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1.
The pH change in 40 ml of buffer caused by 20 g dry soil may be multiplied by 5600 to provide the lime requirement of mud in a fish pond. The buffer contains 10 g p-nitrophenol, 7.5 g boric acid, 37 g potassium chloride, and 5.25 g potassium hydroxide dissolved and diluted to 1000 ml with distilled water; the buffer pH is adjusted to 8.00.  相似文献   

2.
Year class strength of many fishes often is determined by survival through the first winter. Increased fat reserves improve survival and overall cohort success. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) methods are established for estimating proximate composition of adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), but none have been developed for early life stages. Small‐fish BIA would provide information about age‐0 percent dry weight, a proxy for fat reserves, allowing for better prediction of cohort success. The objective of this study was to develop BIA methods that provide reliable estimates of percent dry weight for age‐0 brook trout. BIA measurements were taken at seven anatomical locations from 48 to 115 mm fish. A model developed using BIA measures taken by subdermal needle electrodes precisely predicted percent dry weight (best model, RMSE = 1.03, R2 = 0.86). Although lacking support, as determined by information theoretical analysis, BIA measured with non‐invasive external rod electrodes also precisely predicted percent dry weight (RMSE = 1.09, R2 = 0.85). Models developed using two electrode locations performed better than models developed with only one location. For small brook trout, a dorsal to ventral pre‐dorsal fin electrode location should be used in conjunction with a dorsal total length location when measuring BIA to predict percent dry weight.  相似文献   

3.
Most shrimp farmers in Chantaburi Province, Thailand, use water jets to dislodge sediment from empty pond bottoms, and wastewater is held for sedimentation before discharge into natural waters. Other pond bottom management practices used by a few farmers are sediment excavation, leave sediment but till entire pond bottom, and no mechanical treatment. All four methods of pond bottom treatment are followed by sun drying for 30 d. Soil organic carbon concentration in ponds following dry‐out seldom exceeded 2%. Although shrimp production in 24 ponds supplied by the same source of water was negatively correlated with increasing soil organic carbon concentration (r = ?0.582), this observation does not confirm a causative relationship. Moreover, in trials conducted at Burapha University, Chantaburi Campus, bottom soil organic matter concentration following dry‐out differed little irrespective of treatment method. Lower soil moisture concentration revealed that dry‐out was more complete with sediment removal than without, but better dry‐out resulted in lower soil pH. Removal of sediment by excavation or flushing is expensive, and natural dry‐out combined with liming and occasional sediment removal should be investigated as a less expensive and more environment‐friendly alternative to removing sediment after each crop.  相似文献   

4.
Protein isolates from hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed shrimp waste were prepared using the pH shift method. The conditions for protein isolation from unhydrolyzed shrimp waste by the pH shift method were standardized with respect to waste to distilled water ratio (1:2.5, 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10 w/v) and the alkaline pH (9.0, 10.0, and 11.0) to which the waste was to be adjusted before protein precipitation for higher yield of protein isolate. The yield of precipitate with waste to distilled water ratio of 1:2.5 (17.3 ± 0.9) was lower (p < 0.05) compared to the other three dilutions. The pH to which the waste is adjusted before precipitating the proteins at pH 4.5 had no effect (p > 0.05) on the yield. The antioxidant activity of the protein isolate obtained by the pH shift method from unhydrolyzed waste was compared with that obtained from the waste hydrolyzed with Alcalase®. The DPPH scavenging activity of protein isolate after enzyme hydrolysis was significantly higher than that of protein isolate from unhydrolyzed waste. With respect to recovery of total antioxidant activity, protein isolation from unhydrolyzed waste was superior to hydrolyzed waste due to higher yield.  相似文献   

5.
Samples of agricultural limestone were obtained from quarries in the USA as follows: Talking Rock, GA; Whitestone, GA; Austinville, VA; Bonham, TX; and Thomasville, PA, referred as GA‐1, GA‐2, VA, TX and PA respectively. The limestone products were tested initially for non‐equilibrium pH, concentrations of calcium and magnesium, neutralizing value (NV) and fineness rate. Laboratory solubility test of the products was conducted in which pH, specific conductance (SC), total alkalinity (TA), total and calcium hardness were measured weekly for 9 weeks. It was found that the agricultural limestone samples had comparable chemical compositions, that is NV (97–108%), Ca (19.8–32.1%), Mg (3.2–12.2%), pH of slurry (8.1–9.7), but somewhat different solubilities in water. Total alkalinity concentrations at equilibrium ranged from 30 to 60 mg L?1. It was possible to quickly estimate the relative solubility of different agricultural limestone samples by comparing their specific conductance under standardized conditions (2.0 g samples w/0.15–0.25 mm fineness; 3.5 L distilled water; 24 h). This procedure might be helpful in achieving better results when liming aquaculture ponds, that is choosing the agricultural limestones with the highest solubilities in water.  相似文献   

