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1.
Ibrahim G. Rubeiz Norman F. Oebker Jack L. Stroehlein 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1457-1465
Drip irrigation lines installed at 5 cm (shallow) or 15 cm (deep) below the soil surface and furrow irrigation were compared for vegetables grown on calcareous desert soils. Urea phosphate (UP) fertilizer (17–44–0) was injected twice in the drip irrigation lines during the growing season. Yields were compared to preplant fertilized and unfertilized furrows. Fall cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) gave comparable yields under the different irrigation treatments with the drip treatments using half the water used by the furrow treatment. Cabbage yield increased in all fertilized treatments as compared to the unfertilized furrow. Petiole P and NO3‐N concentrations were higher from the drip than from the furrow treatments. Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) had the highest yields under deep drip and fertilized furrow treatments, with the deep drip using half the water and P rate used by the furrow treatment. The deep drip increased squash yield by 34% over the shallow drip. The unfertilized furrow gave the lowest yield. Leaf tissue concentrations of P and NO3‐N were comparable under deep drip and fertilized furrow treatments and were higher than the concentrations achieved from shallow drip and unfertilized furrow treatments. 相似文献
2.
塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent. 相似文献
3.
灌溉方式对保护地土壤磷素淋失风险的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自连续12年以相同试验方案、不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地采集土壤样品,对不同灌溉处理土壤磷素淋失风险进行评价,并对影响土壤磷素淋失临界值大小的因素进行了探讨。灌溉处理设滴灌、沟灌和渗灌三种灌溉方式,采样深度为0~80 cm。结果表明,0~20 cm沟灌、渗灌和滴灌处理土壤的磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量分别为59.44 mg kg-1、65.39 mg kg-1和68.57 mg kg-1;而20~40 cm层次的土壤淋失值分别为60.61 mg kg-1,66.8 mg kg-1和70.58 mg kg-1;40~80cm土层则无临界值存在。影响土壤磷素淋失临界值Olsen-P含量的主要因素有土壤pH和有机质、活性Fe、活性Al、有效磷含量;土壤pH值越大、有机质、活性铁、活性铝和Olsen-P含量越高,磷素淋失临界值越大。对三种灌溉处理表层土壤磷素淋失风险进行综合评价,其风险大小顺序为沟灌、渗灌和滴灌,这提示人们在保护地生产中要充分注意土壤磷素有效性,通过选择合理的灌溉方式、改善施肥技术以加强保护地土壤水肥管理,保证作物生产高效、优质和降低环境风险。 相似文献
4.
不同灌溉方式对保护地土壤酸化特征的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自连续13a在同一地块以不同灌溉方式进行灌溉试验的保护地,分层采集沟灌、滴灌、渗灌3个处理0～60cm土层土壤样品,研究灌溉方式对土壤酸化特征的影响。结果表明,3种灌溉处理土壤活性酸度和交换性酸含量均随着土层加深而降低,各处理间土壤活性酸度在0～40cm土层差异明显,总体为沟灌>渗灌>滴灌;土壤交换性酸差异出现在0～30cm土层,为渗灌>沟灌>滴灌;土壤交换性Al3+随土层加深呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,且以滴灌含量最低。各处理土壤盐基饱和度(BS)随土层加深而增加,在0～30cm土层为滴灌>渗灌>沟灌。土壤pH与交换性酸、硝态氮含量呈极显著负相关,与盐基饱和度、特别是Ca2+饱和度呈极显著正相关;Al3+占交换性酸比例与有机质含量呈极显著负相关。总之,保护地土壤酸化与硝态氮含量、盐基饱和度、有机质含量关系密切;与沟灌和渗灌相比,滴灌更利于抑制土壤酸化。 相似文献
5.
灌溉方式对设施土壤总有机碳及其腐殖质组分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过13年连续的番茄栽培灌溉试验,分析了沟灌、滴灌和渗灌3种灌溉处理0—80cm土层土壤有机碳及其腐殖质组分(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素等)含量,探讨了不同灌溉方法对温室土壤有机质变化的影响。结果表明:3种灌溉处理土壤总有机碳、腐殖质各组分含量剖面变化特征一致,均随土层加深而降低,且这一变化主要集中在0—50cm土层,50—80cm土层变化较小。土壤总有机碳及其组分各灌溉处理间差异明显,将土壤剖面分为0—20,20—80cm上、下2个层次,总体上总有机碳含量上层为渗灌沟灌滴灌,下层滴灌沟灌渗灌;腐殖酸含量上层滴灌沟灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌;胡敏素上层为沟灌滴灌渗灌,下层为渗灌滴灌沟灌。滴灌处理既能使0—40cm土层土壤有机碳含量保持较高水平,土壤腐殖质含量又高于沟灌、渗灌处理,这对于提升设施土壤肥力水平、保证番茄养分供应是有利的。 相似文献
6.
不同灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机质及氮素影响的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分层采集连续7年分别用渗灌、滴灌和沟灌灌溉的保护地0～80cm土层土壤样品,测定有机质、全氮及无机态氮和有机态氮含量,研究灌溉方法对土壤氮素形态及其数量剖面分布的影响。结果表明,三种灌溉处理0～80cm剖面土壤有机质含量变化范围为8.47～36.48 g kg-1,渗灌与滴灌有机质剖面分布相似,二者与沟灌差异较大;沟灌除30～40cm层次有机质含量低于渗灌和滴灌外,其它层次有机质含量均高于渗灌和滴灌处理。土壤全氮含量变化范围为0.72～3.97 g kg-1,在0～20cm土层不同灌溉方法之间差异显著,渗灌最大,沟灌次之,滴灌最小。无机硝态氮、铵态氮含量的变化范围分别为19.16～1442.06 mg kg-1和0～15.28 mg kg-1,在0～20cm土层各处理之间差异较为明显,以渗灌最大,沟灌次之,滴灌最小。有机态氮含量的变化范围为683.79～2512.87 mg kg-1,各处理之间的差异主要表现在0～30cm土层,其中0～10cm土层以渗灌处理有机态氮含量最高、沟灌次之,滴灌最低,10～30cm沟灌处理有机态氮含量却高于渗灌和滴灌处理。 相似文献
7.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2429-2445
ABSTRACTThere is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring–summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015–2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha?1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation. 相似文献
8.
