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1.
施氮对春玉米氮素利用及农田氮素平衡的影响 总被引：25，自引：8，他引：17
田间试验研究了玉米对不同土壤氮素供应水平下作物氮素吸收利用、土壤氮素供应以及农田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,玉米产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,当施氮量高于N 240 kg/hm2时,产量有减少趋势;氮素当季利用率随施氮量的增加逐渐降低。土壤中硝态氮含量在玉米整个生育时期呈现先迅速下降后缓慢升高的趋势;玉米成熟期,施氮处理的各层土壤中硝态氮含量显著高于不施氮处理,各层硝态氮含量基本随施氮量的增加而升高。适量施氮促进玉米对氮素的吸收和利用,进而提高玉米生物量和产量;过量施氮导致硝态氮在土壤中大量累积,提高了硝态氮淋溶风险。施氮处理显著提高了收获后土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),土壤残留Nmin随施氮量的增加而增加;当施氮量高于N 240 kg/hm2时,残留Nmin有下降趋势。氮素表观损失随施氮量的增加而增加。在本试验条件下,综合产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮累积情况考虑,合理施氮量应控制在N 1802~40 kg/hm2左右。 相似文献
2.
可矿化氮与各有机氮组分的关系 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20
用通气培养法测定了6种肥力36个不同土层土壤的可矿化氮,用Bremner法测定了各有机氮组分,采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析确定可矿化氮与各有机氮组分之间的关系。结果表明,酸解氮与可矿化氮有较密切的正相关关系。在酸解氮中,酸解未知态氮与可矿化氮不相关;而氨基酸态氮、铵态氮、氨基糖态氮的多少与可矿化氮相互平行,相关系数均较高,似乎对可矿化氮皆有贡献。但多元回归分析表明,氨基糖态氮在方程中不显著;逐步回归分析更肯定了这一结果。通径分析进一步表明氨基酸态氮和铵态氮对可矿化氮有很高的通径系数,表明了它们有着直接重大贡献,而氨基糖态氮直接通径系数甚低。这些结果说明,可矿化氮主要来自酸解氮,特别是氨基酸态氮和铵态氮,后两者是其产生的主要来源。 相似文献
3.
长期施肥对土壤氮矿化的影响 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
Two field experiments were conducted in Jiashan and Yuhang towns of Zhejiang Province, China, to study the feasibility of predicting N status of rice using canopy spectral reflectance. The canopy spectral reflectance of rice grown with different levels of N inputs was determined at several important growth stages. Statistical analyses showed that as a result of the different levels of N supply, there were significant differences in the N concentrations of canopy leaves at different growth stages. Since spectral reflectance measurements showed that the N status of rice was related to reflectance in the visible and NIR （near-infrared） ranges, observations for rice in 1 nm bandwidths were then converted to bandwidths in the visible and NIR spectral regions with IKONOS （space imaging） bandwidths and vegetation indices being used to predict the N status of rice. The results indicated that canopy reflectance measurements converted to ratio vegetation index （RVI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） for simulated IKONOS bands provided a better prediction of rice N status than the reflectance measurements in the simulated IKONOS bands themselves. The precision of the developed regression models using RVI and NDVI proved to be very high with R2 ranging from 0.82 to 0.94, and when validated with experimental data from a different site, the results were satisfactory with R2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.70. Thus, the results showed that theoretically it should be possible to monitor N status using remotely sensed data. 相似文献
4.
施氮水平对水稻氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
氮肥的过量施用导致显著的氮素损失,降低了环境质量。减少氮肥投入使其与作物需求相匹配对于保持农业生产的可持续发展具有至关重要的作用。为了评估不同施氮水平对水稻生产过程中的氮肥利用率和径流负荷的影响,利用长期实验基地开展了相关研究,实验共设置了4个施氮水平,即0、100、200和300 kg/hm~2。结果显示,随着施氮量的增加,粮食产量显著提高,而农学效率和偏肥生产力却呈相反趋势。作物地上部氮肥回收率则呈先增加后减少的趋势,并在200 kg/hm~2时达到峰值;氮素径流损失随施氮量的增加而增加。 相似文献
5.
N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application. 相似文献
6.
不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响 总被引：39，自引：0，他引：39
通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明，施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用，但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9．2％-22．6％之间，随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0-160cm剖面土壤NO3^--N含量，而且随深度的增加NO3^--N含量呈降低趋势，累积峰主要在20—60cm之间。玉米收获后，随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加，各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121～221kg／hm^2之间，以N250处理的残留量最高，残留率近65％。 相似文献
7.
不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用,但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9.2%~22.6%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0~160 cm剖面土壤NO3--N含量,而且随深度的增加NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,累积峰主要在20~60 cm之间。玉米收获后,随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加,各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121~221 kg/hm2之间,以N250处理的残留量最高,残留率近65%。 相似文献
8.
