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1.
We evaluated the commercial and recreational fishery landings over the past 22 years, first at the national level, then for populations of concern (those that are overfished or experiencing overfishing), and finally by region. Recreational landings in 2002 account for 4% of total marine fish landed in the United States. With large industrial fisheries excluded (e.g., menhaden and pollock), the recreational component rises to 10%. Among populations of concern, recreational landings in 2002 account for 23% of the total nationwide, rising to 38% in the South Atlantic and 64% in the Gulf of Mexico. Moreover, it affects many of the most-valued overfished species-including red drum, bocaccio, and red snapper-all of which are taken primarily in the recreational fishery. 相似文献
2.
剩余产量模型形状参数对印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼资源评估的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
剩余产量模型中的Schaefer模型与Fox模型在渔业资源评估中被广泛应用,但这两个模型是剩余产量模型一般形式Pella-Tomlinson模型的两个特例,分别由形状参数的两个不同值确定。由于形状参数直接影响种群的生产能力,并与种群的年龄结构、繁殖能力等紧密相关,将形状参数固定为某个值,可能会影响剩余产量模型评估结果的可靠性,为此,本文利用印度洋黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)数据,分析剩余产量模型形状参数对渔业资源评估的影响。结果表明:(1)形状参数较难估计,并随数据时段的不同,形状参数的最佳取值范围会有很大的不同;(2)形状参数会对承载能力、内禀增长率的估计产生显著影响;(3)随形状参数值的增加,资源被掏空率与过度捕捞程度会不断增加,因此,不同形状参数的设置会对渔业资源状态及过度捕捞程度的判断产生重要影响。 相似文献
3.
分布于东、黄海的日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)为我国主要经济鱼种之一,其资源现状和开发潜力日益受到重视。加强东、黄海日本鲭的资源评估研究是其科学管理与可持续利用的前提与基础。为此,本文基于1979—2019年中国福建、浙江、上海、江苏、山东、河北、天津及辽宁6省2市与日本、韩国的日本鲭捕捞产量以及相关文献的资源丰度指数数据,利用贝叶斯动态产量模型对日本鲭进行了资源评估。结果表明：由于r与K存在显著负相关关系,r的先验分布影响模型的参数估计,给出合理的r先验有利于提高模型评估的质量;渔获量数据观测误差精度对模型参数估计及资源状态的判断具有重要影响;东、黄海日本鲭种群结构的划分仍存在争议,目前无法按种群分别进行资源评估,若按数据统计单元对日本鲭进行资源评估将不利于日本鲭资源的可持续利用;日本鲭有较大概率(大于60%)被过度捕捞,总可捕捞量(Total Allowable Catch,TAC)低于4.82×105 t时,10年后其未被过度捕捞的概率大于60%。基于当前东、黄海日本鲭种群划分存在争议的现状及相应数据收集存在的困难,本文建议将东、黄海日本鲭作为同一个种群处理,以满足渔业资源评估模型的基本假设、提高该渔业资源的评估质量。而将渔获量控制在4.82×105 t以下则有利于该渔业资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
4.
依据2010年4月、7月和11月对浙江中部近海上升流海域进行的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了上升流对该海域浮游动物生态类群分布的影响.结果表明:3个季节共鉴定浮游动物64种,桡足类占主要优势,包括5个生态类群,分别是暖温带近海种、暖温带外海种、亚热带近海种、亚热带外海种和热带大洋种.在种类数组成上,春季以暖温带近海种为主,夏季则是亚热带近海种和亚热带外海种居多,秋季也是亚热带种居多,其中夏季暖温带种种类数要高于春季和秋季,这一现象与同时期东黄海沿海有所不同,主要是由于上升流将一些在海洋底部度夏的暖温种带至海洋表面造成的.此外,3个季节生态类群都是以近海种为主,表明沿岸流是影响这一海域的最主要的水团.在丰度组成上,4月暖温带近海种占总丰度的98.79％,7月暖温带近海种也是组成丰度的重要部分,10月则是亚热带近海种丰度最高.丰度组成所反映的规律与种类数组成规律一致.上升流的存在导致夏季近海暖温带种大量出现,是影响这一海域浮游动物生态类群组成的重要因素;受长江径流和椒江径流的影响,近海种成为主要生态类群,是这一海域浮游动物的一个重要的生态特征. 相似文献
5.
