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1.
Field experiments were conducted in farmyard manure (FYM) and maize-residue (MR) blocks during 1984–2011 with the objective of identifying a superior treatment for attaining maximum finger millet yield and soil fertility at Bangalore. The treatments tested in the FYM block were Control; FYM@10tha?1; FYM@10tha?1 + 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); FYM@10tha?1 + 100%NPK; 100%NPK; and in the MR block, Control; MR@5tha?1; MR@5t ha?1 + 50%NPK; MR@5tha?1 + 100%NPK; 100%NPK. FYM@10t/ha + 100%NPK gave a maximum mean yield of 3207 kg/ha in the FYM block, while MR@5t/ha + 100%NPK gave 2548 kg/ha in the MR block. Regression and principal component (PC) models of yield were developed through soil fertility and rainfall variables to assess the treatments. Maximum yield predictability of 60% and 65% under regression, and 76% and 75% under the PC model were observed for the FYM and MR blocks, respectively. FYM@10t/ha + 50%NPK was superior, with maximum gross returns of Rs.41286/ha and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) of 2.27 in the FYM block compared to MR@5t/ha + 100%NPK (gross returns of Rs.34530/ha and BCR of 2.09) in the MR block with maximum soil fertility, and are recommended for adoption under semi-arid Alfisols.  相似文献   

2.
Based on a long-term finger millet-groundnut rotation study conducted for 24-years during 1992–2015 under Alfisols at Bangalore, organic and inorganic fertilizer effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and sustainability of yield were assessed. Field experiments were conducted with T1:Control; T2:FYM@ 10t ha?1; T3:FYM@ 10t ha?1 + 50% NPK; T4:FYM@ 10t ha?1 + 100% NPK, and T5:100% recommended NPK in same plot every year. T5 comprised of 50 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha?1 for finger millet and 25 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 25 kg K2O ha?1 for groundnut. Sustainability yield index of treatments was assessed using measurements made on variability of yield over years. The amount of carbon sequestered was assessed to identify a superior treatment for improving soil quality. Balanced use of 100% NPK+ FYM for maintenance of SOC at antecedent level with biomass-C of 1.62 Mg C ha?1 year?1 was feasible for sustaining production under semi-arid Alfisols.  相似文献   

3.
A study was conducted to assess fertilizer effect on pearl millet–wheat yield and plant-soil nutrients with the following treatments: T1, control; T2, 100% nitrogen (N); T3, 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); T4, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); T5, 100% NPK + zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at 25 kg ha?1; T6, 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha?1; T7, 100% NPK+ verimcompost (VC) at 2.5 tha?1; T8, 100% NPK + sulfur (S) at 25 kg ha?1; T9, FYM at 10 t ha?1; T10, VC at 2.5 t ha?1; T11, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 25 kg S ha?1 + ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha?1; and T12, 150% NPK treatments. Treatments differed significantly in influencing soil-plant nutrients and grain and straw yields of both crops. Grain yield had significant correlation with soil-plant N, P, K, S, and zinc (Zn) nutrients. The study indicated superiority of T11 for attaining maximum pearl millet grain yield (2885 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7185 kg ha?1); amounts of N (48.9 kg ha?1), P (8.8 kg ha?1), K (26.3 kg ha?1), S (20.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.09 kg ha?1) taken up; and amounts of soil N (187.7 kg ha?1), P (13.7 kg ha?1), K (242.5 kg ha?1), S (10.1 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.70 kg ha?1). It was superior for wheat with grain yield (5215 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7220 kg ha?1); amounts of N (120.7 kg ha?1), P (13.8 kg ha?1), K (30 kg ha?1), S (14.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.18 kg ha?1) taken up; and maintaining soil N (185.7 kg ha?1), P (14.5 kg ha?1), K (250.5 kg ha?1), S (10.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.73 kg ha?1). Based on the study, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 tha?1 + Zn at 25 kg ha?1 + S at 25 kg ha?1 could be recommended for attaining maximum returns of pearl millet–wheat under semi-arid Inceptisols.  相似文献   