6.
The dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, is an important fish in South American river basins. The fish‐farming potential and concerns for its conservation in watersheds has stimulated studies with this species. This study compared the effect of different dilutions of two cryoprotectant solutions on the quality of cryopreserved dourado sperm (duration of motility/motility rate) post‐thawing using three different activating solutions. The cryoprotectant solution ACP‐104 was compared with the cryoprotectant solution most commonly used for dourado, which consists of a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide, glucose, egg yolk, and distilled water. The semen was mixed following dilutions of semen : cryoprotectant solution: 1:3, 1:9, 1:15, 1:21, and 1:27. The cryopreserved samples were activated using distilled water, 0.45% NaCl or 1% NaHCO3. The results showed differences in thawed semen using the different activating solutions and cryoprotectant solutions. The glucose‐based cryoprotectant not only resulted in sperm motility equal to or better than that produced by ACP‐104, but the quality was not affected by the dilution. However, the sperm quality improved with increasing dilutions for ACP‐104. Under the conditions tested, the standard cryoprotectant solution is recommended for the cryopreservation of dourado semen because it requires a lower solution volume and, therefore, reduced storage space for the same volume of semen.  相似文献   

7.
Forty-five soil samples were collected from aquaculture areas in 23 provinces of Thailand to include six soil orders and wide variation in physical and chemical properties. Soil-water microcosms were prepared containing 5 g of soil and 150 mL of distilled water. Microcosms were held on an oscillating table shaker (150 rpm) for 1 wk at 25 C in the dark. Water pH and concentrations of dissolved nutrients, total alkalinity, and total hardness were measured. Differences in properties within soil orders caused wide variation in composition of solutions and differences in concentrations of dissolved substances and pH were not related to soil order. Regression analyses revealed significant correlations between concentrations of soil nutrients extractable in dilute acid (0.05 N HCI plus O.025 N H2SO4) or in neutral, 1 N ammonium acetate and aqueous concentrations. Regression coefficients usually were higher for dilute-acid extractable nutrients than for ammonium acetate extractable ones. Regression coeficients based on dilute-acid extractable nutrients follow: soluble reactive phosphorus ( r = 0.816); calcium ( r = 0.685); magnesium ( r = 0.470); potassium ( r = 0.959); sodium ( r = 0.977); manganese ( r = 0.462); boron ( r = 0.399). The correlation between soil and solution iron was not significant and aqueous concentrations of copper and zinc were below detection limit. Hardness was correlated with soil carbon ( r = 0.710) and soil pH was a good predictor of alkalinity ( r = 0.877). Soil pH and aqueous pH were highly correlated (r = 0.939). Findings suggest that soil characteristics can be used to predict pH and concentrations of several dissolved substances in soil-water systems under aerobic conditions.  相似文献   

8.
Changes in water parameters were studied in a yard experiment for 7 weeks after application of cow dung at 20, 50 and 100 t ha?1, poultry manure at 4, 10 and 20 t ha?1, feed mixture (groundnut oil cake and rice bran at 1:1) at 10, 20 and 30 t ha?1 and inorganic fertilizers at 100 kg urea+50 kg single super phosphate (SSP) ha?1, twice this dose (2x ha?1) and thrice this dose (3x ha?1). To study the role of soil in the mineralization process, each treatment was divided into two groups – one with and the other without soil substrate. Higher degree of changes in water parameters was observed at higher input levels. Both organic amendment and inorganic fertilization caused significant reduction (P<0.05) in dissolved oxygen and increase in free CO2, dissolved organic matter, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus contents of water. Organic inputs significantly decreased (P<0.05) water pH and increased total alkalinity and hardness. In contrast, inorganic fertilization caused a significant increase in pH; alkalinity and hardness increased significantly in the presence of soil, but reduced in its absence. In organic input, presence of soil substrate caused significantly lower value of pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic matter and phosphate‐phosphorus and significantly higher free CO2, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents, compared with those in the absence of soil, revealing enhanced microbial mineralization in the presence of soil.  相似文献   

