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1.
Abstract

Different plant analysis methods including varied incubation times with 0.5N and IN hydrochloric acid (HCl), diacid [nitric (HNO3) and perchloric (HClO4) acids], triacid [HNO3, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and HClO4], H2SO4+hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Wolf method), and 0.5N and lN ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) were evaluated for measuring the potassium (K) concentration in straw and grain samples of cereal, legumes, oilseed crops, and fruit‐tree leaves. The average K concentration in nine plant materials indicated that K extracted by 0.5N and lN HCl for 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 17 hours contact periods did not differ significantly. But the amount of K extracted by these acidic solutions gradually decreased during incubation, possibly due to reabsorption of released K by the plant material. The amount of K released in to the 0.5N HCl and IN HCl extractants was in close agreement with that obtained with the standard triacid method. The IN NH4OAc extraction method slightly overestimated the K concentration in the materials compared to the other methods. Differences were observed among the methods in extracting K from different plant materials. In case of grain samples, the triacid method gave slightly higher values than that obtained by IN NH4OAc extraction. The results suggest that the 0.5N HCl and lN NH4OAc extraction methods can be used for the determination of K in plant tissues as these methods gave lower standard deviation and coefficient of variation values compared to the triacid method.  相似文献   

2.
Potassium (K) in plant tissue is not bound to organic compounds and occurs in soluble forms, thus indicating the ease of its extractability. The conventional methods of plant-sample preparation for K determination are often tedious, time-consuming, and/or require chemicals, making the analysis expensive. In this investigation, we propose a water extraction method for assaying K concentration in tobacco leaf tissue and evaluate it for analytical accuracy and precision in comparison to the established methods, namely, triacid digestion, 1 N ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) extraction, and 0.5 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) extraction. The proposed method entails extracting K from 0.5 g finely ground plant tissue (<0.5-mm sieve) with distilled water at a 1:100 ratio (sample weight to water volume, w/v) by shaking for 20 mins and filtering before K measurement by flame photometry. Results with 25 tobacco leaf samples having a wide range in K concentrations showed very close agreement between the values of K determined by the proposed water extraction method and the established methods. The mean K concentration obtained with water extraction method was within 3 to 6% of those measured by established methods. The correlations between the K values obtained by the established methods and the water extraction method were highly significant (P?=?0.01), and the relationships are best described by linear regression equations with high values of R2 (>0.99). The standard errors (SEs) and coefficient of variation (CV) for K measurements by different methods followed the order water extraction < HCl extraction < triacid digestion < NH4OAc extraction. The results suggest that the water extraction method is comparable in accuracy and superior in precision to the established methods for K determination. Being simple, rapid, and inexpensive, the water extraction method could be used as an alternative to the most commonly employed standard, triacid digestion, for routine analysis of K in tobacco plant tissue.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Most digestion procedures for the preparation for plant tissue for elemental analysis are often very laborious. Elemental contents of plant tissue prepared by microwave digestion were compared to those obtained by conventional dry ashing and sulfuric acid‐hydrogen peroxide wet digestion. All three digestion methods produced comparable quantitative values for the elements P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu for all plant materials used. Thus, the microwave digestion technique was shown to be a viable rapid method for digesting relatively small numbers of samples prior to elemental analysis.  相似文献   