化肥氮对冬小麦氮素吸收的贡献和土壤氮库的补偿 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
9.
C and N mineralization data for 17 different added organic materials (AOM) in a sandy soil were collected from an incubation experiment conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The AOM originated from plants, animal wastes, manures, composts, and organic fertilizers. The C-to-NAOM ratios (ηAOM) ranged from 1.1 to 27.1. Sequential fibre analyses gave C-to-N ratios of soluble (ηSol), holocellulosic (ηHol) and ligneous compounds (ηLig) ranging from 1.1 to 57.2, 0.8 to 65.2, and 3.5 to 25.3, respectively. Very different patterns of net AOM-N mineralization were observed: (i) immobilization for four plant AOM; (ii) moderate mineralization (4-15% AOM-N) for composts; (iii) marked mineralization (11-27% AOM-N) for 1 animal AOM, 1 manure and 2 organic fertilizers; and (iv) high rates of transformations with possible gaseous losses for some N-rich AOM.The Transformation of Added Organics (TAO) model proposed here, described AOM-C mineralization (28 °C, 75% WHC) from three labile (L′), resistant (R) and stable (S) compartments with the sole parameters P′L and PS=fractions of very labile and stable compounds of AOM, respectively. Dividing the C-compartments by their C-to-N estimates supplied the remaining NAOM fraction (RAONF). A Pim parameter split the TAO nitrogen fraction (TAONF=added N-RAONF) into two compartments, immobilized (imN) and inorganic (inorgN) N. A Pim>0 value meant that all the TAONF plus a fraction (Pim−1) of native soil inorganic N was immobilized. Additional N mineralization was predicted when necessary from imN by first order kinetics (constant kremin). The TAO version with two parameters Pim and kremin allowed us to predict very different patterns of N mineralization and N immobilization. In a few cases, a further first order kinetic law (constant kv) was added to predict N volatilization from inorgN. Two hypotheses were tested: (i) ηL′, ηR, ηS (C-to-N of L′, R and S)=ηSol, ηHol, ηLig, respectively, (ii) ηL′=ηR=ηS=ηAOM. The first hypothesis was validated by these data, and the second was a good approximation of the former one. In all the cases, predictions were in good agreement with measured values. 相似文献
10.
Availability of N from Casuarina residues and inorganic N to maize, using 15N isotope techniques 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The contribution of N from Casuarina equisetifolia (casuarina) residues to maize with inorganic N (ammonium sulphate) supplementation was studied in a pot experiment using
15N labelling techniques. A single rate of N application of 100 mg N kg–1 soil was applied as N-ammonium sulphate in combination with casuarina residues in the proportions 100 : 0; 75 : 25; 50 : 50;
25 : 75 and 0 : 100, respectively. The directly 15N-labelled casuarina residue and indirect labelling (unlabelled casuarina + 15N soil) were compared to estimate the proportion and amount of N derived from the residue and fertilizer. The application
of ammonium sulphate at a high rate significantly affected shoot dry matter (P<0.05) and likewise reduced the contribution of soil-derived N compared to residues. Total recoveries by maize of residue
N and applied fertilizer N averaged 11% and 24%, respectively. Residue and fertilizer use efficiencies were not influenced
by the addition of different rates of fertilizer or residue. The estimation of the contribution of N from different sources
showed that direct measurement of the 15N-labelled organic source was more reliable.
Received: 10 September 1997 相似文献
11.
旱地冬小麦氮磷自然供给能力及其吸收氮磷来源的长期定位试验 总被引：5，自引：7，他引：5
利用在黄土旱塬上布置的 13年小麦连作肥料定位试验资料 ,研究了旱地冬小麦氮磷的自然供给能力和吸收来源于肥料和土壤的氮磷相对比例。结果表明 ,旱地冬小麦氮素的自然供给能力为 26.68～27.49kg/hm2,平均为 27.2kg/hm2;磷素自然供给能力为 5.21～8.49kg/hm2,平均为7.31kg/hm2 。小麦吸收氮素有 51.9%～76.8%来自氮肥 ,平均为66.6% ;而来自土壤为23.2%～48.1% ,平均 33.4%。小麦吸收磷素来源于肥料的为 13.6%～47.8% ,平均为28.7% ;来源于土壤为 52.2%～86.4% ,平均为 71.3%。同一肥底基础上 ,随肥料用量的增加 ,小麦吸收氮或磷素来源于肥料的比例也增大 ,而来源于土壤的比例逐渐减少。本试验条件下 ,氮肥利用率变幅为 32.6%～66.0% ,平均为51.1% ;磷肥利用率变幅为 1.72%～14.02% ,平均为7.0% 相似文献
12.
氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
采用田间试验研究了氮肥后移对土壤氮素供应和冬小麦氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,与农民习惯施氮（N 300 kg/hm2,基肥和拔节肥各占1/2）比较,氮肥后移处理（N210kg/hm2,基肥、拔节肥和孕穗肥各占1/3）在不降低小麦产量的同时,大大提高了氮肥利用率,且全生育期氮素表观损失极低。过量施用氮肥(N 300 kg/hm2)明显提高了60 cm以下土层硝态氮含量,增加了其向地下水淋溶迁移的风险。氮肥后移可提高小麦成熟期0-20cm土层硝态氮积累量,降低其在20-100cm土层的积累。基于冬小麦不同生育阶段的氮素吸收量而进行氮肥后移是可行的,氮肥后移可节省氮肥30%,是较为理想的施氮方式。 相似文献
13.
不同施氮水平对冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮素平衡的影响 总被引：30，自引：10，他引：20
采用田间微区15N示踪技术,研究了冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮素平衡。结果表明,在供试土壤肥力水平和生产条件下,N 150 kg/hm2的施肥量已达到较高产量,再增加氮肥用量小麦产量不再增加。随着施肥量的增加,地上部吸氮量有所增加,氮肥的表观利用率和农学利用率持续下降,而生理利用率则表现为低—高—低的变化趋势。在低施氮条件下,小麦主要吸收土壤氮的比例高于化肥氮;在高施氮条件下,小麦吸收土壤氮的比例下降。冬小麦收获后,仍有26.7%4~0.6%的氮肥残留在0—100 cm土层中,17.4%2~4.8%的氮肥损失。残留在土壤剖面中的氮肥主要分布在表土层。随着施氮量的增加,土壤氮素总平衡由亏缺转为盈余;土壤根区硝态氮也由播前消耗转为在播前的基础上累加,两个小麦品种表现为相同的趋势。 相似文献
14.
氮肥后移对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收的影响 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11
为改变小麦“一炮轰”施肥存在的弊端,通过两个田间试验,研究了不同氮肥后移模式对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮素吸收、累积的影响,旨在了解冬小麦对氮素吸收和转运规律,为实现冬小麦超高产和合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,与传统“一炮轰”施肥技术相比,氮肥后移可以提高冬小麦的子粒产量、穗数及氮肥利用率,以N4处理（50%作为基肥,50%返青后追施）最高,两个试验点产量分别达到3857和8240kg/hm2,增产25.8%和17.3%,穗数增加6.0%和18.1%,氮肥利用率提高111.8%和107.4%。冬小麦氮素累积主要集中在返青后期至灌浆期阶段,因此在保证基肥的条件下,返青期后追施氮肥显得尤为重要。表明在本试验条件下,比较合理的氮肥施肥模式为50%作为基肥,50%返青后追施。 相似文献
15.
为探讨不同土壤全氮含量水平下棉花的氮肥施用效应,采用盆栽试验,研究不同土壤全氮含量(0.58、0.64、0.74、0.83、1.29 g·kg~(-1))和施氮水平(每盆施加量分别为0、1.75、3.50 g)对棉花籽棉产量、氮素吸收、氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,棉花单株籽棉产量和干物重随施氮量增加而显著增加,土壤全氮含量与施氮水平对棉株根、茎、铃壳部位的干物质积累具有显著的互作效应。同一土壤条件下,棉花单株氮素积累量随施氮水平增加而显著增加。氮肥表观回收率随土壤全氮含量上升呈先降后升的变化趋势,且在土壤全氮含量0.74 g·kg~(-1)时较低,但土壤全氮含量在0.58~0.83 g·kg~(-1)内,不同施氮处理间氮肥表观回收率差异不显著。氮肥农学利用率随土壤全氮含量增加呈下降趋势。土壤全氮含量0.74 g·kg~(-1)时的氮肥生理利用率高于土壤全氮含量0.58、0.64和0.83 g·kg~(-1)。土壤全氮含量1.29g·kg~(-1)条件下,低氮水平氮肥利用效率(表观回收率、农学利用率、生理利用率)显著优于高氮水平;土壤全氮含量0.58~0.74 g·kg~(-1)时,高氮可实现增产增效;土壤全氮含量0.83~1.29 g·kg~(-1)时,低氮能维持较高的产量和氮肥利用率。本研究结果为不同土壤全氮条件下棉花氮肥投入提供了参考。 相似文献
16.
17.
缓/控释氮肥对夏玉米氮代谢、氮素积累及产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
采用田间试验研究了缓/控释氮肥和不同施氮次数对夏玉米氮代谢、氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加了穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性、游离氨基酸含量、叶绿素含量和氮素积累量,提高了百粒重,增产20.93%~27.04%。与习惯两次施氮相比,一次性施用缓/控释氮肥和"苗肥30%+大口肥30%+吐丝肥40%"三次施氮的灌浆期游离氨基酸含量分别高2.77 mg g-1和4.07 mg g-1,氮素积累量分别提高了4.18%和9.74%,氮肥利用率分别提高了2.95和6.88个百分点,产量分别增加了4.88%和5.05%,实现了夏玉米增产和高效施肥。 相似文献
18.
