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1.
Swine lagoon sludge is commonly applied to soil as a source of nitrogen (N) for crop production but the fate of applied N not recovered from the soil by the receiver crop has received little attention. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the yield and N accumulation responses of corn (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) to different levels of N applied as swine lagoon sludge, (2) quantify recovery of residual N accumulation by the second and third crops after sludge application, and (3) evaluate the effect of different sludge N rates on nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations in the soil. Sludge N trials were conducted with wheat on two swine farms and with corn on one swine farm in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Agronomic optimum N rates for wheat grown at two locations was 360 kg total sludge N ha?1 and the optimum N rate for corn at one location was 327 kg total sludge N ha?1. Residual N recovered by subsequent wheat and corn crops following the corn crop that received lagoon sludge was 3 and 12 kg N ha?1, respectively, on a whole-plant basis and 2 and 10 kg N ha?1, respectively, on a grain basis at the agronomic optimum N rate for corn (327 kg sludge N ha?1). From the 327 kg ha?1 of sludge N applied to corn, 249 kg N ha?1 were not recovered after harvest of three crops for grain. Accumulation in recalcitrant soil organic N pools, ammonia (NH3) volatilization during sludge application, return of N in stover/straw to the soil, and leaching of NO3 from the root zone probably account for much of the nonutilized N. At the agronomic sludge N rate for corn (327 kg N ha?1), downward movement of NO3-N through the soil was similar to that for the 168 kg N ha?1 urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) treatment. Thus, potential N pollution of groundwater by land application of lagoon sludge would not exceed that caused by UAN application.  相似文献   

2.
A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, with three tillage practices (T1: Control- two times ploughing with harrow and cultivator, each followed by planking before sugarcane planting; T2: Deep tillage with disc plough (depth 25–30 cm) before planting followed by harrowing, cultivator, and planking; and T3: Subsoiling at 45–50 cm and deep tillage with disc plough/moldboard plough (depth 25–30 cm) followed by harrowing, cultivator, and planking before planting, two soil moisture regimes (M1: 0.5 irrigation water (IW)/cumulative pan evaporation (?CPE) ratio and M2: 0.75 IW/CPE ratio) at 7.5 cm depth of IW, and four N levels (N1- 0, N2- 75, N3- 150, and N4-225 kg N ha?1) in sugarcane plant crop. Deep tillage and subsoiling increased porosity and reduced bulk density in surface/subsurface soil. Further, these physical changes also improved soil biological and chemical properties responsible for higher crop growth and yield. Deep tillage and subsoiling reduced the compaction by 6.12% in 0–15 cm depth in sugarcane plant crop at maximum tillering stage. The highest N uptake (158.5 kg ha?1) was analyzed with deep tillage and subsoiling compared to all other tillage practices. Maintaining suboptimal moisture regime with deep tillage and subsoiling showed the highest IW use efficiency (157.16 kg cane kg?1 N applied). Mean soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) in ratoon crop was higher compared to plant crop. During initial tillering stage, ratoon crop showed higher SMBC with application of deep tillage and subsoiling (1209 mg CO2-C g?1 soil day?1) at 0–15 cm depth and 1082.9 mg CO2-C g?1 soil day?1 at 15–30 cm depth. Thus, it could be concluded that besides improving sugarcane yield, soil health could be sustained by adopting subsoiling (45–50 cm depth) and deep tillage (20–25 cm depth), with soil moisture regime of 0.75 IW/CPE and application of 150 kg N ha?1 in sugarcane (plant crop).  相似文献   

3.
A 3-year study was conducted to determine the effects of broiler litter relative to inorganic fertilizer on soil nutrient content and quality in an upland Loring silt loam soil. Treatments included annual broiler litter rates of 0, 2.2, 4.5, 5.6, 6.7, 10.1, and 13.4 Mg ha?1 y?1 and commercial fertilizer rates of 34, 68, 90, 112, 134, and 168 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1 y?1. Broiler litter application linearly increased soil total carbon (C), microbial biomass C, extractable soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the stability of soil aggregate. At the highest broiler litter rate, the stability of soil aggregate was 34% greater than inorganic fertilizer. Application of broiler litter or fertilizer N at rate greater than 6.7 Mg ha?1 or 90 kg N ha?1, respectively, exceeded plant N utilization potential as evidenced by higher end-of-season soil residual nitrate (NO3)-N. Broiler litter is more effective in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological components than conventional fertilizer.  相似文献   

