenable to modification. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Prospective studies to assess the effects of modifying these factors on survival rates should be performed.  相似文献   

10.
Our objective was to compare survival and complication rates of horses undergoing pelvic flexure enterotomy closure with a TA-90 stapler to those with hand-sewn closure. Medical records of horses undergoing pelvic flexure enterotomy between 2001 and 2008 were reviewed. History, clinical signs, surgical findings, surgical techniques, and post-operative complications were recorded. Long-term outcome was established by telephone questionnaire. Of 84 pelvic flexure enterotomies performed, 70 were stapled and 14 were hand-sewn. Seventy-seven horses survived to discharge (91.7%). There were no significant associations between survival and closure technique (P = 0.69). Follow-up was available for 54 horses; 50 survived long-term (93.0%). No statistical significance was identified between long-term survival and closure method (P = 0.39). Forty horses went on to athletic performance (80.0%). TA-90 stapled closure of pelvic flexure enterotomies is a safe technique resulting in survival and complication rates equivalent to those of hand-sewn closure.  相似文献   

11.
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy has provided the surgeon with an easy, efficient means of locating and castrating abdominally retained testes without the complications associated with routine open approaches. It is especially useful when the horse's castration history is unknown, or if previous attempts at cryptorchid castration have been made. With the direct visualization that laparoscopy provides, surgeons are able to visualize both vaginal rings for presence of intra abdominal and inguinal testis in addition to testicular remnants and adhesion formation from previous surgical manipulations. Furthermore, because it is minimally invasive, laparoscopy shortens patient confinement time and reduces postoperative complications such as eventration. With experience, it is a technically easy procedure and can safely be performed on anesthetized or standing sedated horses.  相似文献   

12.
Granulosa cell tumour (GCT) is reported to be the most common ovarian neoplasm in the mare. A multicentre retrospective study evaluating the medical records of horses undergoing ovariectomy for treatment of a GCT was undertaken, documenting the presenting clinicopathological features, treatment and outcome. Follow‐up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire. Fifty‐two mares were included. Most presented with behavioural/reproductive abnormalities, including stallion‐like behaviour (50%), aggression (31%), prolonged oestrus or nymphomania (19%), and persistent anoestrus (8%). Most (93%) affected ovaries had a multilocular appearance when examined ultrasonographically. Only 60% of horses with histopathologically confirmed GCTs demonstrated elevations in serum inhibin concentrations. Twenty‐five percent of horses had histopathologically confirmed bilateral GCTs. Ninety‐four percent of horses that underwent ovariectomy were discharged from the hospital. Standing laparoscopic ovariectomies had a lower complication rate (34%) than other surgical methods. Long‐term complications were uncommon (11%). In conclusion, histopathologically confirmed GCTs can occur in the presence of normal serum inhibin concentrations. The high prevalence of bilateral GCTs indicates that thorough evaluation of the contralateral ovary is necessary. Surgical ovariectomy for treatment of GCTs has favourable short‐ and long‐term outcomes. Standing laparoscopic ovariectomy may be associated with a lower complication rate than other surgical methods.  相似文献   

13.
A retrospective study was performed of 181 horses that underwent an exploratory celiotomy because of acute abdominal disease. Forty-four horses died or were euthanized during surgery. Of the 137 horses that recovered from anesthesia, 72 died of associated diseases or complications, 86 were discharged from the hospital of which 60 survived at least 7 months. Horses with disorders affecting the small intestine had a significantly lower survival rate. Causes of death early in the postoperative period included long bone fracture, shock, ileus, gastric rupture, and peritonitis. After discharge from the hospital, deaths were attributed to colic of unknown cause, malabsorption syndrome, adhesive small bowel obstruction, small and large intestinal volvulus, perforated bowel, and laminitis. Of the 60 horses that were alive at the time of survey, 93.3% had returned to their previous use. A second occurrence of the initial acute abdominal disease was not documented in any horse.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the historical data, signalment, clinical signs, results of laboratory analyses, treatment, and outcome of horses with small intestinal (SI) volvulus. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: One hundred and fifteen client-owned horses, aged 1 month to 21 years. METHODS: Clinical signs, laboratory data, surgical or necropsy findings, and outcome for horses with SI volvulus were obtained from medical records, identified by computer search and manual review. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in signalment between cases and the hospital population. Seventy-four percent of horses were >/=3 years. There were considerable variations in clinical signs on admission; high heart rate and signs of severe pain were not consistent features. Examination per rectum identified distended small intestine in only 69% of horses. One hundred horses had surgery, and small intestine resection was performed in 25. Eighty-four horses were recovered from surgery, and 67 horses survived to hospital discharge (80% of horses recovered from surgery, 58% of 115 horses). Forty-eight percent that were ultimately discharged had a post-operative complication and these horses had a longer average stay than horses with no complication (11 days versus 8.9 days). CONCLUSIONS: We identified 115 horses with primary SI volvulus over a 12-year period. We found that the population of horses with this lesion was older than has previously been reported and that the prognosis for post-operative survival to hospital discharge is good (80%). Post-operative complications were common, and affected approximately half the horses that were ultimately discharged from the hospital. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This information may aid diagnosis and prognosis and guide decision making for horses with this condition.  相似文献   