4.
巨桉人工林叶片养分交互效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在四川巨桉栽培区设立了60个标准地,采用相关分析和矢量诊断法进行分析,以了解巨桉人工林养分的相互作用关系。结果表明,巨桉人工林叶片的养分交互作用较为复杂。N可促进P、K、Ca、Mn等的吸收,但易受到Fe、Zn、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而且高N抑制了Mn的吸收;P可促进K、Mg、Mn等的吸收,但易受Zn、Fe、高Mn、高K、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而高浓度的P将抑制K、Zn、Fe等的吸收;K对其他养分元素均没有明显的促进作用,但高浓度K限制P的吸收;Ca、Mg之间可相互促进吸收。同时,低浓度的Ca和Mg有利于Fe、Zn的吸收,高浓度的Ca和Mg将对N、P、Fe、Mn、S、B等养分产生拮抗,限制吸收;S可促进Zn的吸收,但易受高Ca、高Mg拮抗;Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn之间主要以拮抗为主。B相互作用较少,对其他养分几乎没有明显的促进作用。  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Insoluble siliceous residues remaining after HNO3/HClO4 decomposition of the plant tissues National Bureau of Standards, standard reference materials spinach (Spinacea oleracea), orchard leaves and tomato leaves (Lycopersicon escuientum), contained varying quantities of the macro and micro elements Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. For the different samples with total element concentrations ranging from 11 μg/g (Cu in orchard leaves) to 45,000 μg/g (K in tomato leaves), residues contained element concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 88 times the respective concentrations in the samples. Contributions of residues to element concentrations in the plant tissues varied from 0.04 to 42% of the total concentrations. Overall, these constituted negligible (ca 0.1% for Mg and Ca), small (0.5% for Zn, Mn, K and 1% for Cu), and large (6% for Fe, 28% for Na) contributions depending on sample and analyte. Residue contributions to total element concentrations of plant tissues must be considered for reliable estimations of macro and micro elements.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Plant analyses methods have expanded immensely to document plant mineral element deficiency and toxicity disorders and to note mineral element interactions. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using cation exchange papers for the extraction of cationic elements from solutions to be analyzed by x‐ray fluorescence. The cationic elements Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were effectively extracted from solutions by one exchange resin paper disk if solutions were passed several times through the exchange resin paper. Calcium and Mg were extracted from solutions if two or three separate exchange papers were used, and K was not extracted from solutions with the use of up to five separate exchange papers. The relatively high concentrations of K in solutions and the relatively low exchange capacity of ion exchange resin papers apparently prevented the effective removal of K from solution. The detectability limits on the exchange resin disks by this technique were <2.8 μg Al, 0.5 μg Fe, 0.10 μg Mn, 0.10 μg Zn, and 0.08 μg Cu. Extraction of cationic elements from solutions for x‐ray analysis appeared practical and relatively rapid for Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, less practical for Ca and Mg, and impractical for K.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Two methods for extracting anthocyanins and bioelements [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe)] from black chokeberry, black currant, strawberry, and bilberry fruits were compared in this study. Correlations between the content of anthocyanins and bioelements in fruit extracts were determined using method A [extraction with hydrochloric acid (HCl)] and method B [extraction with water (H2O)]. Relationships between the content of anthocyanins and particular nutrients, as well as between Mg and Ca and between Zn and Fe, in fruit extracts obtained by method A and by method B were also established.

The mean content of anthocyanins and bioelements (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe) was the highest in black chokeberry fruits, regardless of the extraction method used. Bilberry fruits had the lowest nutrient content, despite a high anthocyanin content. The mean content of anthocyanins and bioelements was higher in fruit extracts obtained by method A than method B. The coefficients used to recalculate method A into method B were anthocyanins, 5.1; Ca, 1.1; Mg, 1.2; and Zn, 2.2. The statistical analysis showed that the effect of a given extraction method on the content of anthocyanins and bioelements (except for Ca) in fruit extracts depended on fruit species. The correlations between the content of anthocyanins, Ca, Mg and Zn in fruit extracts obtained by method A were found to be positive and highly significant, in comparison with method B. There was no correlation between the content of anthocyanins and particular nutrients in fruit extracts obtained by method A and by method B. The Mg content of fruit extracts was highly significantly higher than the Ca content, irrespective of the extraction method applied.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Three different chemical extractants were evaluated as to their extraction efficiency for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) on forest soil profiles from the Romanian Carpathians. The extractants were hot 14 M nitric acid (HNO3), 0.05 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate. By comparing amounts extracted by 0.05 M HCl and 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate relative to that dissolved by hot 14 M HNO3, some conclusions were drawn concerning the chemical forms of the metals in the extractable pool. The amount released by 0.05 M HCl was generally less than 10% of the HNO3‐extractable fraction but showed considerable variation among the elements studied. The relative amount extracted by pyrophosphate increased with organic‐matter content of the soils for Cu, Zn, Pb, Al, Fe, and Cr; stayed more or less constant for Mn, K, and Mg; and decreased for Ca. These findings are discussed with respect to the different binding forms of the metals in the soil and the processes affecting their mobility. From the present results, the metals were ranked as follows with respect to their ability to form organic complexes in natural soils: Cu>Cr, Pb>Ca>Al>Fe, Zn, Mn, K>Mg. However, the use of cold dilute HCl as a fractionation step may be questionable in cases of soils with a high content of substances possessing large neutralization capacity for protons.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

The objective of this work was to appraise the double acid (0.05N HCl+0.025N H2SO4) extraction agent for assessing the availability of Ca, Mg, and K in organic soils. The evaluation was done by determining the relation and interactions between the concentrations of Ca, Mg and K extracted from soils and those found in onion and alfalfa tissues.

