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我国玉米螟防治技术研究概况 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
综述了我国玉米螟防治技术的研究历史、现状及进展，着重介绍了抗螟育种、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治和农业措施防治玉米螟的研究进展，并讨论了我国玉米螟防治技术中存在的问题及发展方向。 相似文献
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综述了我国玉米病毒病防治技术的研究历史、现状及进展。着重介绍了抗病育种、农业防治、化学防治、治虫防病和生态防治等措施防治玉米病毒病的研究进展。并讨论了我国玉米病毒病防治技术中存在的问题及发展方向。 相似文献
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无公害茶叶生产已成为全国茶区一个热点 ,发展无公害茶叶已成为当前山区茶农致富奔小康的重要途径。但是 ,无公害茶叶生产中一些技术问题 ,特别是病虫害无公害防治技术在一定程度上制约着无公害茶叶的发展 ,亟待解决。本文根据丽水市无公害茶叶生产实践 ,就山区茶园病虫害无公害防治的有关技术作一阐述。1 山区茶园病虫害无公害防治的思路无公害茶园病虫害防治应实行综合防治 ,即从茶园生态系的整体平衡来考虑 ,不要只局限于防治对象 ,既要考虑当时当地的病虫种类 ,还要考虑到未来和环境保护 ,既要考虑当前的利益和效益 ,更要考虑长远的影… 相似文献
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棉花病虫草种类繁多 ,发生时间不一 ,加之现在农药品种层出不穷 ,使棉农在防治上很难把握而常发生错误 ,致使防效低 ,成本高 ,严重的因防治失控而造成减产。因此生产上棉农们很需一套模式化的简易有效的棉花病虫草综合防治技术。对此我们经过多年的试验筛选和组装 ,并经过成片面积 (6 7hm2 )的多点示范 ,研究出一套棉花生育全程病虫草模式化简易综合防治技术。由于利用了棉花超补偿的生理特性和综合防治的平衡控制理论 ,使这套模式化简易综防技术可比常规防治减少打药次数 10～ 15次 ,减少农药及用工生产成本 2 2 5 0～30 0 0元 hm2 ,增产… 相似文献
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2002年在柘荣县绿色食品茶园中发现少量茶跗线螨,当时没有组织专门防治,而在2003年7月有三分之一茶园发现茶跗线螨的发生与危害.由于适于绿色食品茶园螨类防治的农药品种较少,所以该螨的防治应采取以农业防治为基础,化学防治为辅的综合防治技术.通过二年的综合防治,现已有效地控制了该螨的危害. 相似文献
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分别于2010和2011年对全国18和20个省(区)的130和141个大豆科技示范县进行抽样调查,收集当地大豆生产田的单产及其相关性状数据。在此基础上,按大豆栽培区划进行分区统计,并采用多元逐步回归方法判断不同地区影响产量的关键因素。结果表明,各地区大豆的播种期因耕作制度不同和气象条件多样而存在很大差异,变化幅度大小依次为南方>西北>东北>黄淮海;东北地区大豆种植密度最高,西北、黄淮海居中,南方最低。平均单产高低依次为西北>东北>黄淮海>南方。在农艺和产量性状中,株高以东北大豆为最高,其后依次为西北、黄淮海和南方;单株荚数与单株粒数2个性状的地域差异趋势一致,2010年均依次为南方>西北>黄淮海>东北,2011年均依次为西北>南方>黄淮海>东北;黄淮海地区大豆的百粒重最高,西北次之,东北及南方则相对偏低。多元逐步回归结果表明,在东北和南方地区,影响大豆产量的首要因素为单株粒数,而在西北及黄淮海地区则为单位面积株数。文中讨论了不同主产区提高大豆单产的主攻方向。 相似文献
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耕作方式对连作大豆生长发育及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用秋旋耕起垄、秋深松旋耕起垄、春旋耕起垄和春顶浆打垄4种土壤耕作方式,进行田间大区试验,以探讨土壤耕作方式对连作大豆生长发育及产量的影响。试验结果表明,秋旋耕起垄和秋深松旋耕起垄出苗率高于春旋耕起垄和春顶浆打垄,出苗率均达85%以上,秋整地大豆生育期间干重、根瘤重和叶面积指数均高于春整地,秋旋耕起垄大豆根际微生物总数最多,细菌和放线菌数量明显高于春顶浆打垄。秋季整地地下害虫——蛴螬（Holotrichia diomphalia Bates）危害率比春季整地低10%左右,春顶浆打垄危害率高达34.3%。秋整地大豆的灰斑病发生程度、籽粒紫斑粒率和虫食率均低于春整地,秋整地产量较春整地增产16%以上,从本试验可以看出黑龙江省黑土平原区秋整地对连作大豆效果更好。 相似文献
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Watermelon yield loss due to Fusarium wilt is increasing in the U.S., due in part to the emergence of the virulent race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, and to the shift in production to triploid cultivars, which generally have less host resistance than previously grown diploid cultivars. One potential management strategy is the use of soil-applied fungicides to reduce Fusarium wilt. The U.S. national program, interregional project 4 (IR-4) supported multistate trials of soil-applied chemicals to manage Fusarium wilt of watermelon. Greenhouse trials were conducted in Maryland, Indiana and Georgia to test the efficacy of 14 chemicals on Fusarium wilt. Based on the performance of these chemicals in the greenhouse, six in Maryland and Delaware and eight in Indiana were selected for subsequent field evaluations. These chemicals were applied once, as a drench at planting, in field trials in Maryland, Indiana, and Delaware in 2008. The fungicides prothioconazole, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest reduction in Fusarium wilt, and caused no phytotoxicity. In Maryland and Indiana in 2009, these chemicals were applied through the drip irrigation line alone and in combination, at 0, 2 and 4 weeks after planting. The experiment was repeated in 2010 in Maryland. Prothioconazole alone and