4.
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop yield sustainability and soil quality in a long-term trial initiated during the wet season of 1971 under a humid subtropical climate. Over 41 years of study, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) + farm yard manure (FYM) at 15 t ha?1 recorded the most sustainable grain yields. Optimal and superoptimal NPK fertilizers gave quite similar crop yields to that of 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 up to two decades but thereafter yields declined sharply due to emergence of zinc (Zn) deficiency. The sustainable yield index (SYI) values indicated that wheat yields were more sustainable than rice. Soil organic carbon and available N, P, K, and Zn in the control plot decreased the most, whereas 100% NPK + FYM at 15 t ha–1 improved available N, P and K, maintained soil organic carbon, and decreased Zn over initial levels. Grain yield and SYI were more significantly correlated with Soil Organic Carbon (SOC). Continuous application of FYM contributed the maximum Soil Quality Index (SQI) (0.94), followed by Zn.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of integrated nutrient management, cultivation method, and variety on root and shoot growth, grain yield and its components of lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation were evaluated. Treatments included were three varieties (Pathumthani 1, RD57, and RD41), three cultivation methods [dry direct seeding, wet direct seeding, and transplanting], and three nutrient combinations [100% NPK (160?kg ha?1), 50% NPK (80?kg ha?1) + 50% FYM (5 t ha?1), and 100% FYM (10 t ha?1)] under AWD. Root dry matter of RD41 and RD57 was reduced by 12–25% at the 100% NPK and 100% FYM compared with the 50% NPK + 50% FYM. Panicle number, panicle length, and 1000-grain weight were higher at the 50% NPK + 50% FYM. Application of the 50% NPK + 50% FYM could be a feasible option under AWD irrigation; however, benefits may vary with varieties and cultivation methods.  相似文献   

6.
Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of nutrients management practices on yield and rainwater use efficiency of green gram (Vigna radiata), and soil fertility under moist sub-humid Alfisols at Phulbani, India, during 2005–2008. Ten treatment combinations of lime @ 10% and 20% of lime requirement (LR) @ 8.3 t ha?1, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha?1, green leaf manure @ 5 t ha?1, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N–P–K) (20–40–20 kg ha?1) were tested. The analysis of variance indicated that treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing yield and rainwater use efficiency. Application of lime @ 20% LR + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha?1 was superior with maximum mean yield of 531 kg ha?1, while lime @ 10% LR + FYM @ 5 t ha?1 + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha?1 was the second best with 405 kg ha?1 and maintained maximum soil fertility of nutrients. The superior treatment gave maximum sustainability yield index of 67.5%, rainwater use efficiency of 0.49 kg ha?1 mm?1, improved soil pH, electrical conductivity, and soil nutrients over years.  相似文献   

7.
Based on experiments conducted during 1988–2009 on rainfed pearl millet/sorghum with 9 treatments in Vertisols, an efficient treatment for sustainable productivity is identified. Twenty kg of nitrogen (N) from farmyard manure (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1 in pearl millet and 40 kg N (urea) + 20 kg P + 25 kg zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ha?1 in sorghum gave maximum yield and rainwater-use efficiency, whereas 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 in pearl millet and 40 kg (urea) + 20 kg P ha?1 in sorghum and gave maximum soil N, P, and potassium (K) over years. The regression model of 20 kg N (crop residue) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 gave maximum R2 for predicting sorghum equivalent yield separately through precipitation and soil variables, whereas 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 gave maximum R2 under combined model of both variables. Treatment of 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 was superior for attaining maximum sorghum equivalent yield of 1062 kg ha?1, net returns of Rs. 4805 ha?1, benefit/cost (BC) ratio of 1.50, and 127 kg ha?1 of soil N, 10.3 kg ha?1 of soil P, and 386 kg ha?1 of soil K over years.  相似文献   

8.
Long-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha?1 under the control to 805 kg ha?1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha?1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha?1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha?1 mm?1) and SYI (30.5%). This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha?1 with benefit–cost ratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.  相似文献   

9.
Alarming climate change, rainfed upland farming, and low resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer management practices are major production constraints detrimental to rice productivity in the northwestern (NW) Himalayas. Recent agronomic intervention of direct-seeded rice (DSR) coupled with suitable rice germplasm well suited to rainfed upland ecosystems in combination with appropriate integrated nutrient-management (INM) technology can enhance the rice productivity in the region. Thus, a field experiment with seven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design was conducted on INM technology in rainfed upland rice cv. HPR-1156 (Sukaradhan-1) to harness the potential of DSR technology in order to boost rice productivity in the NW Himalayas. Results on INM in direct-seeded upland rice revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha?1 (oven dry-weight basis) significantly resulted in the greatest magnitude of growth and development (plant height, tillers m?2) and yield-contributing characters (panicles m?2, panicle length, grains panicle?1 and 1000-grain weight), resulting in significantly greatest grain, straw, and biological yield followed by sole use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 and NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1, respectively, in rainfed upland rice. Application of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1 again resulted in significant improvement in soil organic carbon and available NPK status over other treatments and initial soil fertility status in an acidic Alfisol. Overall, it is inferred that INM technology with judicious use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1 in rainfed upland rice under DSR technology can enhance the rice productivity and resource-use efficiency in NW Himalayas.  相似文献   