9.
We report the results of survival and growth in size and dry mass of spat of the Caribbean pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata cultivated under outdoor (field culture) and indoor (Laboratory) conditions. Field group fed on environmental seston. Laboratory groups were fed with mono, binary and ternary mixtures of three cultivated algae: Isochrysis galbana (Ig), Tetraselmis chuii (Ig) and the Chaetoceros sp. (Ch‐A, isolated from north‐eastern Venezuela). After 30 days of trial, fatty acid profiles of spat were determined along with growth in length and height shell, adductor muscle and soft tissue dry mass. During the field grow‐out phase (field culture), samplings were performed at days 1, 15 and 30 to measure environmental variables of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), dissolved oxygen, seston, temperature and salinity. A significant increase in size and soft tissue mass occurred in spat fed the diets including the tropical diatom (Chaetoceros sp.). In contrast, monoalgal diets of Tc and Ig yielded no significant differences in size and mass of spat, compared with the field culture. These results suggest that nutritional requirements of cultivated spat for specific fatty acids of physiological importance for marine bivalves, such as: 16:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:2n‐6, 20:4n‐6, 18:3n‐3 and 20:5n‐3, were satisfied from microalgal diets with Ch‐A, alone or in combination, compared with spat fed from the field culture.  相似文献   

10.
Laboratory soil – water systems in which soil organic matter was increased by 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% by adding dry, chopped ryegrass (Lolium perenne) shoots to sandy soil containing 0.06% organic matter. Agricultural limestone was added to the systems, and pH, alkalinity and hardness of the water were monitored for 65 days. The pH, alkalinity and hardness increased with greater soil organic matter concentration. Amounts of carbon dioxide released by microbial respiration increased at the higher soil organic matter concentrations, and this resulted in more rapid and greater solubility of agricultural limestone. The results suggest that greater soil organic matter concentrations in ponds favour the rate and extent of agricultural limestone dissolution.  相似文献   

11.
Acid sulfate soil formation was observed experimentally during leaching of pyritic soil material. Pyritic soil was saturated with distilled water in glass columns and treated under waterlogged and drained conditions. Waterlogged was inundated and had overlying water of 2-cm depth above soil surface. Temporal changes of various chemicals and physical characteristics of the soil and leachates were determined at 10-day leaching intervals. Results showed that strong acidification of soil in drained column but not in waterlogged was due to pyrite (FeS2) oxidation and the consequent production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). As oxidation progressed, acidification influenced the pH, and increased the solubility of aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). The loss of potassium (K) and sulfur (S) fractions was also enhanced by acidification. Strong acidic condition in drained columns slightly changed the texture of the soil to more clay, but was not enough to alter the mineral composition of the soil. Periodic leaching was found effective in increasing soil pH, but some essential nutrients were also removed, thus, the need for fertilization scheme during amelioration. In prospective ponds, pyritic soil should be tilled and dried for 2–3 weeks, then flushed and drained repeatedly until pH > 5 is obtained. Repeated lime incorporation should be done in the amelioration until high pH values are obtained. In existing ponds, formation of acid sulfate soil could be avoided by not excessively turning and exposing the pond bottom.  相似文献   

12.
Steroids accumulate in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), although explanatory factors for such accumulation are still poorly explored. This study investigated the effect of water exchange rate and pH in six replicated RAS on the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol in rainbow trout blood plasma and in the holding water and of the sex steroids testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) and 17,20β‐dihydroxypregn‐4‐en‐3‐one (17,20β‐P) over a 70‐day experimental period. Three combinations of water exchange rate and pH were used each treatment, with two replications: (i) high water exchange rate (±1700 L kg?1 feed) and neutral pH (±7.3), (ii) low water exchange rate (±500 L kg?1 feed) and neutral pH (±7.3) and (iii) low water exchange rate (±500 L kg?1 feed) and low pH (±5.8). Plasma cortisol concentrations at day 70 were higher (24.4 ± 9.5 ng mL?1) for fish kept at low pH when compared to fish kept at neutral pH (12.0 ± 0.1 and 8.7 ± 0.2 ng mL?1). Water cortisol and testosterone concentrations at day 35 were higher at low pH than at neutral pH, whereas water 11‐KT and 17,20β‐P did not differ among treatments. At day 70, there were no significant differences between low and high pH. These results demonstrate that low pH contributes to increased plasma cortisol concentrations and to its accumulation in water, possibly indicating a stress response to low pH. The higher concentration of testosterone but not of the other sex hormones point to unspecified reproductive effects that need further investigation.  相似文献   