4.
Nitrogen balances and total N and C accumulation in soil were studied in reseeded grazed grassland swards receiving different fertilizer N inputs (100–500 kg N ha?1 year?1) from March 1989 to February 1999, at an experimental site in Northern Ireland. Soil N and C accumulated linearly at rates of 102–152 kg N ha?1 year?1 and 1125–1454 kg C ha?1 year?1, respectively, in the top 15 cm soil during the 10 year period. Fertilizer N had a highly significant effect on the rate of N and C accumulation. In the sward receiving 500 kg fertilizer N ha?1 year?1 the input (wet deposition + fertilizer N applied) minus output (drainflow + animal product) averaged 417 kg N ha?1 year?1. Total N accumulation in the top 15 cm of soil was 152 kg N ha?1 year?1. The predicted range in NH3 emission from this sward was 36–95 kg N ha?1 year?1. Evidence suggested that the remaining large imbalance was either caused by denitrification and/or other unknown loss processes. In the sward receiving 100 kg fertilizer N ha?1 year?1, it was apparent that N accumulation in the top 15 cm soil was greater than the input minus output balance, even before allowing for gaseous emissions. This suggested that there was an additional input source, possibly resulting from a redistribution of N from lower down the soil profile. This is an important factor to take into account in constructing N balances, as not all the N accumulating in the top 15 cm soil may be directly caused by N input. N redistribution within the soil profile would exacerbate the N deficit in budget studies.  相似文献   

5.
Phytoremediation is an attractive, economic alternative to soil removal and burial methods to remediate contaminated soil. However, it is also a slow process. The effect of humic acid in enhancing B and Pb phytoextraction from contaminated soils was studied (pot experiment) using transplanted vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash). Boron was applied at 0, 45, 90 and 180 kg B ha?1 soil (as H3BO3) in 16 replicates. Of the 64 pots, four pots each were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha?1 humic acid (HA) solution. In a separate experiment, Pb was applied (as Pb(NO3)2) at 0, 45, 90 and 180 kg Pb ha?1 prior to addition of HA solutions at levels identical to the B experiment. Experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Vetiver grass was harvested 90 days after planting. Lead addition beyond 45 kg Pb ha?1 decreased Pb uptake mostly due to a yield decline. Humic acid application increased Pb availability in soil and enhanced Pb uptake while maintaining or enhancing yield. An application of 200 kg HA ha?1 was optimal for maintaining yield at elevated Pb levels. Boron application did not impact yield but greatly increased B content of roots and shoot. Boron uptake was greatest upon addition of 400 kg HA ha?1. We conclude that HA addition to vetiver grass can be an effective way to enhance phytoremediation of B and Pb but optimum rates differ depending on soil B and Pb contamination levels.  相似文献   

6.
A field experiment was carried out in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2006–2007 growing season to investigate canola seed yield as affected by nitrogen (N) and natural zeolite (Z) rates. This experiment studied N efficiency and N leaching loss in a sandy soil. Experimental treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three N levels (90, 180, and 270 kg N ha?1) and four zeolite rates (0, 3, 6, and 9 t zeolite ha?1). The result showed that the greatest seed yield (2452.3 kg ha?1) was obtained from the N270Z9 treatment whereas the control treatment (N0Z0) produced the lowest seed yield (1038.3 kg ha?1). Moreover, use of 270 kg N ha?1 without zeolite (N270Z0) led to the greatest amount of N leaching loss (144.23 kg ha?1). Zeolite application clearly reduced N leaching loss in all N rates. This justified low N-use efficiency in high N applications. More N uptake and more canola seed yield is attributed to zeolite application.  相似文献   