The extraction procedure was found to give good relations (r ≥ 0.848**) between the concentrations of Ca and Mg extracted from soils and those present in onion and alfalfa tissues, though interactions between the amounts of Ca and Mg extracted from soils were found.

A differentiation among soils was found upon relating the amounts of soil extracted K to its concentration in onion and alfalfa tissues. Soil extracted K was shown to be related to its preponderance (K x 100/K Ca Mg) over other extracted bases (r = 0.975**). A critical preponderance of 11% K was identified for alfalfa. The critical preponderance of K in crops appraises some of the interactions among available soil cations and, consequently, is suggested as an improved approach for predicting crop response to potassium fertilization.  相似文献   

10.
Critical concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) with respect to dry matter yield end antagonistic and synergistic relationships among these nutrients were studied in which tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) was grown in recirculating nutrient solution (NFT). Increments of nutrient elements in the nutrient solution increased the proportional rate of the corresponding nutrient elements. Increasing levels of N negatively correlated with plant P and positively correlated with Ca, Fe, and Zn. Iron and Mn contents of the plants were increased and N, K, Ca, and Mg were decreased as a function of P applied. Increases in K in the nutrient solution caused increases in the concentrations of K, N, P, and Zn, and decreases in the concentration of Ca and Fe. Applied Ca increased the concentrations of Ca and N, and decreased the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Potassium, Ca, and Fe contents of the plants were decreased and Zn increased, while N, P, and Mn were not affected by the increasing levels of external Mg. Iron suppressed the plant Mg, Zn, and Mn contents. Synergism between Zn and Fe was seen, while P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were not affected by Zn levels. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Fe were not responsive to applied Mn, however, N and P contents of the plants were decreased at the highest levels of Mn.  相似文献   

11.
In this investigation the extraction curve of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were determined in the cultivation of fig. A system of intensive production of fig in greenhouse and hydroponics was established with 1.25 plants m?2. The determination of the nitrogen content was done by the micro-Kjeldahl method. The P was by the yellow molybdovanadate method throughon a spectrophotometer. The K was determined by flamometry and the Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Of the organs analyzed, the stem was the that accumulated more dry matter, then, the leaves and finally the fruits. The nutrient extraction dynamics presented similar upward behavior in all nutrients. The demand for macronutrients in decreasing order was N?>?K?>?P?>?Ca?>?Mg and for the micronutrients Cu?>?Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn.  相似文献   

12.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2831-2851
ABSTRACT

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach evaluates plant nutritional status. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is based on a comparison of crop nutrient ratios with optimum values from a high-yielding group (DRIS norms). Several researchers affirm that once DRIS norms based on foliar composition have been developed for a given crop, they are universal and applicable to that particular crop grown at any place and at any stage of its development. But different diagnoses with DRIS norms established for the same crop but under different growth conditions have been found. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the confidence intervals of three DRIS norms of sugarcane crop, (ii) to compare sugarcane nutritional diagnosis with three DRIS norms, and (iii) to evaluate the universal use of DRIS norms in sugarcane crop. Sugarcane DRIS norms were tested. Means for nitrogen (N)/phosphorus (P), N/calcium (Ca), N/copper (Cu), manganese (Mn)/N, N/zinc (Zn), Ca/P, Cu/P, Mn/P, Zn/P, potassium (K)/Ca, K/Cu, Mn/K, Zn/K, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Cu/magnesium (Mg), Mn/Mg, Zn/Mg, Mn/Cu, Zn/Cu, and Zn/Mn of these three DRIS norms were significantly different (?p<0.05). The sugarcane nutritional diagnosis derived from norms published in the literature was different. These three DRIS norms were not universally applicable to the sugarcane crop. Therefore, in the absence of DRIS norms locally calibrated, norms developed under one set of conditions only should be applied to another if the nutrient concentrations of high-yielding plants from these different set of conditions are similar.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