10.
Effect of integrated use of mycorrhiza, lime, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on microbial activities and yield performance of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) was studied for two consecutive kharif (rainy) seasons during 2013–14 and 2014–15 in an acid Alfisol. The experiment was laid out with 16 treatments consisting of graded doses of soil test–based nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium (NPK); lime; mycorrhiza; organic sources, that is, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and green manure; secondary magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and micronutrients zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 and borax). Significantly highest mean tuber yield (29.61 t ha?1) was recorded due to integrated application of lime + FYM + NPK + ZnSO4. Graded doses of NPK showed a mean yield response of 65%, 134%, and 191% due to addition of 50%, 100%, and 150% of NPK over control, respectively. Inoculation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) combined with NPK and FYM recorded a mean tuber yield of 25.14 t ha?1. Highest mean dry matter (18.85%) was recorded due to application of 150% NPK, whereas highest starch content on fresh weight basis was recorded due to integrated use of lime + FYM + NPK + MgSO4 (11.11%). Application of 150% NPK has recorded highest dehydrogenase activity (2.018 µg TPF h?1 g?1) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay (2.012 µg g?1 h?1). Fungal inoculation of VAM in combination with lime + FYM + NPK recorded highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities (82.20 and 67.02 µg PNP g?1 soil h?1, respectively). Soil biological activities and phosphatase activities had highly significant relationship with tuber yield and biochemical constituents of yam bean. The study emphasized the conjunctive use of soil test–based inorganic fertilizers, lime, and organic manures to enhance the enzymatic activities and to realize higher crop yields of yam bean in acid Alfisols.  相似文献   

11.
A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2009 and 2010 at Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Hawalbagh, Almora, Uttarakhand, under the mid-hills of north-western Himalaya, to study the effect of farmyard manure and fertilizers on fruit yield, economics, energetics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and on soil chemical properties. The highest level of farmyard manure (20 t ha?1) along with 125% of recommended NPK (125, 27.5, and 52.1 kg N, P and K ha?1) resulted in significantly higher fruit yield (33.9 t ha?1) over other combinations. Both farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased fruits/plant, average fruit weight, plant height, fruit length, and fruit diameter. The maximum net returns (4520 $ ha?1) was achieved at 20 t of FYM along with 125% of recommended NPK. Energy ratio of 1.29 and 1.13 was the highest under 20 t FYM ha?1 and 125% of recommended NPK, respectively. Available nutrients (N, P, and K) improved the status of the soil significantly due to 20 t ha?1 of FYM and 125% of recommended NPK over other treatments.  相似文献   

12.
A long-term (30 years) soybean–wheat experiment was conducted at Hawalbagh, Almora, India to study the effects of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on grain yield trends of rainfed soybean (Glycine max)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system and nutrient status (soil C, N, P and K) in a sandy loam soil (Typic Haplaquept). The unfertilized plot supported 0.56 Mg ha−1 of soybean yield and 0.71 Mg ha−1 of wheat yield (average yield of 30 years). Soybean responded to inorganic NPK application and the yield increased significantly to 0.87 Mg ha−1 with NPK. Maximum yields of soybean (2.84 Mg ha−1) and residual wheat (1.88 Mg ha−1) were obtained in the plots under NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) treatment, which were significantly higher than yields observed under other treatments. Soybean yields in the plots under the unfertilized and the inorganic fertilizer treatments decreased with time, whereas yields increased significantly in the plots under N + FYM and NPK + FYM treatments. At the end of 30 years, total soil organic C (SOC) and total N concentrations increased in all the treatments. Soils under NPK + FYM-treated plots contained higher SOC and total N by 89 and 58% in the 0–45 cm soil layer, respectively, over that of the initial status. Hence, the decline in yields might be due to decline in available P and K status of soil. Combined use of NPK and FYM increased SOC, oxidizable SOC, total N, total P, Olsen P, and ammonium acetate exchangeable K by 37.8, 42.0, 20.8, 30.2, 25.0, and 52.7%, respectively, at 0–45 cm soil layer compared to application of NPK through inorganic fertilizers. However, the soil profiles under all the treatments had a net loss of nonexchangeable K, ranging from 172 kg ha−1 under treatment NK to a maximum of 960 kg ha−1 under NPK + FYM after 30 years of cropping. Depletion of available P and K might have contributed to the soybean yield decline in treatments where manure was not applied. The study also showed that although the combined NPK and FYM application sustained long-term productivity of the soybean–wheat system, increased K input is required to maintain soil nonexchangeable K level.  相似文献   