Myers RA Baum JK Shepherd TD Powers SP Peterson CH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5820):1846-1850
Impacts of chronic overfishing are evident in population depletions worldwide, yet indirect ecosystem effects induced by predator removal from oceanic food webs remain unpredictable. As abundances of all 11 great sharks that consume other elasmobranchs (rays, skates, and small sharks) fell over the past 35 years, 12 of 14 of these prey species increased in coastal northwest Atlantic ecosystems. Effects of this community restructuring have cascaded downward from the cownose ray, whose enhanced predation on its bay scallop prey was sufficient to terminate a century-long scallop fishery. Analogous top-down effects may be a predictable consequence of eliminating entire functional groups of predators. 相似文献
6.
Studies that combine experimental manipulations with long-term data collection reveal elaborate interactions among species that affect the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Research programs in U.S. desert shrubland and pinyon-juniper woodland have shown that (i) complex dynamics of species populations reflect interactions with other organisms and fluctuating climate; (ii) genotype x environment interactions affect responses of species to environmental change; (iii) herbivore-resistance traits of dominant plant species and impacts of "keystone" animal species cascade through the system to affect many organisms and ecosystem processes; and (iv) some environmental perturbations can cause wholesale reorganization of ecosystems because they exceed the ecological tolerances of dominant or keystone species, whereas other changes may be buffered because of the compensatory dynamics of complementary species. 相似文献
7.
湿地生态服务价值评估是生态学的研究热点之一。为科学评估杭州湾滨海湿地生态服务功能价值及变化特点,构建湿地生态系统评价体系,基于遥感数据和社会统计数据,结合生态学和经济学方法,对2000,2005,2010和2015年杭州湾滨海湿地生态系统的供给、调节、支持、文化服务4大类12个子类服务功能,采用市场价值法、影子工程法、替代成本法、造林成本法等方法进行了价值评估。结果表明:杭州湾滨海湿地生态服务总价值呈递减趋势,分别为413.01,261.25,259.52和224.30亿元,调节服务是其主要服务类型,占总服务价值的60.00%以上;气候调节、水质净化、保持土壤是杭州湾滨海湿地生态系统的核心功能,三者占到服务价值的80%以上。分析表明,城市建设、过度围垦是造成湿地面积减少,生态系统价值降低的主要驱动因素。通过对杭州湾滨海湿地服务功能价值的动态变化及定量化评估,建议以其为指导,为杭州湾滨海湿地现有资源的生态保护提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
The effect of environmental change on ecosystems is mediated by species interactions. Environmental change may remove or add species and shift life-history events, altering which species interact at a given time. However, environmental change may also reconfigure multispecies interactions when both species composition and phenology remain intact. In a Caribbean island system, a major manifestation of environmental change is seaweed deposition, which has been linked to eutrophication, overfishing, and hurricanes. Here, we show in a whole-island field experiment that without seaweed two predators--lizards and ants--had a substantially greater-than-additive effect on herbivory. When seaweed was added to mimic deposition by hurricanes, no interactive predator effect occurred. Thus environmental change can substantially restructure food-web interactions, complicating efforts to predict anthropogenic changes in ecosystem processes. 相似文献
9.
Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming predictions have come from a rather narrow methodological base, but a new, integrated science of climate-change biodiversity assessment is emerging, based on multiple sources and approaches. Drawing on evidence from paleoecological observations, recent phenological and microevolutionary responses, experiments, and computational models, we review the insights that different approaches bring to anticipating and managing the biodiversity consequences of climate change, including the extent of species' natural resilience. We introduce a framework that uses information from different sources to identify vulnerability and to support the design of conservation responses. Although much of the information reviewed is on species, our framework and conclusions are also applicable to ecosystems, habitats, ecological communities, and genetic diversity, whether terrestrial, marine, or fresh water. 相似文献
10.