Simultaneous extraction of nutrients using ammonium bicarbonate–diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (ABDTPA) extractant has been successful for highland soils, but its potential for lowland soils is still uncertain. This study evaluated the suitability of ABDTPA extractant to determine available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in lowland rice soils of Sri Lanka. Available nutrients were analyzed both by conventional and ABDTPA methods, using the original ABDTPA (1∶2 soil–extractant) method as well as a modified (1∶4 soil–extractant) method. Conventional methods tested were Olsen, Bray 1, and FeO strip for available P; neutral NH4OAc extraction for exchangeable Ca, Na, K, and Mg; and DTPA extraction for available Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn. Nutrient content and uptake by plants were determined by a pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa). Nutrients extracted by the conventional methods and ABDTPA methods correlated well, in general, for all nutrients. Highly significant correlations were observed between plant uptake and extractable nutrients by 1∶2 and 1∶4 ABDTPA methods for P (r=0.85***and 0.73***, respectively), K (r=0.79*** and 0.66***, respectively), Na (r=0.86*** and 0.78***, respectively), Zn (r=0.66*** and 0.60***, respectively), Mn (r=0.72*** and 0.84***, respectively), and Fe (r=0.74*** and 0.68***, respectively). Calcium and Mg extracted by ABDTPA showed a poor relationship with their respective plant uptake. The ABDTPA method was as effective as or even better than the conventional methods in evaluating fertility status of lowland rice soils with respect to most nutrients. Replacing the conventional methods by the single ABDTPA multielement extractant will reduce the time and cost of soil analysis.  相似文献   

14.
’Dormanred’ raspberry (Rubus species) plants grown in sand culture were subjected to varying concentrations of N, Ca, and Mg over a two‐year period. Increasing nitrogen fertilization resulted in linear reductions of leaf Ca, K, Zn, Fe, and Mn but did not affect leaf Mg. Leaf Ca and K increased linearly with Ca fertilization, but applied Ca had an antagonistic influence on leaf Mg. Magnesium fertilization had a positive influence on leaf Mg but negatively affected leaf K, Ca, and Mn. Plant growth was negatively correlated with leaf Ca and leaf K, but had a positive correlation with leaf Mg and Mn. Nitrogen fertilization increased plant growth up to the mid‐level of applied N, but additional N reduced plant growth.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICPS) was used for the simultaneous determination of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Mo and B in the nitric acid soluble portion of a variety of plant materials. Conditions for pre‐digestion, digestion and the requirement to grind cereal grain were investigated.

Digestion with nitric and perchloric acids caused loss of K (due to the low solubility of potassium perchlorate) and B (due to volatilization). The accuracy of Fe and Na determinations using nitric acid digestion was dependent upon the type of plant material.

The accuracy and precision of the proposed digestion and analytical procedure was confirmed by co‐operation in an interlaboratory quality assurance program using a variety of standard reference plant materials, and the analysis of National Bureau of Standards, Standard Reference Material 1571 (orchard leaves).  相似文献   

16.
The relationships between plant and soil systems were investigated using multivariate statistical methods and relative ionic impulsions. Soil samples were taken from three locations and wild plant species consisted of:Poa, Pteridium aquilinum, Diplotaxis, Plantago lanceolata andTrifolium repens. The content of Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cr in soils and plants was determined. A five-step chemical fractionation procedure (speciation) was applied to soil samples. Total metal contents were determined and amounts extracted with HCl, EDTA and DTPA were measured. Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr in soils (considered as microconstituents for plants) show a greater number of statistically significant relationships with plant contents than those shown by macroconstituents (Mg, Ca, Na, K and Mn). On the other hand, only Zn and Pb extracted with EDTA and DTPA seem to be related to metal contents in wild plants. When using relative ionic impulsions, any soil fraction (obtained from the fractionation procedure, including the soluble fraction, which is the sum of all the fractions except the residual) is suitable for the study of soil-plant system, suggesting a global balance among all the fractions. Our results suggested an active assimilation for K and a passive uptake for Na, Ca and Mn. Furthermore, Fe seemed to favour the active assimilation of the other microelements.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