13.
The Mekong Delta is the most important rice‐ and shrimp‐producing region for food and economic security in Vietnam. Rice‐shrimp farming is practised where salinity fluctuates substantially between wet and dry seasons. Research points to several potential risk factors for rotational systems, but how these link directly to both rice and shrimp production remains poorly quantified for systems that stock and harvest animals year‐round. We examined water and soil quality of 18 rice‐shrimp‐crab ponds, in which shrimp and crab are grown in both wet and dry seasons, in the Cà Mau Province of Vietnam. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that environmental conditions experienced by both rice and shrimp were suboptimal and contributed to low yields and survival. Year‐round cropping of shrimp and crab was associated with sustained suboptimal salinity, intensified by drought, for the wet‐season cultivation of rice. Although rice seedlings were sown in all 18 ponds, only three had a harvestable crop. Low shrimp production and survival was associated with sustained suboptimal water temperatures (too high), salinity (too high in the dry season and too low in the wet season) and dissolved oxygen concentrations (too low). Food availability and quality may also have affected shrimp production. Improving productivity of rice‐shrimp‐crab ponds in the study region may require (1) separation of rice and shrimp crops and improving efficiency of soil washing practices such that salinity conditions are more suitable for each when grown, and (2) management intervention to increase oxygenation of water, and the availability and quality of food for shrimp.  相似文献   

14.
We describe an instrument prototype that measures total dissolved gas pressure (TGP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) without need for standard wetted probe membranes or gas permeable tubing. Measurements were based instead on gas-phase partial pressures that develop within the head-space of a pressure vessel, and on Henry's Law. Performance trials established that differences between standard instrumentation and test instrument OP readings average -1.6-mm Hg (SD = 2.19, range -4.8 to -5.3) within the ΔP range of -72 to 123-mm Hg. Additional trials demonstrated the ability of the instrument to closely follow positive and negative changes in TGP at rates approaching 30-mm Hg/h. Here, the difference between test and standard instrumentation derived TGP averaged 3.4-mm Hg (range 0–41). Differences in ΔP measured by test instrument and gasometer increased with water throughput; mean differences were -3.9, -4.3, and -6.0 for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, and 7.8 L/min, respectively. However, time to reach 90% of the steady-state instrument reading was highest for low water throughput; equilibrium times averaged 90.9, 44.4, and 44.7 min for water throughput of 4.6, 6.7, 7.8 L/min, respectively. Differences between titration and test-instrumentation based DO measurements were acceptable, averaging -0.11 mg/L (SD = 0.41, range -0.85 to 0.85) over DO from 3.3 to 19.2 mg/L and for 11.1 and 24.2 C. Whereas test instrument DO readings were indistinguishable from Winkler titration at 24.2 C; at 11.1 C there was a tendency for test instrument readings to be lower than Winkler titration at DO < 14 mg/L and higher at DO > 14 mg/L. Trials conducted under biological fouling conditions demonstrated the test instrument's ability to operate with 30% of the maintenance required by standard instrumentation.  相似文献   

15.
Potassium is applied to correct ionic imbalance in pond water for inland culture of marine shrimp in Alabama. This study evaluated the loss of potassium through adsorption by bottom soil. Adsorption by bottom soils of potassium added in fertilizers continued over 4 yr. Exchangeable potassium concentration in bottom soils did not increase after the first year, but potassium loss to bottom soil continued over 4 yr. Laboratory work on soil–water systems contacted bottom soil with potassium‐enriched pond water for 8 mo: nonexchangeable potassium fixation accounted for 75% of potassium adsorption. Soil total potassium adsorption averaged 518 mg/kg. Bottom soil samples exposed to consecutive 50 mg/L potassium solutions (potassium chloride in distilled water) and agitated by shaker led potassium adsorption by soil to decline from 406 mg/kg in first exposure to 70 mg/kg in sixth exposure. During the next six exposures, potassium adsorption was similar, between 61 and 95 mg/kg in each exposure, averaging 1804 mg/kg of potassium. Pond soils contain smectite clay, have a large capacity to adsorb potassium by nonexchange processes, and remove added potassium from water for years. The only reliable way to determine when potassium fertilizer may be added to Alabama inland shrimp ponds is to monitor potassium concentration in water.  相似文献   

