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沼气发酵残余物对叶菜硝酸盐积累的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过正交实验，分析沼气发酵残余物（沼液、沼渣）作为肥料，其施肥量、配施品种、施用方式等因素对油菜和菠菜硝酸盐积累的影响。影响菠菜硝酸盐积累的显著因素按作用程度大小依次为硫酸铵、沼渣和喷施沼液。油菜的显著因素依次为硫酸铵、沼渣和灌施沼液。并根据维持较高产量水平的基础上硝酸盐含量较低的原则，确定了优选的施肥方案。结果表明，采用沼渣作底肥，配合沼液追肥，生产的蔬菜满足高产和优质的双重目的，既利用了农业废物，避免沼气池的二次污染，又节约化肥，降低生产成本，具有一举数得的优点。 相似文献
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沼气发酵残余物对减少叶菜硝酸盐积累的影响研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
利用沼气发酵残余物（沼液、沼渣，以下简称沼肥）生产低硝酸盐蔬菜的可行性试验表明，与化肥相比，适量沼肥或沼肥配合施用，均可明显减少蔬菜体内硝酸盐的积累，等N量的全沼肥较沼肥与化肥配合施用控制效果更好。油菜喷施沼液比灌施降低硝酸盐含量，而菠菜喷施沼液反而比灌施提高硝酸盐含量。相同施肥量下油菜体内硝酸盐含量上等肥力土壤明显高于低等肥力土教育壤；沼肥或沼肥与化肥配施在高肥力土壤上减少硝酸盐积累的作用比低肥力土壤更明显。施用沼肥对减少大棚油菜积累硝酸盐的作用更明显，而对菠菜作用反之，露地菠菜减少硝酸盐积累的作用明显。 相似文献
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氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响 总被引：121，自引：0，他引：121
概述了多年来有关蔬菜硝酸盐积累方面的研究，包括菜园土壤及蔬菜的养分吸收特性，蔬菜硝酸盐积累的生理基础及生态因素，以及施用氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响和实际调控措施。 相似文献
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镇江市蔬菜硝酸盐污染状况及防治污染的合理施肥建议 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
蔬菜是一种容易富集硝酸盐的作物，人体摄入的硝酸盐81．2％来自蔬菜。过量施用氮肥，容易导致硝酸盐积累，使蔬菜品质下降。本文介绍了蔬菜硝酸盐污染的危害，国际国内蔬菜硝酸盐含量的分级评价标准以及镇江市蔬菜的硝酸盐污染状况，并提出了防治蔬菜硝酸盐污染的合理施肥建议。 相似文献
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不同沼肥对油菜产量、品质及氮素利用效率的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用温室盆栽试验研究了鸡粪沼肥(鸡粪沼渣、沼液)和牛粪沼肥(牛粪沼渣、沼液)对油菜产量、品质及氮素利用效率的影响。试验共设8个处理,分别为:不施肥(CK),鸡粪沼渣全部做底肥(JZ),鸡粪沼渣做底肥、沼液做追肥(JZ+JY),鸡粪沼液一半做底肥另一半做追肥(JY),牛粪沼渣全部做底肥(NZ),牛粪沼渣做底肥与沼液做追肥(NZ+NY),牛粪沼液一半做底肥另一半做追肥(NY),化肥一半做底肥另一半做追肥(HF),以上处理除空白外均按等氮量施用。研究结果表明,施用鸡粪沼肥比施用牛粪沼肥处理的油菜产量高,JZ、JZ+JY、JY3个处理油菜产量分别为13.8,14.9,14.8 g/盆,分别比牛粪沼肥相同处理(NZ、NZ+NY和NY)高40%,23%和11%。施用鸡粪沼肥处理油菜的硝酸盐含量要比相应施用牛粪沼肥的高,但在Vc含量上差异不显著;鸡粪沼肥氮素利用效率显著高于牛粪沼肥,这可能和鸡粪沼肥比牛粪沼肥速效养分含量高、养分释放快有关系。 相似文献
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通过田间试验研究了氮肥品种组合及不同肥料配施对芹菜生长和硝酸盐含量的影响.结果表明氮肥中的氯化铵、硫酸铵及其配合施用有利于降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量,减少土壤NO3--N积累;肥料组合正交试验结果表明几种肥料对芹菜产量影响的主次关系为尿素＞硫酸钾＞石灰＞油枯,对芹菜硝酸盐积累影响的主次关系为尿素＞油枯＞硫酸钾＞石灰.施用油枯和石灰,芹菜硝酸盐显著积累,但其用量水平间差异不显著.随着尿素施用量的增加,芹菜硝酸盐含量大幅度增加.钾肥能提高芹菜的产量并降低硝酸盐含量.统计分析表明油枯1125 kg/hm2,尿素495 kg/hm2,硫酸钾600 kg/hm2,石灰0 kg/hm2的配合施用在促进芹菜高产方面最为适宜. 相似文献
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施肥对土壤及黄瓜中稳定性氮同位素丰度的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
研究不同肥料配施对土壤、黄瓜及其叶片中稳定性氮同位素丰度(1δ5N‰)及硝酸盐和硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着配施有机肥比例的降低,黄瓜中1δ5N呈现先低后高再低的趋势;各处理单施化肥初期时黄瓜中1δ5N与有机肥60%和40%配施处理间差异显著(P0.05),中期时与有机肥60%、40%配施处理及对照间的差异显著(P0.05),末期时与有机肥60%配施处理间有差异(P0.05),与其他不同配施时差异不显著(P0.05);相同处理的不同采摘时期黄瓜中1δ5N差异不显著(P0.05)。不同处理时叶片与黄瓜间的1δ5N呈正相关(r=0.9836),其1δ5N主要受不同肥料配施处理的影响。随着有机肥比例的降低,黄瓜中硝酸盐含量逐渐降低,与黄瓜中1δ5N间的线性相关性差(r=0.6568);而叶片中硝酸还原酶活性逐渐提高,其中对照处理、100%、80%和60%有机肥处理时与叶片中δ15N丰度呈正相关(r=0.9187);60%、40%、20%有机肥和100%化肥处理时与叶片中1δ5N呈负相关(r=-0.9773)。总体来看,可以初步利用1δ5N作为标记来区分有机肥和化肥种植的黄瓜,但需要进一步研究1δ5N在作物中的分馏和分布规律。 相似文献