13.
Long-term effects of the different combinations of nutrient-management treatments were studied on crop yields of sorghum + cowpea in rotation with cotton + black gram. The effects of rainfall, soil temperature, and evaporation on the status of soil fertility and productivity of crops were also modeled and evaluated using a multivariate regression technique. The study was conducted on a permanent experimental site of rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol at the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Kovilpatti Centre, India, during 1995 to 2007 using 13 combinations of nutrient-management treatments. Application of 20 kg nitrogen (N) (urea) + 20 kg N [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 20 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1 gave the greatest mean grain yield (2146 kg ha?1) of sorghum and the fourth greatest mean yield (76 kg ha?1) of cowpea under sorghum + cowpea system. The same treatment maintained the greatest mean yield of cotton (546 kg ha?1) and black gram (236 kg ha?1) under a cotton + cowpea system. When soil fertility was monitored, this treatment maintained the greatest mean soil organic carbon (4.4 g kg?1), available soil P (10.9 kg ha?1), and available soil potassium (K) (411 kg ha?1), and the second greatest level of mean available soil N (135 kg ha?1) after the 13-year study. The treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing soil organic carbon (C); available soil N, P, and K; and yield of crops attained under sorghum + cowpea and cotton + black gram rotations. Soil temperature at different soil depths at 07:20 h and rainfall had a significant influence on the status of soil organic C. Based on the prediction models developed between long-term yield and soil fertility variables, 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg P ha?1 could be prescribed for sorghum + cowpea, and 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) could be prescribed for cotton + black gram. These combinations of treatments would provide a sustainable yield in the range of 1681 to 2146 kg ha?1 of sorghum, 74 to 76 kg ha?1 of cowpea, 486 to 546 kg ha?1 of cotton, and 180 to 236 kg ha?1 of black gram over the years. Beside assuring greater yields, these soil and nutrient management options would also help in maintaining maximum soil organic C of 3.8 to 4.4 g kg?1 soil, available N of 126 to 135 kg ha?1, available soil P of 8.9 to 10.9 kg ha?1, and available soil K of 392 to 411 kg ha?1 over the years. These prediction models for crop yields and fertility status can help us to understand the quantitative relationships between crop yields and nutrients status in soil. Because black gram is unsustainable, as an alternative, sorghum + cowpea could be rotated with cotton for attaining maximum productivity, assuring sustainability, and maintaining soil fertility on rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol soils.  相似文献   

14.
The experiment on the effect of primary biomethanated spentwash (PBSW) on soil properties, nutrient uptake and yield of wheat on sodic soil was carried out at a research farm of Post Graduate Institute, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra state, India, during the post-monsoon season. The experimental soil was sodic calcareous having Sawargaon series of isohyperthermic family of Vertic Haplustepts. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of varying doses of PBSW (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 m3 ha?1), absolute control, farmyard manure (FYM) 5 t ha?1 + RDF-AST (recommended dose of fertilizer as per soil test), FYM 5 t ha?1 + 50% GR (gypsum requirement) + RDF-AST and FYM 5 t ha?1 + 100% GR + RDF-AST. The results revealed that the physical properties, namely bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, were improved in sodic soil due to the application of increased doses of PBSW. A significant reduction in pH, calcium carbonate and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and an increase in organic carbon, cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and electrical conductivity (EC) were observed in the soil, due to the addition of PBSW. The available soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and micronutrient iron, manganese, copper and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) content after the harvest of wheat was the highest in the 500 m3 ha?1 treatment compared with all the other treatments. The exchangeable calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) increased significantly and exchangeable Sodium (Na+) reduced significantly with increased doses of PBSW. The saturation paste extract analysis also showed the same trend. A significant increase in the EC of the saturation paste of extract of the soil was observed in all PBSW treatments and it was the highest (4.75 dS m?1) in PBSW application @ 500 m3 ha?1. The application of PBSW @ 500, 400, 300 and 200 m3 ha?1 resembled the treatments of FYM + gypsum @ 100 GR + RDF-AST, FYM + gypsum @ 50 GR + RDF-AST and FYM + RDF-AST, respectively, regarding the biological properties of sodic soil. The PBSW application @ 500 m3 ha?1 had recorded the highest grain (47.33 q ha?1) and straw (72.72 q ha?1) yield and the maximum total uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn by wheat, which was at par with the treatment of FYM (5 t ha?1) + gypsum @ 100% GR + RDF-AST.  相似文献   