7.
A long-term study was conducted to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil quality in post-monsoon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Solapur in Maharashtra State in Western India under All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture. The experiment was laid out with ten Integrated Nutrient Management Treatments in a randomized block design with three replications. The results of the study indicated that among all the integrated nutrient management treatments practiced, the application of 25 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1 through crop residue (CR) + 25 kg N ha?1 (urea) showed the highest soil quality index of 2.36, which was at par with other treatments receiving farmyard manure (FYM) and crop residues along with urea. The relative order of performance of the integrated nutrient management treatments in influencing soil quality was: T6: 25 kg N ha?1 (CR) + 25 kg N ha?1 (urea) (2.36) >T5: 25 kg N ha?1 (FYM) (2.31) > T7: 25 kg N ha?1 (FYM) +25 kg N ha?1 (urea) (2.30) = T8: 25 kg N ha?1 (CR) +25 kg N ha?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.30) > T10: 25 kg N ha?1 (Leucaena loppings) +25 kg N ha?1 (urea) (2.17) > T4: 25 kg N ha?1 (CR:crop residues) (2.16) > T9: 25 kg N ha?1 (Leucaena loppings) (2.15) > T3: 50 kg N ha?1 (urea) (2.10) > T2: 25 kg N ha?1 (urea) (1.99) > T1: 0 kg N ha?1 (control) (1.77). The results of the study also indicated that average percent contribution of each soil key indicator towards soil quality indices was: pH (3.97%), EC (1.94%), organic carbon (18.6%), available P (2.80%), available K (6.57%), exchangeable Ca (7.02%), available S (3.45%), Available Zn (17.9%), dehydrogenase (DHA) (16.2%), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) (18.5%) and mean weight diameter (MWD) (3.14%). Thus, the results of the present study will be highly useful to the land managers in planning effective management of soil quality.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Effect of slag-based gypsum (SBG) and commercial gypsum (CG) on maize was investigated in acidic and neutral soils. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments consisting of three levels (150, 450, and 750 kg ha?1) of SBG and CG with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and one control was maintained. Application of SBG @750 kg ha?1 recorded significantly higher (8.61 and 8.69 t ha?1, respectively) cob yield of maize compared to CG and control treatments in both soil condition. Increased levels of SBG application increased soil pH and EC in both the soils, but decreased with the application of CG. Application of 750 kg SBG ha?1 recorded significantly higher soil available nutrients like phosphorus in acidic soil and potassium in neutral soil. Higher exchangeable calcium and magnesium in acidic soil and exchangeable calcium in neutral soil were recorded with the application of CG @750 kg ha?1. Available sulfur was significantly higher with CG @750 kg ha?1 applied treatment in both soils. CaCl2Si content in acidic soil varied significantly and recorded higher with application of SBG, while CaCl2Si content in neutral soil and AASi in both soils had no significant effect by application of SBG. Significantly higher DTPA extractable micronutrients in acidic and neutral soil were noticed in SBG @750 kg ha?1 applied treatment. However, application of SBG had no significant effect on iron and copper content in neutral soil. Higher uptake of nutrients was recorded with 750 kg SBG ha?1 compared CG applied and other treatments.  相似文献   

9.
Nitrogen (N) surpluses from fertilizer application can cause major environmental harm including pollution of surface water, groundwater, and air. To assess such negative externalities, N balances are a complex but useful tool to predict surpluses and to measure effects of nutrient optimization strategies in agriculture. The Yaqui Valley in north‐western Mexico is representative for thousands of square kilometres of intensive, irrigated wheat production under arid conditions worldwide and has been targeted for conservation agriculture in recent years. For these cropping systems, detailed N balances are scarce and often incomplete. To help fill this knowledge gap, data from a long‐term experiment were collected in 2013/14 on a Vertisol to examine the impact of three tillage‐straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning) on N dynamics. Tillage had significant effects on soil NO3‐N, NH4‐N, and total N contents across the cropping period. Soil total N content was at all sampling depths lowest in CTB. Soil NO3‐N in the 0–90 cm profile was highest in PB‐burn over the cropping period and ranged from 77 kg ha?1 in the bed before pre‐planting fertilizer application up to 269 kg ha?1 in the furrow after the second fertilizer application. Annual simple N balances were +59 kg N ha?1 in CTB, +39 kg N ha–1 in PB‐straw, and +46 kg N ha?1 in PB‐burn. Residual mineral soil N was significantly affected by tillage‐straw management and lowest for PB‐straw (+205 kg N ha?1) and highest for CTB, and for PB‐burn (+283 kg N ha?1 each) in the 0–90 cm soil profile. Soil NO3‐N moved out of the effective wheat root zone, as indicated by the high residual NO3‐N content at 30–90 cm depth, which is an important pathway of N leaching. Quantifiable N losses through leaching and volatilization averaged 100 kg N ha?1. Our findings suggest that there is potential for substantial reductions in N inputs in all tillage‐straw systems to decrease N losses and to reduce mineral residual soil N, but care should be taken to avoid reducing grain protein content, which in PB straw was already below the quality standard. A knowledge transfer of the European “Nmin” concept is advisable in this region to regulate N fertilizer over‐application.  相似文献   