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为研究施用不同肥料类型（尿素、鸡粪）及用量（349.6,174.8 kg/hm2）下坡面氮素流失规律,采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,探究二者氮素流失差异的原因,并阐述肥料用量对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明：施肥后坡面氮素流失以泥沙全氮流失为主,占比可达78.16%~93.46%;径流硝态氮浓度高于铵态氮浓度,且径流总氮流失以硝态氮流失为主要形式,流失量占径流总氮流失量的38.53%~48.62%。肥料类型对坡面泥沙全氮浓度影响不明显,施用鸡粪处理泥沙硝态氮浓度和铵态氮浓度较高。等氮施用鸡粪可以减少坡面径流总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失浓度,分别减少68.64%~74.23%,70.09%~72.54%,27.90%~39.45%。等氮鸡粪替代尿素可以减少坡面氮素流失总量的11.07%~15.81%,减少径流总氮形式流失量70.55%~73.36%。坡面施氮量增加,氮素流失浓度增加,氮素流失总量也随之增加,可增加6.00%~11.00%。全量鸡粪替代半量尿素可减少坡面氮素流失总量,其效果较半量鸡粪处理下降10.40%。农业施用氮肥时,应合理选择施用量,并少量多次施用。尽量选择有机肥替代传统氮肥,以减少地表径流氮素浓度。做好水土保持工作,以降低水土流失携带大量的氮素对环境所造成的威胁。 相似文献
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施用羊粪条件下人工草地土壤硝态氮淋失量研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用SRC（Soil-Resin-Core）装置，研究了三峡库区草畜配套体系中羊粪还田量与硝态氮淋失量的关系。研究结果表明，有机肥本身即可产生硝态氮在土壤中的累积，羊粪施肥量越高，土壤硝态氮累积量和全氮含量就越高。随着施肥次数的增加，全氮含量整体呈上升趋势，硝态氮含量因降雨、气温和牧草生长等因素的影响，存在明显的季节性。元月份土壤中的硝态氮含量显著高于其它季节。相关分析表明：土壤全氮和硝态氮含量影响20cm土层中硝态氮的淋失量，三者之间呈显著正相关关系；施肥提高了人工草地的产草量，但施肥量过高，草地产量下降，增加了氮素损失的可能性。在一定的产草量下，人工草地可容纳的羊粪量高于单位土地面积承载羊只所产生的羊粪量。说明在三峡库区发展集约化的种草养羊业，羊粪直接还田，从资源环境的角度分析是可行的。 相似文献
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Critical drainage and nitrate leaching losses from manures applied to freely draining soils in Great Britain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abstract. Pig slurry was applied by open-slot injection to experimental plots on a sandy loam site at ADAS Gleadthorpe, Nottinghamshire. Volume and distribution of over-winter drainage were adjusted through the use of rainfall exclusion covers or irrigation. The resultant slurry N leaching over the range of drainage values tested (up to 300 mm) could be satisfactorily described by curve-fitting, using a quadratic or exponential function. Initial simulations of slurry N leaching using the manure nitrogen decision support system manner (v. 3.0) compared poorly with the experimental data, predicting both earlier and greater amounts of nitrate leaching. However, the lack of fit could be explained by consideration of the likely ammonia emissions following slurry injection, the actual volumetric soil moisture capacity at the experimental site and the likely time delay for the nitrification of slurry N following application. Good agreement between modelled and observed data was achieved when these factors were taken into account. The manner model was used to simulate nitrate leaching beyond the range of drainage treatments tested in the experiments and the anticipated sigmoidal relationship between nitrate leaching and drainage was observed. The model was then used to study the effects of manure application timing and the likely impact on nitrate leaching, across the range of rainfall conditions found in Great Britain. Simulations for a range of manure types were undertaken, with manures applied at rates up to the limit of permitted N loading on freely draining sandy loams. Rainfall inputs for these simulations were based on long-term average climatic data. Results are presented for two contrasting manure types, cattle slurry and poultry manure, both of which are subject to controls in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) in Great Britain. 相似文献
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禽畜粪肥和化肥对结球西生菜生产的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