15.
A field experiment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrient on yield, nutrient uptake, fertility status of soil, and quality of stevia crop in the western Himalayan region. The experiment comprised eight different combinations of organic manure [farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and apple pomace manure (AP)]. Total leaf dry biomass increased by 149% over the control with application of VC 1.5 t ha?1 + AP 5 t ha?1. Application of organic manures enhanced organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil more than the control. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in stem were significantly affected by the application of organic manures over the control. Stevia plants supplied with FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1 recorded more total glycoside than other treatments. Stevioside yield (kg ha?1) was greater with application of FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1.  相似文献   

16.
A long-term field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Phulbani, Orissa, India, from 2001 to 2006 to identify the best integrated nutrient-use treatments for ensuring greater productivity, profitability, sustainability, and improved soil quality in pigeon pea + rice (two rows of pigeon pea followed by five rows of rice alternately) intercropping system. In all, nine treatments, eight comprising integrated nutrient-use practices, chemical fertilizer (CF), farmyard manure (FYM), and green leaf manure (GLM) to supply nitrogen (N) at 45 kg N ha–1 and one farmer's practice equivalent to 25 kg N ha–1 (FYM 5 t ha–1), were tested on a long-term basis. Results of the study revealed that 20 kg N ha–1 (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum mean rice grain yield of 1.52 t ha–1, followed by 20 kg N (GLM) + 25 kg N (urea) with grain yield of 1.51 t ha–1. In the case of pigeon pea, 30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea) gave maximum pigeon pea grain yield of 0.94 t ha–1, which was 34% greater than the sole application of chemical fertilizer. Pigeon pea grain yield tended to increase with increasing proportion of organic N in FYM + CF or GLM + CF combinations. Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded maximum mean rice equivalent yield of 3.59 t ha–1 and sustainability yield index of 59%. While studying profitability, application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum net returns of US$168.94 ha–1. Impact of treatments on soil quality as assessed in terms of relative soil quality indices (RSQI) increased with increasing proportion of organic sources of N. Using an innovative and new approach, an index of integrated productivity–sustainability–profitability–soil quality performance index (I P,S,Pr,SQ) was computed to make a precise evaluation of the treatments. Based on this index, the order of performance of the treatments was T6 [20 N (FYM) + 25 N (CF)] (7.7) > T7 [30 N (FYM) + 15 N (CF) (6.9)] > T3 [20 N (GL) + 25 N (CF)] (6.8) > T5 [10 N (FYM) + 35 N (CF) (6.6)] > T9 [GL] (6.5) > T8 [CF] (6.2) > T4 [30 N (GL) + 15 N (CF)] (6.0) > T2 [10 N (GL) + 35 N (CF)] (5.7) > T1 [FYM at 5 t ha–1] (4.1). Thus, the results and the methodology adopted in this study using long-term data would be very useful to researchers, farmers, land managers, and other stakeholders not only in India but also across the world under similar climatic and edaphic situations.  相似文献   

17.
This study aims to examine the effects of long‐term fertilization and cropping on some chemical and microbiological properties of the soil in a 32 y old long‐term fertility experiment at Almora (Himalayan region, India) under rainfed soybean‐wheat rotation. Continuous annual application of recommended doses of chemical fertilizer and 10 Mg ha–1 FYM on fresh‐weight basis (NPK + FYM) to soybean (Glycine max L.) sustained not only higher productivity of soybean and residual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop, but also resulted in build‐up of total soil organic C (SOC), total soil N, P, and K. Concentration of SOC increased by 40% and 70% in the NPK + FYM–treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha–1) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha–1), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean was 29% and that from wheat was 24% of the harvestable aboveground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment from initial soil in the 0–15 cm layer were 4362 and 333 kg C ha–1, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was observed that the soils under the unfertilized control, NK and N + FYM treatments, suffered a net annual loss of 5.1, 5.2, and 15.8 kg P ha–1, respectively, whereas the soils under NP, NPK, and NPK + FYM had net annual gains of 25.3, 18.8, and 16.4 kg P ha–1, respectively. There was net negative K balance in all the treatments ranging from 6.9 kg ha–1 y–1 in NK to 82.4 kg ha–1 y–1 in N + FYM–treated plots. The application of NPK + FYM also recorded the highest levels of soil microbial‐biomass C, soil microbial‐biomass N, populations of viable and culturable soil microbes.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