To compare the wax coated paper cups with Erlenmeyer flasks as nutrients extraction vessels and to compare their cost effectiveness, 45 soil samples with a wide range in properties were selected. Samples 1–25 were analyzed for extractable P, K, Ca, and Mg and 26–45 for Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu first time using wax coated paper cups, and a second time using Erlenmeyer flasks as the extraction vessel. The levels of each nutrient extracted in Erlenmeyer flasks and those in paper cups were almost identical. The coefficient of correlation between the levels of each nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu) extracted in paper cups and those extracted in Erlenmeyer flasks were highly significant. Paper cups appeared to be more cost effective than Erlenmeyer flasks.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A compost of high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) content was added to soil, and the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was evaluated. Four treatments were established, based on the addition of increasing quantities of compost (0, 2, 5, and 10% w/w). Germination, plant growth, biomass production, and element [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), Cu, manganese (Mn), and Zn] contents of soil and barley were determined following a 16‐week growing period. Following harvesting of the barley, analysis of the different mixtures of soil and compost was performed. Micronutrient contents in soils as affected by compost additions were determined with diethylene–triamine–pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn) or ammonium acetate [Ca, Na, Mg, K, cation exchange capacity (CEC)] extractions, and soils levels were compared to plant uptake where appropriate. Increasing rates of compost had no affect on Ca, Mg, or K concentration in barley. Levels of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Na, however, increased with compost application. High correlations were found for DTPA‐extractable Cu and Zn with barley head and shoot content and for Mn‐DTPA and shoot Mn content. Ammonium acetate–extractable Na was highly correlated with Na content in the shoot. High levels of electrical conductivity (EC), Cu, Zn, and Na may limit utilization of the compost.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The Mehlich 3 (M3) extractant was introduced in 1981 to improve the efficiency of soil testing laboratories by eliminating the need for multiple extractants for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn. The M3 was also intended to be suitable for a wide range of soils, perhaps to serve as a “universal”; soil test extractant. At present, regional soil testing committees throughout the U.S. are investigating the M3 in this regard.

Development of a field calibration data base for a new soil testing extractant is an essential, but expensive and time‐consuming process. An interim measure is the use of conversion equations between new and current extractant(s). These equations allow for use of the new extractant with existing field calibration data. The objectives of this study were (i) to develop conversion equations for the Mehlich 1 (M1) and M3 extractants for Atlantic Coastal Plain soils, and (ii) to determine the influence of soil pH and organic matter content on the relative extractability of P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn by Ml and M3.

Four hundred soil samples, obtained from field plots and commercial crop samples submitted to the University of Delaware Soil Testing Laboratory were analyzed for P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn by M1 and M3. Highly significant correlations between M3 and M1 were found for all nutrients (r=0.92*** to 0.97***) and, except for Cu and Mn, soil pH and OM did not markedly improve the linear regression equations developed for conversion between M3 and M1. Inclusion of OM in a multiple regression equation between M3 and M1 extractable Cu increased R2 from 0.46** to 0.71***; R2 for Mn+(pH+OM) was 0.48***, relative to 0.35*** for extractable Mn alone. Critical values for M3 P, K, Ca, and Mg, based on conversion equations restricted to soils testing less than high with the M1 extractant, were 41, 49, 295 and 45 mg.dm‐3, respectively. For Mn and Zn, at a pH of 6.2, M3 critical values were 9.5 and 0.6 mg.dm‐3, while for Cu, the M3 critical value ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 mgdm‐3 for soil OM of 2 to 8%.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The objective was to find an uncomplicated test giving the best correlation between calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) extracted from humic forest soil and the total concentration of the element in some understorey forest plants using well‐known extractants. The elements were selected because Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn are essential nutrients to plants and Zn and Pb are potentially harmful heavy metals received over the years in the southern parts of Norway by long‐range atmospheric transport. Extraction of organic podzolic surface soil (Oe and Oa horizon) from 17 different pine forests in central and southern Norway was carried out with four different reagents to evaluate uptake of Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the understorey plants Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus (leaves and stems), and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea (leaves and stems). The NH4OAc, NH4NO3, HCl, and EDTA solutions used to extract the soil in addition to concentrated HNO3, demonstrated variability in capacity to extract the different elements from the soil. The extractants yielded significant relations between concentrations of Ca, Mn, and Pb in the Oe or Oa horizon and some of the plants or plant compartments, even though distinct correlation was more dependent on species and plant part than the actual extractant used. In the case of Zn, Cu, and Mg only a few sporadic correlations were observed between the different plant/plant compartments and the element concentrations in the soil extracts. Altogether none of the extractants was shown to be superior to the others in providing the best correlation with the elements concentrations in selected plant/plant compartments. In the case of Ca, Mn, and Pb all the extractants including concentrated HNO3 provided significant correlations with at least some of the selected plant/plant compartments.  相似文献   

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