15.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: It has been suggested that the rate of post operative abdominal adhesions in miniature horses is higher than that for other breeds. However, few reports exist in the veterinary literature describing complications and long-term survival following surgical treatment of colic in these horses. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of surgical lesions in miniature horses with acute abdominal disease in terms of clinical signs, surgical management, post operative treatment and complications, as well as short- and long-term survival. METHODS: Medical records of 57 American Miniature Horses undergoing surgical treatment for acute abdominal pain at the Michigan State University Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital 1993-2006 were evaluated for clinical information. Owners and trainers were contacted to gain information regarding long-term survival. RESULTS: The most common surgical lesion was a faecalith (38/57 cases) located primarily within the descending colon and most frequently diagnosed in horses age <6 months (19/38 cases). Short-term survival to hospital discharge for horses recovered from anaesthesia was 98% (55/56) with the most common post operative complications being diarrhoea and inappetance. Intra-abdominal adhesions were identified in 2/8 horses requiring a second celiotomy. Long-term follow-up was available for 45 horses and 87% (39/45) were alive at least 12 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: As previously reported, faecalith obstruction is a frequent surgical lesion in the miniature horse and is most common in miniature horses age <6 months. The incidence of adhesion formation may be lower than previously reported.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and surgical abnormalities in, and long-term outcome of, horses that undergo surgery because of colic secondary to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 11 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of horses that had undergone abdominal surgery and in which IBD had been diagnosed on the basis of histologic examination of intestinal biopsy specimens were reviewed. RESULTS: 5 horses were examined because of acute colic and 6 were examined because of chronic colic. At surgery, all 11 horses had edematous or hemorrhagic bowel segments suggestive of IBD. In addition, 6 horses had circumferential mural bands (CMB) causing constriction of the small (4 horses) or large (2) intestine. Intestinal resections were performed in 7 horses. All 11 horses survived surgery and were discharged from the hospital; 10 horses were still alive at the time of follow-up (1.5 to 7 years after surgery). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that IBD is an uncommon cause of colic in horses. Surgical resection of segments of intestine with constrictive CMB may relieve clinical signs of colic. Horses with IBD that had surgery had a good prognosis for long-term survival.  相似文献   

17.
The clinical features of 71 cases in 70 horses in which part of the small intestine became entrapped in the epiploic foramen are described. The horses' sex, age and breed, the month during which they were affected, and whether they exhibited stereotypic behaviour were compared with the same variables in 1279 horses which suffered other types of surgical colic during the same period. Thoroughbred and thoroughbred cross horses were over-represented among the 70 affected horses. There was no age or sex predilection. Fifty-five (77.5 per cent) of the cases occurred between October and March and 15 (21.1 per cent) occurred in January. The cases were significantly more likely to have a history of crib-biting/windsucking than the control group (odds ratio 7.9, 95 per cent confidence interval 4.1 to 15.3). The condition had recurred in two of the horses. Fifty-eight (81.7 per cent) recovered from surgery and 49 (69 per cent) survived until they were discharged from hospital. The median survival time of 31 of the affected horses discharged from the hospital was 700 days, whereas 417 horses with other types of surgical colic had a median survival time in excess of 1931 days.  相似文献   