10.
Soil sampling may be used as a decision-making tool for late-vegetative stage nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in corn (Zea mays L.). Recommended sampling strategies following banded fertilizer applications commonly suggest taking cores from both on the fertilizer band (B) and off the band (O-B), however we hypothesized that soil nitrate concentrations (NO3?ppm) in the O-B were not influenced by N application rate. Analyzing samples from six experiments, we found there was a strong relationship between NO3?ppm and applied N rate in the B, but not the O-B position. Power analysis revealed that finding significant differences in applied N rates was only likely when sampling on the B and the difference in N rate was greater than 110 kg N ha?1. This demonstrates that soil N sampling is not sensitive to small differences in applied N, and that O-B soil cores may only dilute the ability to detect these differences.

Abbreviations: B, on N fertilizer band; O-B, halfway between the corn row and the N fertilizer band; NO3?ppm, log-transformed nitrate-N concentration (ppm); NH4+ppm; ammonium-N concentration (ppm); D1, 0–30 cm depth; D2, 30–60 cm depth; C-220, contrast of N rates differing by 220 kg N ha?1; C-110, contrast of N rates differing by 110 kg N ha?1; C-55H, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha?1 at high N rates; C-55L, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha?1 at low N rates; A:N, ratio of non-transformed ammonium-N to nitrate-N concentrations; 0N, unfertilized treatment; CV, coefficient of variation; SE, standard error.  相似文献   

11.
Sorghum is cultivated on Vertisols in the Ethiopian Highlands. An experiment was conducted in the Gumara-Maksegnit watershed in 2013 and 2014 to assess the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on the possibility to shorten the maturity period and to improve the productivity of sorghum. The experiment was laid out as Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were nitrogen doses between 0 and 87 kg N ha?1 as urea applied at planting, at knee-height stage or in split doses at both stages. Results showed that application of 23, 41, 64 and 87 kg ha?1 N gave a yield increase of 40, 53, 62 and 69% over the control (0 kg N ha?1), respectively. In addition, split application of 41 kg ha?1, 64 kg ha?1 and 87 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, half at planting and half at knee height stage, gave 19%, 15% and 18% increase in sorghum grain yield over a single dose application, respectively. Applying 87 kg ha?1 nitrogen fertilizer with split application half at planting and half at knee height stage, along with 46 kg ha?1 of P2O5, gave the highest grain yield and income.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

In the developing world, fertilizer application is commonly achieved by broadcasting nutrients to the soil surface without incorporation. A commonly used nitrogen (N) source is urea and if not incorporated, can sustain N losses via ammonia volatilization and lower crop yields. This study evaluated the effect of planting, N rate and application methods on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. An experiment with a randomized complete block design (nine treatments and three replications) was established in 2013 and 2018 in Oklahoma. The planting methods included; farmer practice (FP), Oklahoma State University hand planter (OSU-HP), and John Deere (JD) mechanical planter. Side-dress N application methods included; dribble surface band (DSB), broadcast (BR), and OSU-HP. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 30 and 60 kg ha?1 as urea and UAN at V8 growth stage. On average, planting and applying N at 60 kg ha?1 using OSU-HP resulted in the highest yield (11.4 Mg ha?1). This exceeded check plot yield (5.59 Mg ha?1) by 104%. Nitrogen application improved grain yield by over 57% when compared to the 0-N check (8.77 Mg ha?1). Mid-season N placement below the soil surface using OSU-HP makes it a suitable alternative to improve grain yield.  相似文献   