剑鱼（Xiphias gladius）是具有较高经济价值的大型旗鱼类鱼种,处于食物链的上端,对其资源评估并制定管理策略,在资源的可持续利用和生态系统保护上具有重要意义。本研究基于贝叶斯剩余产量模型(just another bayesian biomass assessment, JABBA)和它的拓展版JABBA-Select对印度洋剑鱼资源状况进行评估,分析资源丰度指数（标准化CPUE）、捕捞选择性对评估结果的影响。结果表明：JABBA-Select模型因考虑捕捞选择性和生活史信息,对资源状态的评估表现要优于JABBA模型。印度洋剑鱼的最大可持续产量（Maximum Sustainable Yield, MSY）估值为3.17万 t,当前渔获量3.01万 t,资源处于健康状态的概率为98%。评估结果对种群内禀增长率参数r的先验分布敏感性较小,参数r与环境容纳量参数K的后验分布存在负相关。所建模型不存在明显的回顾性误差,模型较稳健。预测分析显示,当总可捕量控制在3.60万t以下时,在2028年前不会处于资源型过度捕捞（overfished）和捕捞型过度捕捞(overfishing)。 相似文献
11.
摘要：红树林生态系统是位于海陆交界处的一种特殊的生态系统。随着近年来沿海地区城市化进程的不断加快,越来越多的城市生活垃圾、工业废水等污染物直接排放入海。重金属元素是造成近海海域污染的主要污染物之一。大量研究表明,位于潮间带或淡水与海水交界处的红树林生态系统具有吸附、沉积固定重金属元素特性。本文从沿海红树林生态系统的结构特点出发,对重金属元素在沿海红树林生态系统中的累积与迁移及重金属污染的净化作用的研究成果进行了综述,提出了利用红树林生态系统治理沿海水域重金属污染的可能途径,为红树林生态系统的保护以及生态效益的评估提供科学依据。 相似文献
12.
Global-scale changes in anthropogenic nutrient input into marine ecosystems via terrestrial runoff, coupled with widespread predator removal via fishing, have created greater urgency for understanding the relative role of top-down versus bottom-up control of food web dynamics. Yet recent large-scale studies of community regulation in marine ecosystems have shown dramatically different results that leave this issue largely unresolved. We combined a multiyear, large-scale data set of species abundances for 46 species in kelp forests from the California Channel Islands with satellite-derived primary production and found that top-down control explains 7- to 10-fold more of the variance in abundance of bottom and mid-trophic levels than does bottom-up control. This top-down control was propagated via a variety of species-level direct and indirect responses to predator abundance. Management of top-down influences such as fishing may be more important in coastal marine ecosystems, particularly in kelp forest systems, than is commonly thought. 相似文献
13.
Principles for Sustainable Governance of the Oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R Costanza F Andrade P Antunes den Belt M D Boersma DF Boesch F Catarino S Hanna K Limburg B Low M Molitor JG Pereira S Rayner R Santos J Wilson M Young 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5374):198-199
Pressures being exerted on the ocean ecosystems through overfishing, pollution, and environmental and climate change are increasing. Six core principles are proposed to guide governance and use of ocean resources and to promote sustainability. Examples of governance structures that embody these principles are given. 相似文献
14.
广西北海市滨海湿地生态系统服务价值评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
[目的]全面准确地评价广西北海市滨海湿地生态服务价值,为滨海湿地开发利用和政策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]利用所构建的滨海湿地生态系统服务价值评价框架体系和最新卫星遥感数据,结合国内外较为成熟的湿地评价理论与评价方法,对北海市湿地生态系统服务价值进行了全面评价。[结果]2009年北海市滨海湿地生态系统生态服务总价值为32.20亿元,其中物质产品价值10.85亿元,生态服务价值21.35亿元,并对生态服务价值构成进行了分析。[结论]对湿地生态系统进行货币化计量,不仅可以提高人类对滨海湿地生态系统的正确认识,还可以为湿地资源的开发利用与保护政策的制定提供科学依据。 相似文献
15.