16.
The common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., sperm motility parameters were analyzed by using computer‐assisted sperm analysis system. The percentage of motile sperm (MOT, %), progressively motile sperm (PRG, %), curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm/sec), average path velocity (VAP, µm/sec), the wobbling index (WOB, %), movement linearity (LIN, %), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz), and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, µm) were determined. Five activation solutions (As) were used to activate sperm movement. As 1 solution: 68 mM NaCl, 50 mM urea, 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH: 7.7, 181 mOsm/kg; As 2 buffer: 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris, 0.5% BSA, pH: 9.0, 199 mOsm/kg; As 3 solution: 86 mM NaCl, 0.5% BSA, pH: 7.4, 167 mOsm/kg; As 4 buffer: 5 mM KCl, 45 mM NaCl, 30 mM Tris, 0.5%, pH: 8.0, 160 mOsm/kg; and As 5 solution: distilled water with the addition of 0.5% BSA, pH: 7.3, <3 mOsm/kg. Among five tested solutions, a buffer with a pH of 9.0 and osmolality of approximately 200 mOsm/kg (As 2) was the most suitable. After its activation, a significant increase in MOT and ALH values was observed, which can be of importance to the effectiveness of egg fertilization .  相似文献   

17.
Juvenile king scallop (Pecten maximus L.) between 0.2 and 1.5 g wet shell weight per individual, reared at 10, 14 and 17 °C, were fed either a full ration equivalent to 0.5 g (ash-free dry weight of algae) g− 1 (live weight of spat) week− 1 or a restricted algal ration of 0.07 g (ash-free dry weight of algae) g− 1 (live weight of spat) week− 1. The algal food was a mixture of two microalgal species: Chaetoceros ceratosporum (Droop) Green and Pavlova lutheri Ostenfeld. Measurements were made of tissue concentrations of adenylate tri-, di- and mono-phosphate, lactate, succinate, acetate, pyruvate and l-alanine. The metabolite measurements were used as indicators of viability in animals exposed to a matrix of temperature and food supply conditions. It was found that the variations in metabolic responses could be correlated with those observed in a previous study that measured body condition in relation to the same set of variables. It was also found that the data from the present study were most strongly influenced by temperature-related effects and that there was an optimal temperature range between 10 and 14 °C. The metabolic responses, measured in terms of metabolite concentrations, would seem to confirm the existence of a bi-stable physiology in P. maximus in which there is a switch in state between 10 and 14 °C.  相似文献   

18.
Ammonia removal and disinfection are two major problems in aquaculture systems, which require clean and reliable water to support long-term growth and health of target animals. In this study, we report electrochemical ammonia removal and disinfection of wastewater from an aquaculture farm (Mari’s Gardens) in Hawaii. First, we attempted to reproduce the work of Zollig and co-authors, who reported that direct ammonia oxidation can occur between 1 V and 1.6 V vs SHE on a graphite electrode in a solution (pH = 9.0) containing 1 M NaClO4, 0.25 M NH4ClO4, and 0.085 M NaCl. Our results, however, show that direct ammonia oxidation is unlikely to occur, at least at significant rates, on a graphite electrode in aqueous solutions (pH = 9.0) containing 0.7 M Na2SO4, 0.1 M (NH4)2SO4, and 0.02 M NaCl. We tentatively attribute this discrepancy to the different physico-chemical characteristics of graphite electrodes made by different manufacturers. Second, PtRu/graphite electrodes were prepared using a pulsed electrodeposition method, and electrode activity towards ammonia removal and disinfection was examined in both synthetic and real aquaculture wastewater using batch and flow reactors. The PtRu catalyst was partially oxidized at the beginning of electrolysis, and a significant increase in the electrode activity towards indirect ammonia oxidation was observed. Ammonia removal was slow when NaCl concentration was 0.66 mM, but the addition of NaCl (up to 20 mM) led to a drastic increase in the ammonia removal rate, indicating that ammonia removal proceeds via indirect oxidation. The ammonia removal rate depends primarily on NaCl concentration and current density and is independent of the initial ammonia concentration and solution pH. The ammonia removal rates can be modeled by pseudo zero-order kinetics, and a linear correlation can be drawn between the ammonia removal rate (k, mg L−1 min−1) and the product of NaCl concentration ([Cl-], mM) and current density (j, mA/cm2): k = 0.0047 [Cl-] j (R2 = 0.99). Free chlorine (Cl2, HOCl, and OCl-) was not detected in the solution until the complete removal of ammonia. Combined chlorine (NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3) was measured at concentrations of 2–15 mg/L (as Cl2) during the ammonia removal process but was eliminated as soon as ammonia was depleted and an excess of free chlorine was available. Our detailed findings on the formation of both free chlorine and combined chlorine are significant to the mechanistic study of indirect ammonia oxidation. Ammonia removal experiments in synthetic and real aquaculture wastewater showed similar results. However, ammonia removal in the flow reactor took about three times longer than that in the batch reactor under similar conditions, likely due to hydrodynamic mixing differences. In addition, it was found that E. coli bacteria can be completely inactivated (5-log reduction) within a short time (e.g., 5 min).  相似文献   