针对结球西生菜营养特性和生产环境需要, 采用田间试验研究方法, 在冲积性水稻土和山原红壤上进行了禽畜粪肥和化肥的施用研究.结果表明, 在两种土壤上施用禽畜粪肥可改善土壤的物理化学性状, 提高土壤微生物活性.两种土壤上不同肥料处理土壤容重的排列顺序为禽畜粪肥处理<1/2禽畜粪肥处理<化肥+禽畜粪肥处理<化肥处理, 不同肥料处理总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体的排列顺序则相反.化肥的施用导致土壤pH下降, 而禽畜粪肥对土壤酸度的影响不大.施用禽畜粪肥可提高土壤有机质、有效氮磷钾、土壤微生物总量、细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量.在一定量范围内施用禽畜粪肥对降低结球西生菜中重金属含量和控制结球西生菜中的硝酸盐含量有显著作用, 但会增加结球西生菜中大肠杆菌数量, 施用禽畜粪肥应先进行无害化处理.氮肥用量与结球西生菜中硝酸盐含量呈正相关, 氮肥用量过多会提高结球西生菜硝酸盐含量.磷肥中含有一定量的重金属, 大量施用会提高结球西生菜中重金属含量.钾肥可提高结球西生菜的产量和产值.山原红壤系缺硼土壤, 施硼有一定的增产效果.化肥和禽畜粪肥配合施用可提高结球西生菜产量产值, 获得较好经济效益.采用化肥和禽畜粪肥相结合的施肥方式对结球西生菜的产量和品质及其生产环境有良好作用. 相似文献
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Animal slurry can be separated into solid and liquid manure fractions to facilitate the transport of nutrients from livestock farms. In Denmark, untreated slurry is normally applied in spring whereas the solid fraction may be applied in autumn, causing increased risk of nitrate and phosphorus (P) leaching. We studied the leaching of nitrate and P in lysimeters with winter wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) after autumn incorporation versus spring surface application of solid manure fractions, and we compared also spring applications of mineral N fertilizer and pig slurry. Leaching was compared on a loamy sand and a sandy loam soil. The leaching experiment lasted for 2 yr, and the whole experiment was replicated twice. Nitrate leaching was generally low (19–34 kg N/ha) after spring applications of mineral fertilizer and manures. Nitrate leaching increased significantly after autumn application of the solid manures, and the extra nitrate leached was equivalent to 23–35% of total manure N and corresponded to the ammonium content of the manures. After spring application of solid manures and pig slurry, only a slight rise in N leaching was observed during the following autumn/winter (<5% of total manure N). Total P leaching was 40–165 g P/ha/yr, and the application of solid manure in autumn did not increase P leaching. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of solid manure N was similar after autumn and spring application (17–32% of total N). We conclude that from an environmental perspective, solid manure fractions should not be applied to winter wheat on sandy and sandy loam soils under humid North European conditions. 相似文献
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Strategies to encourage better use of nitrogen in animal manures 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Abstract. Research conducted in the MAFF Nitrate Programme has been used to formulate new and improved guidelines on the efficient use of manure nitrogen (N). In order to reduce nitrate leaching losses, manures containing large amounts of available N (i.e. slurries and poultry manures) should not be applied to free-draining soils in the period from autumn to early winter. Also, for efficient nutrient utilization manure application rates should be consistent with agronomic requirements (up to 250 kg total N ha−1 yr−1 ). Existing farm machinery was shown to be