13.
With regard to the low cation-exchange capacity and large saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils, a field experiment was carried out in 2006–2007 to determine the impact of zeolite on nitrogen leaching and canola production. Four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha–1) and three zeolite amounts (3, 6 and 9 t ha?1) were included as treatments. The results demonstrated that the highest growth parameters and seed yield were attained with 270 kg N ha?1 and 9 t zeolite ha?1. However, the highest and the lowest seed protein percentage and oil content were obtained with 270 kg N ha?1 accompanied by 9 t zeolite ha?1, respectively. Nitrate concentration in drained water was affected by nitrogen and zeolite. The lowest and highest leached nitrate values were found in control without N and zeolite (N0Z0) and in treatments with the highest N supply without zeolite (N270Z0), respectively. In general, nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with an increase in N supply. Application of 9 t zeolite ha?1 showed higher nitrogen use efficiency than other zeolite amounts. Also, application of more N fertilizer in soil reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency. In total, application of 270 kg N ha?1 and 9 t zeolite ha?1 could be suggested as superior treatment.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Nitrogen use efficiency and response of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to timing and rate of surface banded N was characterized in a split‐plot 4x2 factorial experiment. Nitrogen rates (main plots) were 0, 34, 67, and 134 kg ha‐1 at Mississippi State and 0, 45, 90 and 180 kg ha‐1 at Brooksville, MS. Nitrogen, applied as NH4NO3, was surface banded either at planting or at the four leaf stage (subplot). Seed yield was significantly influenced by rate of N application at both locations. Seed yield showed a quadratic response at Mississippi State and a Mitscherlich‐type response at Brooksville. Maximum seed yields of 2606 and 2380 kg ha‐1 were obtained at the respective sites. Sunflower responded to N fertilizer application when inorganic N content of the soil to 60 cm depth at planting was less than 50 kg ha‐1. Nitrogen efficiency was influenced by rate and timing of application, exhibiting exponential declines with increasing N rates. Fertilizer losses at the highest rates of applied N were 19 and 52% at Mississippi State and Brooksville, respectively. Clay‐fixed NH^+ accounted for 26% of the applied N fertilizer loss at Brooksville. Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and recommendations for sunflower could be improved if initial soil inorganic N is taken into account.  相似文献   

15.
Soil, crop, and fertilizer management practices may affect quality of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. A long-term field experiment (growing barley, wheat, or canola)was conducted on a Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) loam at Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of 19 years (1980 to 1998) of tillage [zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)], straw management [straw removed (SRem) and straw retained (SRet)], and N fertilizer rate (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha?1 in SRet and 0 kg N ha?1 in SRem plots) on macro-organic matter C (MOM-C) and N (MOM-N), microbial biomass C (MB-C), and mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin) in the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm soil layers. Treatments with N fertilizer and SRet generally had a greater mass of MOM-C (by 201 kg C ha?1 with 100 kg N ha?1 rate and by 254 kg C ha?1 with SRet), MOM-N (by 12.4 kg N ha?1 with 100 kg N ha?1 rate and by 8.0 kg N ha?1 with SRet), Cmin(by 146 kg C ha?1 with 100 kg N ha?1 rate and by 44 kg C ha?1 with SRet), and Nmin(by 7.9 kg N ha?1 with 100 kg N ha?1 rate and by 9.0 kg N ha?1 with SRet)in soil than the corresponding zero-N and SRem treatments. Tillage, straw, and N fertilizer had no consistent effect on MB-C in soil. Correlations between these dynamic soil organic C or N fractions were strong and significant in most cases, except for MB-C, which had no significant correlation with MOM-C and MOM-N. Linear regressions between crop residue C input and mass of MOM-C, MOM-N, Cmin, and Nmin in soil were significant, but it was not significant for MB-C. The effects of management practices on dynamic soil organic C and N fractions were more pronounced in the 0- to 7.5-cm surface soil layer than in the 7.5- to 15-cm subsoil layer. In conclusion, the findings suggest that application of N fertilizer and retention of straw would improve soil quality by increasing macro-organic matter and N-supplying power of soil.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient fluxes from a soil treatment process for pig slurry   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Abstract. The effects of pig slurry applications to a hydrologically isolated field treatment plant (at Solepur) were studied over a period of eight years. Thirty repeated doses, averaging 160 m3 ha?1 were applied from April to October of each year (1991–1995), to reach a total application of 4930 m3 ha?1. All slurry samples were analysed for their total solids (TS), macronutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca) and micronutrient (Cu, Zn) content. In total, 284 tonnes of total solids (57 t TS ha?1 yr?1), 115 tonnes of carbon (23 t C ha?1yr?1), 24.5 tonnes of nitrogen (4900 kg N ha?1 yr?1), 7964 kg of phosphorus (1593 kg P ha?1 yr?1), 16 518 kg of potassium (3304 kg K ha?1 yr?1), 183 kg copper (37 kg Cu ha?1 yr?1) and 266 kg zinc (53 kg Zn ha?1 yr?1) were applied to the soil. Thus, this site provides an opportunity to assess the balance and to examine the long‐term behaviour of nutrients under conditions of intensive land application of pig slurries or similar effluents. The main nutrient fluxes through the soil‐water system were determined for each element. Over 40% of the total carbon applied was retained by the soil. About 25% of the slurry nitrogen applied remained in the soil profile and 12.5% was leached through the drainage water as nitrate. Most of the slurry phosphorus applied was retained in the soil profile either as P‐Dyer extractable (83%), or as total soil phosphorus (112%); <0.01% was found in the drainage water. Forty‐three per cent of the potassium applied in the slurry was recovered from the soil profile and 15% was recovered in the drainage water. Most of the copper (62%) and zinc (74%) applied in the slurry remained in the soil as EDTA extractractable forms; very low percentages (0.05% and 0.6% respectively) were found in the drainage water.  相似文献   