in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl or/and thiophanate-methyl resulted in the greatest decrease in the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Maryland in 2009. The same trend was observed in 2010 in Maryland where three of the prothioconazole treatments ranked the lowest of all treatments and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl had significantly lower Fusarium wilt AUDPC compared to the non-treated control. All chemical applications except for acibenzolar-S-methyl in combination with prothioconazole reduced Fusarium wilt AUDPC in Indiana in 2009. Prothioconazole alone and prothioconazole in combination with thiophanate-methyl ranked lowest in Fusarium wilt AUDPC, although not significantly lower than most other treatments. These studies are the first to demonstrate that the soil-applied fungicides prothioconazole and thiophanate-methyl may provide an additional field management option for Fusarium wilt of watermelon. 相似文献
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以籽粒蛋白质含量有显著差异的杂交后代及亲本为材料,分析了灌浆成熟过程中叶片蛋白水解酶和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性以及籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量的变化动态。结果表明,在籽粒蛋白质含量相近的亲本衍生的杂交后代中,通过籽粒蛋白质含量的连续定向选择不仅可以获得籽粒蛋白质含量和叶片蛋白水解酶活性及籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性明显变高或变低的杂种后代,而且可获得蛋白质含量和酶活性超亲的后代;稻米蛋白质含量与灌浆过程中的叶片蛋白水解酶活性呈正相关, 籽粒可溶性蛋白质含量与籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性呈显著负相关。 相似文献
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Impact of frost and plant age on compensatory growth in timothy and perennial ryegrass during winter
Two cultivars of each of two contrasting grass species, timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.), sown either in May or July, were sampled for dry matter (DM) weight of roots and herbage in late October (end of main growing season) and examined for regrowth when exposed to a frost treatment (−8 to −10°C in darkness for 48 h) in late January, early March and late April. The frost treatment caused compensatory root and herbage growth, and regrowth of roots in March and April was greater than regrowth of herbage. Early-sown plants had higher DM weights of roots and herbage than late-sown plants in October but had the lowest survival rate when exposed to the frost treatment in April. Compensatory growth of root and herbage in response to moderate frosts occurred in January and March in all cultivars, and in the most frost-resistant timothy cultivar in April. Concentration of total carbohydrates increased from October to March with the greatest increase in the most winter-hardy cultivar of each species, and then decreased in April. An indirect correlation between concentration of total carbohydrates and tolerance to moderate frost was indicated, and plant survival and ability for compensatory growth were also associated with differences in adaptation related to winter survival in the cultivars tested. 相似文献
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Satoshi Hayashi Akihiko Kamoshita Junko Yamagishi Anuchart Kotchasatit Boonrat Jongdee 《Field Crops Research》2009