19.
Development of a pelleted dry feed as an alternative to feeding fresh fishery by‐catch is an environmental priority for tropical spiny lobster aquaculture. Earlier studies have shown the lobster's acceptance of pelleted dry feed diminishes rapidly after immersion in water. In this work, we quantified the rate at which dry matter, total protein, soluble protein and individual and total free amino acids were lost from pieces of green‐lipped mussel Perna canaliculus, a commercially‐extruded Penaeus japonicus (kuruma) shrimp feed (KSF) and four laboratory‐made, fishmeal‐based, pelleted feeds upon immersion for up to 7.5 h. The laboratory‐made feeds contained homogenates of either green‐lipped mussel, polychaete (Marphysa sanguinea), prawn (Metapenaeus bennettae) or squid (Sepioteuthis spp.). After being immersed in water for 0, 2.5 or 5 h, these same feeds were offered as a paired choice with KSF in two preference feeding studies with juvenile Panulirus ornatus lobsters. The loobster's preference for fresh mussel always exceeded that of KSF, irrespective of immersion time. Regression of the proportional intake of test feeds against the relative leach rate of KSF identified soluble protein, glycine and taurine as the principal leachate components having the highest positive correlations with the lobster's feeding preference.  相似文献   

20.
This study assessed the suitability and cost efficacy of an equal blend of canola oil (CO) and poultry fat (PF) as a supplemental dietary lipid source for juvenile Atlantic salmon. Quadruplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (～400 g) held in 4000 L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with running (35–40 L min?1), aerated (dissolved oxygen, 7.88–10.4 mg L?1), ambient temperature (8.6–10.9°C) sea water (salinity, 26–35 g L?1) were fed twice daily to satiation one of three extruded dry pelleted diets of equivalent protein (488–493 g kg?1 dry matter) and lipid (267–274 g kg?1 dry matter) content for 84 days. The diets were identical in composition except for the supplemental lipid (234.7 g kg?1) source viz., 100% anchovy oil (AO; diet COPF‐0), 70.2% AO and 29.8% CO and PF (diet COPF‐30), and 40.3% AO and 59.7% CO and PF (diet COPF‐60). Atlantic salmon growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein and gross energy utilization, percent survival and whole body and fillet proximate compositions were not affected by diet treatment. Cost per kilogram weight gain was about 10% less for fish fed diet COPF‐60 than for diet COPF‐0. Percentages of saturated fatty acids in dietary and fillet lipids varied narrowly. Moreover, percentages of 18:1n‐9, monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:2n‐6, n‐6 fatty acids, 18:3n‐3, and ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids in the flesh lipids were directly related to the dietary level of CO and PF whereas 22:6n‐3, the total of 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA), and n‐3 fatty acids revealed the opposite trend. Percentages of 22:6n‐3, EPA and DHA, and n‐3 fatty acids were significantly depressed in fish fed diet COPF‐60 versus diet COPF‐0. We conclude that a 1:1 blend of CO and PF is an excellent cost‐effective dietary source of supplemental lipid for Atlantic salmon in sea water.  相似文献   

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