砗磲是珊瑚岛礁的构成物种,对维护珊瑚礁生态系统平衡起着重要作用。近年来,由于非法捕捞和海洋生态环境影响,对我国西沙砗磲资源造成严重威胁。为掌握西沙海域砗磲资源现状,笔者于2017年6—7月采用截线样带法,对西沙主要岛礁海域砗磲的种类、分布及其与环境相关性进行了分析。结果显示,调查海域共发现4种砗磲：鳞砗磲(Tridacna squamosa)、长砗磲(T.maxima)、番红砗磲(T.crocea)和砗蚝(Hippopus hippopus),分别占总数的71.9%、15.6%、9.4%和3.1%。西沙不同岛礁海域砗磲密度、物种多样性指数存在显著差异,砗磲平均密度为0.026个·m-2。砗磲密度与珊瑚覆盖率呈显著正相关(P<0.05,R2=0.706 5),表明珊瑚覆盖率是影响砗磲分布的重要因素。 相似文献
16.
A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Halpern BS Walbridge S Selkoe KA Kappel CV Micheli F D'Agrosa C Bruno JF Casey KS Ebert C Fox HE Fujita R Heinemann D Lenihan HS Madin EM Perry MT Selig ER Spalding M Steneck R Watson R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5865):948-952
The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research. 相似文献
17.
东海区大黄鱼渔业资源及资源衰退原因分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
根据近几年东海区渔业资源调查并结合相关历史资料,对东海区大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea的渔业状况、种群结构、生殖特性及种群洄游分布规律等进行了研究。结果表明:自20世纪70年代以后,由于东海区大黄鱼渔业投入的捕捞力量和强度过大,已远远超过了大黄鱼资源的承受能力,大黄鱼资源量快速衰减,过度捕捞使东海区在20世纪80年代中期已形不成大黄鱼渔汛,渔业部门虽然制订了许多资源保护措施,但至今大黄鱼仍属东海区资源严重衰退的鱼种;大黄鱼群体组成呈现低龄化、小型化趋势,群体优势年龄组和优势体长组分别由20世纪70年代的4～7龄(220～350 mm),减小到90年代以后的1龄(140～160 mm),且初次生殖年龄提前。 相似文献
18.
The role of climatic variation in regulating marine populations and communities is not well understood. To improve our knowledge, the sign, amplitude, and frequency of climatic and biotic variations should be compared as a necessary first step. It is shown that there have been large interannual and interdecadal sea-surface temperature changes off the West Coast of North America during the past 80 years. Interannual anomalies appear and disappear rather suddenly and synchronously along the entire coastline. The frequency of warm events has increased since 1977. Although extensive, serial, biological observations are often incomplete, it is clear that climate-ocean variations have disturbed and changed our coastal ecosystems. 相似文献
19.
虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%,但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年）,美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年）,而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变,生境丧失和破碎化,以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁,但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏,有待进一步研究。 相似文献
20.
本研究基于2013-2022年春季和秋季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的渔业资源调查数据,综合考虑鱼类的种类组成、耐受程度、营养结构、繁殖习性等生态参数和属性,采用鱼类生物完整性指数（Fish-index of biotic integrity,F-IBI）,评价了海州湾生态系统健康状况及其变化趋势。结果表明,海州湾春季和秋季的鱼类生物完整性指数各保留8个评价指标。从F-IBI得分来看,海州湾春季和秋季的F-IBI得分分别介于18~51和24~54之间。从健康等级来看,春季海州湾生态系统基本在“一般”及以上水平,秋季海州湾则在“一般”上下波动。总体上,春季海州湾生态系统的健康状况较好,鱼类生物完整性指数在波动中呈逐渐下降的趋势。整体来看,海州湾鱼类资源状况不佳,高耐污鱼类和杂食性鱼类所占比例有所增加,渔业资源承受过度捕捞、气候变化等多方面的压力,亟需采取科学有效的措施保护和修复海州湾的渔业资源和生态系统。 相似文献