Large within-field variation in rice growth often causes production loss in broadcast-seeded (BC) rainfed lowland rice. The spatial variability of direct-seeded rainfed lowland rice was evaluated in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in on-station experiments at Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand, in relation to soil water content and weed infestation, by adopting semivariogram and block kriging, including comparisons among BC with harrowing (BCH; no weeding), BC with no harrowing (BCNH; no weeding), and row-seeded (RS; interrow weeding once) fields. BCH and BCNH were also compared in 11 farmers’ fields in 2006 and 2007, to assess the effect of harrowing on rice growth and weed infestation. During most of the rice growing periods, flooded and non-flooded portions existed simultaneously in the fields, with different proportions among years and among seeding methods in the on-station experiment. BCH and BCNH rice had large within-field variation in seedling density, heading date, shoot dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, panicle density, and filled spikelet per panicle, as well as in weed infestation, measured by a quick visual estimation. Many of the measured variables (except mean soil water content in RS in 2007, seedling density in BCH in 2005 and 2007, shoot dry matter in BCH and BCNH in 2007, and panicle density in BCH in 2007) were spatially dependent (i.e., data from nearby locations were most similar) by geostatistical analysis. Analysis of correlations using the 420 data sets of BCH plots in 2005 and BCH, BCNH, and RS plots in 2007 revealed a positive correlation between soil water content and grain yield and negative correlations between weed infestation and soil water content and grain yield. Compared with BCH, in 2007 BCNH had much lower grain yield because of lower soil water content after establishment and more weed infestation. BCH had higher grain yield than BCNH in weedy fields in the farmers’ fields experiment. RS with interrow weeding resulted in a smaller coefficient of variation, smaller sill value, and higher grain yield than BCH, due to less weed infestation and a higher proportion of flooded water. These results indicated that reducing the spatial variability in rice growth requires careful field preparation, such as harrowing to level the soil surface and to reduce the uneven distribution of standing water and the variability in soil water content, combined with effective crop and weed management (i.e., harrowing and row-seeding). This is the first study that examined spatial variability in the growth of direct-seeded rice as a function of soil water content and weed infestation in a rainfed lowland environment. 相似文献
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本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期叶片及叶柄的全氮、全磷、全钾量进行了测定分析．其结果：同一品种内，随生育时期的推移，叶片和叶柄的氮、磷、钾含量均逐渐下降；各品种氮、磷在叶片中的含量始终高于叶柄，而钾在叶片中的含量则始终低于叶柄；不同品种叶片和叶柄氮、磷、钾含量变化与品种的淀粉含量呈正相关。生育中后期相关更显著，而叶柄氮、磷、钾含量与品种淀扮含量达到了显著正相关．因此，生育中后期叶柄的氮、磷、钾的含量是衡量马铃薯品种淀粉含量高低的重要生理指标，可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的科学依据． 相似文献
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Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage(14 d after flowering) in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase(cleavage) significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites(amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar) under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase(synthesis) and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties. 相似文献
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水稻受稻瘟病菌侵染后过氧化物酶定位的超微观察 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
利用联苯胺蓝（3，3'-diaminobenzidine, DAB）染色法原位检测了水稻 稻瘟病菌互作过程中H2O2和过氧化物酶被诱导产生和积累的过程。结果表明在病原菌接种后，水稻叶鞘内表皮细胞在伤口、气孔保卫细胞及病菌侵染点等3种情况下可以检测到染色反应。在水稻-稻瘟病菌非亲和性互作中，H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升快，并逐渐积累到较高的水平；而在亲和性互作反应中，H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升被延迟，积累水平较低。超微结构研究表明，在非亲和性互作反应中，过氧化物酶主要定位于被侵染寄主细胞的细胞壁、细胞质、细胞膜、侵染菌丝周围及由膜系统构成的囊泡膜上；而在亲和性互作反应中，早期（接种后16 h）几乎难以观察到过氧化物酶的聚集，后期（接种后30 h）过氧化物酶聚集增多，但仍明显低于非亲和性互作反应。 相似文献