Summary Soil N dynamics and barley yields (Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared in pot experiments using surface samples from a Gray Luvisol under three cropping systems at Breton, Alberta: (1) an agroecological 8-year rotation including cereals, forage, and fababeans (Vicia faba L.) as green manure, from wich two plots were selected, one following fababeans, and the second following 3 years of forage; (2) a continuous grain system, with fertilizer N at 90 kg ha-1 year-1; and (3) a classical Breton 5-year rotation [following oats (Avena sativa L.)] involving forage and cereals, without returning crop residues to the land, selecting one plot with PKS treatment and a second as control. The fertilizer N equivalent for the cropping system; AN value and A value (analogous to AN), but in fertilizer 15N units, soil biomass, and C and N mineralization were monitored. In the first agroecological plot (after fababeans), grain and total plant biomass production were 116% greater than from the continuous grain treatment. Barley plants in the two agroecological plots derived 48.5% and 37.8%, respectively, of their N requirement from non-labelled soil N sources not present in the continuous grain plot. At crop maturity, the recovery of 15N microbial biomass was 1.5 times higher in soil from the first agroecological plot than from the continuous grain plot. The fertilizer N equivalent was 2670 mg pot-1 (485 kg ha-1) for the first and 1850 mg pot-1 for the second agroecological treatment. Fertilizer N equivalent values exceed net amounts of N mineralized by a factor of 4. Recovery by the barley crop of 15N added at 55 mg pot-1 was more efficient in the agroecological treatments (45%–51%) than in the continuous grain or classical Breton treatments (35%–37%). It was concluded (1) that past soil history may be associated more with the ability of barley plants to compete for available N, and hence the use of N, than with net soil N mineralization; and (2) an increased supply of N to crops following the incorporation of fababean residues, manure application, and the soil N-conserving effect of growing legumes were all partly responsible for the observed differences in soil fertility. 相似文献
19.
Summary The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is generally regarded as a poor N2 fixer. This study assessed the sources of N (fertilizer, soil, and fixed N), N partitioning and mobilization, and soil N balance under field conditions in an indeterminate-type climbing bean (P. vulgaris L. cv. Cipro) at the vegetative, early pod-filling, and physiological maturity stages, using the A-value approach. This involved the application of 10 and 100 kg N ha-1 of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate to the climbing bean and a reference crop, maize (Zea mays L.). At the late pod-filling stage (75 days after planting) the climbing bean had accumulated 119 kg N ha-1, 84% being derived from fixation, 16% from soil, and only 0.2% from the 15N fertilizer. N2 fixation was generally high at all stages of plant growth, but the maximum fixation (74% of the total N2 fixed) occurred during the interval between early (55 days after planting) and late podfilling. The N2 fixed between 55 and 75 days after planting bas a major source (88%) of the N demand of the developing pod, and only about 11% was contributed from the soil. There was essentially no mobilization of N from the shoots or roots for pod development. The cultivation of common bean cultivars that maintain a high N2-fixing capacity especially during pod filling, satisfying almost all the N needs of the developing pod and thus requiring little or no mobilization of N from the shoots for pod development, may lead to a net positive soil N balance. 相似文献
20.
施氮方式对玉米氮吸收及土壤养分、N2O排放的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过3年定位试验,研究不施氮肥、农民传统施氮、比传统施氮减量20%、减氮20%配合秸秆还田、减氮20%施用包膜尿素处理对玉米年际产量、植株氮吸收、土壤养分变化及N2O排放的影响。结果表明:包膜尿素处理产量最高,比空白处理增产18.50%,比产量次高的秸秆还田处理仅增产0.51%,二个处理间产量差异不显著;包膜尿素处理和秸秆还田处理可增加植株氮的吸收固定;秸秆还田处理的肥料利用率和植株总氮积累量高于包膜尿素处理,但其氮收获指数最低,为0.606,从注重品质角度,包膜尿素处理的效果略好于秸秆还田处理;各施肥处理都比空白处理提高了土壤主要养分含量,但从有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量提升综合评价,包膜尿素处理和秸秆还田处理对土壤的培肥作用好于农民习惯施肥处理;秸秆还田处理的N2O-N季节排放总量和排放系数都最高,分别为N 1.50 kg·hm-2·季-1和0.27。因此,从保产稳产、培肥地力、提升品质、减少N2O排放综合考虑,建议推广比农民习惯施肥量减少氮量20%的包膜尿素一次性施入在玉米生产中的应用。 相似文献