18.
Reasons for performing study: Complications associated with equine castration can have medical and financial consequences. This retrospective study investigated a novel method of castration via an inguinal approach in mature stallions and compared the incidence of complications with other methods. Hypothesis: Castration via an inguinal approach has a low complication rate at the site of surgery compared with other castration techniques. Methods: Mature stallions (n = 238) were castrated under general anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency using an inguinal approach. The vaginal process was incised, the spermatic cord ligated twice and the testis removed. After suturing, the vaginal process and one or 2 layers of fascia, the subcutis and cutis were closed in a simple continuous pattern. Results: Five of 238 (2.1%) horses had post operative haemorrhage and a haematoma in the scrotal region, which required additional treatment. All horses made a full recovery. Five of 238 (2.1%) of the horses had a post operative respiratory infection, which resolved with antibiotic therapy. Sixteen of 238 (8.8%) had transient signs of colic shortly after surgery. Conclusion: This technique of castration with an inguinal approach had a low incidence of complications at the site of surgery compared with other methods. An inguinal approach and leaving the vaginal tunic in situ may cause less soft tissue trauma than a scrotal approach.  相似文献   

19.
Sepsis of the calcaneal bursae (CB) presents significant treatment challenges with limited clinical data available in the literature. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the clinical outcomes associated with CB lavage using either a through-and-through needle or bursoscopic technique. Clinical records of 29 horses treated for septic calcaneal bursitis using either technique between 2005 and 2019 were reviewed. Fisher’s exact test was used to assess statistical significance between first surgical technique and success at first surgery (i.e. not requiring >1 lavage), survival to discharge and return to work (RTW). Bursoscopy was performed in 13/29 (44.8%) cases, and needle lavage in 16/29 (55.2%). In the needle group, 12 (75%) horses were discharged following the first surgery. Four had repeat interventions; two (12.5%) had needle lavage and two (12.5%) had bursoscopy. Of the two horses to have repeat needle lavage, one was subjected to euthanasia and one discharged, and of the two that underwent bursoscopy, one was discharged and one received a third bursoscopy prior to discharge. In the bursoscopy group, seven (53.8%) were discharged and three (23.1%) were subjected to euthanasia following the first surgery. Three (23.1%) received a second bursoscopic lavage with one discharged, one subjected to euthanasia and one having a third bursoscopic lavage prior to discharge. Overall, 18/24 (75%) followed up cases RTW, 10 (55.5%) from the needle group, eight (44.4%) the bursoscopy group. No statistically significant differences between first surgical technique used and success at first surgery (no subsequent lavage(s) required), survival to discharge or return to work were detected. The main limitations of this study are that it is a retrospective study, has a small population with limited statistical power and potential selection bias. No statistically significant differences existed between the outcomes of the two techniques, contrary to the belief that bursoscopic lavage is superior. Larger, multicentred studies, with greater statistical power are required to further assess this relationship.  相似文献   

20.
Reasons for performing study: Large colon resection and anastomosis (LCRA) is the most aggressive method of surgical management of a colon with questionable viability. Currently, published studies are comprised mostly of broodmares and discuss short‐term survival. Objectives: To determine the prognosis for survival after LCRA in a diverse population of horses, report the incidence of post operative complications, and determine if associations between analysed variables and survival rate exist. Methods: The medical records of 52 horses that underwent LCRA were evaluated. Data were used to identify univariable associations with survival as well as complications related to LCRA. Chi‐square, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval, Mann‐Whitney or Kruskal‐Wallis tests were used, with significance set at P<0.05. Results: Forty‐four horses (84.6%) survived anaesthesia and recovery, 30 (57.7%) survived to be discharged from the hospital. Of the variables analysed, heart rate 24 h after recovery was significantly associated with mortality, as were endotoxaemia, ileus and peritonitis experienced post operatively. Conclusions: Heart rate 24 h after recovery may be a more reliable prognostic indicator than other analysed variables. Survival rate and complications after LCRA were similar to those previously reported. Potential relevance: By reporting on LCRA in a diverse group of horses, referral clinics with similar populations may have a better understanding of prognosis and complications associated with the procedure. When a colon with questionable viability is removed, waiting until 24 h after recovery may be advised to allow for a more informed decision regarding prognosis.  相似文献   

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