capable of applying manures evenly to grassland and arable stubbles, but required an accurate estimate of application rate and the careful matching of spreading widths. To provide growers with detailed guidance on the fertilizer N replacement value of manures the computer-based decision support system MANNER (MANure Nitrogen Evaluation Routine) has been developed. The much improved understanding of manure N losses and availability has been summarized in a series of 'Managing Livestock Manures' booklets, the MAFF Fertilizer Recommendation booklet and the Codes of Good Agricultural Practice. 相似文献
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采用田间试验研究了牛粪、化肥单施和配施对萝卜产量,菜体硝酸盐累积、分布、同化,及土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响。结果表明,牛粪、化肥单施和配施,萝卜产量动态变化依次为FOM(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)、OM(牛粪)F(化肥)CK(无肥),叶部和肉质根硝酸盐含量高低依次为FFOMCKOM,粗蛋白累积量依次为FFOMCKOM,土壤硝态氮含量动态变化依次为FFOMOMCK。综合各因素总体以化肥配施牛粪最为适中,若重点考虑食用安全和土壤硝态氮累积环境效应,则以单施牛粪表现为最佳,各处理引起硝酸盐富集和土壤硝态氮残留的风险依次为化肥(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)牛粪。萝卜硝酸盐含量分布表现为叶部生长旺盛期叶部硝酸盐含量高于肉质根,肉质根生长旺盛期地下部将贮存更多的硝酸盐。在地上部,当植株硝酸盐富集时,硝酸盐累积在内叶和叶柄中;当植株生长处于养分"饥饿"状态时,硝酸盐释放到外叶和叶片中。因此,菜地连续施用有机肥,不仅可减少蔬菜对硝酸盐的富集,且可维持后期蔬菜产量。 相似文献
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Engineered plant growth media must support plant growth while minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this research was to determine how different growth media influence nutrient leaching. Plant growth media contained varied amounts of soil, sand, compost that did or did not contain manure, and possible sorbents for phosphorus. If the plant growth media included compost derived partly from manure, leaching losses of nutrients were excessive due to the high nutrient load in the compost. Layering compost over the plant media mix resulted in lower nitrate concentrations in effluent (87 mg L?1) compared with mixing compost into the media (343 mg L?1); however, growth of prairie grasses was reduced because of dense media below the compost blanket (0.09 versus 0.31 g). Using lower amounts of compost that did not contain manure resulted in lower mean nitrate concentrations in effluent (101 versus 468 mg L?1). Media that had no soil (13.3 mg L?1) had greater loss of phosphorus after harvest for unsaturated drainage than media with soil (1.8 mg L?1). To reduce nitrate leaching, only small amounts of low-nutrient compost (higher C:N ratio) should be incorporated into the media. If compost is applied as a surface blanket without incorporation, then soil should be added to the sand to reduce density of the media and increase plant growth. 相似文献
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基于钾平衡和氮淋失风险的红壤猪粪安全用量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
我国红壤区土壤普遍缺钾。通过8 a猪粪施用试验,研究了长期不施肥,长期施低量有机肥钾（59?kg/(hm2·a)）,高量有机肥钾（237?kg/(hm2·a)）,高量有机肥钾+石灰（有机肥钾237?kg/(hm2·a)＋石灰1?000?kg/(hm2·a)）对红壤旱地钾平衡的影响,并结合氮淋失风险制定有机肥钾安全用量。研究表明,红壤旱地长期有机肥施用提高了土壤供钾能力,而不会增加钾淋失。施入土壤的有机肥钾超过69%被作物吸收,但低量有机肥处理导致土壤钾库不断耗竭,而高量有机肥和高量有机肥+石灰处理每年可向土壤补充钾48～57?kg/hm2。针对单作玉米系统,保障作物钾需求和土壤钾库平衡的有机肥施钾量为180?kg/hm2。若考虑有机肥施用的硝酸盐淋失风险,有机肥施钾量不能高于155?kg/hm2,同时需补施25?kg/hm2化肥钾满足作物生长、预防土壤钾库耗竭。 相似文献