Modern agriculture over the years has resulted in depletion of boron (B) from soil which has been emerged as a serious obstacle for sustainable agriculture. We studied the availability of B in soil and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) productivity under different levels of B fertilization. A field experiment was conducted during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015, at experimental farm of Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur on silt-clay loam soil (acid Alfisol) under mid hill wet temperate condition. Different levels of B for the study included 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 kg B ha?1 along with recommended dose (RD) of NPK and farmyard manure (FYM, 20 t ha?1). The application of B influenced biological yield significantly up to 5 kg ha?1. Highest curd yield in 2013–2014 (11.03 t ha?1) and 2014–2015 (12.93 t ha?1) was recorded in 1.5 and 0.75 kg ha?1 B along with NPK + FYM, respectively. At higher rates of boron i.e. 10, 20 and 30 kg ha?1, due to toxic effects, a reduction in curd yield was recorded in both years. Maximum mean uptake of N, P and K by leaves and curd was recorded with the application of boron at 1.5 kg ha?1, whereas mean B uptake was highest when boron was applied at 2.5 kg ha?1. The highest mean value (1.79 mg kg?1) of soil available boron was recorded with 30 kg B ha?1. Application of boron at 2.4 kg ha?1 was worked out as optimum dose for cauliflower.  相似文献   

19.
In the present study, seven fertilizer treatments [T1, 50% NPK; T2, 100% NPK (Recommended dose of fertilizer, 200–65.4–124.5 kg N-P-K ha?1); T3, 150% NPK; T4, 100% PK; T5, 100% NK; T6, 100% NP and T7, control (zero NPK)] with four replications were assessed in the new alluvial soil zone (Entisols) of West Bengal, India. The objectives of the study were to generate information on potato productivity, profitability, indigenous nutrient supply and net gain/loss of NPK in post-harvest soil. Plants grown under higher NPK supply resulted in higher tuber yield and there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total yield with nutrient omissions. Nutrient?limited yields were 19.78, 2.83 and 1.77 t ha?1 for N, P and K, considering total tuber yield (28.24 t ha?1) obtained under 100% NPK as targeted yield. Indigenous nutrient supply of N, P and K were estimated at 24.1, 22.34 and 110.22 kg ha?1, respectively that indicates higher K?supplying capacity of experimental soil as compared to N and P. Net income (US$1349 ha?1 year?1) and B:C ratio (1.91) was highest with 100% NPK, and further addition of NPK (150%) resulted in decrease on net return (US$1193 ha?1 year?1) and B:C ratio (1.73).  相似文献   

20.
This present investigation took place on a continuing long-term fertilizer experiment, initiated in 1972 at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture CSK HPKV, Palampur, aimed at studying nutrient dynamics of micronutrients, especially Zn, after continuous use of chemical fertilizers and amendments over the previous 36 years in an acid Alfisol under a maize–wheat system. Treatments investigated were as follows: T1: Control; 100% N; 100% NP; 100% NPK (optimal application - 120:26:33(maize)/25(wheat)); 100% NPK + FYM (10 t ha−1 to the maize crop); T6: 100% NPK + lime (900 kg ha−1); T7: 100% NPK + Zn (25 kg ha−1 as ZnSO4); T8: 100% NPK + Hand weeding; T9: 100% NPK (-S); T10: 150% NPK (super-optimal application); and T11: 50% NPK (sub-optimal application). Different forms of zinc in soil were determined through a sequential extraction method. Results revealed that previous applications of high-analysis fertilizers and amendments caused a marked depletion in the pools of Zn as compared to buffer plots. All pools of Zn as well as crop productivity and Zn uptake were noticeably greater in farmyard manure (FYM)-amended plots compared with plots not receiving fertilizer. The residual fraction was the dominant form but organically bound and exchangeable forms were found to play major role in nutrient supply, crop productivity and nutrient uptake. Correlation and regression analysis studies showed that organic forms constituted the most important pool contributing towards variation in yield and uptake by maize and wheat crops. Exchangeable and organically bound forms contributed significantly towards the availability of DTPA-extractable Zn in soil.  相似文献   

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