17.
Appropriate nitrogen (N) management practices are of critical importance in improving N use efficiency (NUE), maize (Zea mays) yield and environmental quality. A six-year (2005–2010) on-farm trial was conducted in Ottawa, Canada to assess the effects of N rates and application methods on grain yield and NUE. In four out of the six-year study, grain yield increased by 60–77 kg ha?1 by sidedress, compared to 49–66 kg ha?1 for each kg N ha?1 applied at preplant. Grain yield response to N between the two strategies was similar in the other growing seasons. Sidedress strategy required 15 kg N ha?1 less of the maximum economic rate of N (MERN) than preplant application. Our results indicate that sidedress application of 90–120 kg N ha?1 with a starter of 30 kg N ha?1 resulted in greater yield, grain quality and NUE than preplant N application in this cool, humid and short growing-season region.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM at 60 t ha?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.  相似文献   

19.
A field study was conducted in alluvial sandy loam soil to assess the impact of amendments and hydrogel application on soil hydrophysical properties. Soil physical environment was characterized and quantified using soil physical quality index (S). The main treatments include farmyard manure (FYM) and tank soil applied at 5 t ha?1 and no amendment, and subtreatments included three rates of hydrogel: 5, 2.5, and 0 kg ha?1. Hydrogel was applied at 5–7 cm deep just below the seed in rows. Results revealed that FYM along with gel application at 5 kg ha?1 significantly increased mean weight diameter, field capacity moisture content, plant-available water content and relative field capacity, retention pores (Ret P), water-stable structural units, and structural coefficient and reduced transmission pores (TP), penetration resistance, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Significantly greater values of S in hydrogel-treated plots and close associations of S with other soil physical parameters were obtained.  相似文献   

20.
In this study, 24 years (1990–2013) of data from a long-term experiment, in Stillwater, Oklahoma (OK), were used to determine the effect of beef manure on soil test phosphorus (STP), soil organic carbon (SOC), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. Beef manure was applied every 4 years at a rate of 269 kg nitrogen (N) ha?1, while inorganic fertilizers were applied annually at 67 kg N ha?1, 14.6 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1, and 27.8 kg potassium (K) ha?1 for N, P, and K, respectively. Averaged across years, application of beef manure, and inorganic P maintained STP above 38 mg kg?1 of Mehlich-3 extractable P, a level that is far beyond crop requirements. A more rapid decline in SOC was observed in the check plot compared to the manure-treated plot. This study shows that the application of animal manure is a viable option to maintaining SOC levels, while also optimizing grain yield.  相似文献   

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