9.
干旱区咸水滴灌土壤盐分的分布与积累特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
通过三年咸水灌溉田间试验,探讨了新疆干旱区膜下滴灌条件下,咸水灌溉后土壤中盐分的分布及积累特征。研究结果表明:膜下滴灌棉田持续利用咸水进行灌溉,土壤中盐分逐年增加,积盐程度随灌溉水盐度的增加而加重。地表滴灌土壤盐分的表聚明显;而地下滴灌在滴灌管上部土层盐分含量较高。与地表滴灌相比,地下滴灌的盐分会被淋洗到更深的土层。两种滴灌方式下,0￣100cm土壤平均盐度均逐年增加,且积累程度随灌溉水盐度增加而加重。在干旱区连续进行咸水灌溉,盐分的累积效应非常明显,如果不采取必要的洗盐措施,土壤中盐分最终会累积到危害作物生长的程度。 相似文献
10.
不同灌水方式下番茄节水高产机理研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文研究了无压灌、滴灌与沟灌3种灌水方式对番茄光合生理指标、根系吸导水能力、产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,"少量多次"的无压灌下植物根系导水率高于滴灌与沟灌灌水方式,无压灌能够通过调节作物根区土壤水分状况,提高作物根系吸水能力,使作物根区土壤水分保持在最适宜作物生长的范围内.无压灌和滴灌的番茄叶绿素总量比沟灌分别提高了16.2%和12.8%;相对沟灌,无压灌和滴灌减小了气孔导度和蒸腾失水,而未降低光合速率,单叶水分利用效率分别提高51.3%和17.2%.投入、产出和效率综合评判表明,无压灌的经济效益最好,滴灌次之,沟灌最差. 相似文献
11.
灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0~50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮。在0~80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%~60%之间,只有渗灌处理0~10 cm,10~20 cm及沟灌处理0~10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%~36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。 相似文献
12.
固体磷肥和液体磷肥对石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷及磷肥肥效影响的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土壤磷固定是影响石灰性磷肥肥效的主要原因。本文在田间滴灌条件下采用连续浸提的方法对液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥及其不同施用方法对石灰性土壤各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响进行了研究,并比较了不同处理下加工番茄磷素营养效应。结果表明:各施肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量随施肥时间明显下降,而Ca10-P含量则显著上升,表明磷肥在石灰性土壤中不断向Ca10-P转化并被固定。液体磷肥追肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P含量在各时期均显著高于其他施肥处理(P＜0.05),且液体磷肥追肥可以明显保持土壤0—20 cm土层较高的Ca8-P含量。与其他施肥处理相比,液体磷肥追施可减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定,增加0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量(P＜0.05),显著提高土壤磷的有效性。液体磷肥追施处理可显著提高加工番茄叶片含磷量和经济产量(91725 kg/hm2)。与传统过磷酸钙颗粒磷肥作基肥处理（CK1）相比,液体肥料全做追肥可使加工番茄经济产量提高26.7%,并明显提高了磷肥利用率。在滴灌条件下石灰性土壤上液体磷肥分次追施比传统的固体颗粒磷肥基施具有明显的优势,是一种非常具有应用前景的施肥方式。 相似文献
13.
垄沟耕作条件下滴灌冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验在池栽条件下研究了滴灌与垄沟耕作条件下冬小麦田间土壤水分的动态变化。结果表明：滴灌对0～60cm土壤水分含量影响比较明显，由于受土壤蒸发和作物根系吸收水分的影响，0～30cm土壤水分含量在整个生育时期内变化最为剧烈，其次是30～60cm层次的土壤，90～120cm层次的土壤整个生育时期水分含量最为稳定。灌溉后土壤水分0～120cm土层中呈现“Z”型分布，且与垄作相比，灌溉对沟播处理各层次的影响更大。另外，通过对不同生育时期各个层次土壤水分含量的分析可以看出，冬小麦的灌浆期是其活跃的耗水期，其次是抽穗期。不灌溉处理的耗水深度主要集中在土壤下层，灌溉处理的耗水程度变化较复杂。与畦播处理相比较（见讨论部分），灌溉后沟播处理土壤水分上升最明显，垄作处理次之，畦播最小。灌溉一周后畦播土壤水分下降最快，垄作次之，沟播最小。而就灌溉后土壤水分运动而言，垄作与沟播处理快于畦播处理。 相似文献
14.
Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer for Potato under Fertigation Utilizing a Nitrogen Tracer Technique
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2401-2422
Abstract Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen fertilizer (15N‐labeled urea) and irrigation methods (drip and furrow) were evaluated on spring and fall potato cultivars under Syrian Mediterranean climatic conditions. Field experiments were conducted in the El‐Ghab Valley near Hama in fall 2000 and spring 2001 on a heavy clay soil. Four N‐fertilizer applications (70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha) were applied in five equally split treatments for both irrigation methods. Potato was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth reached 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe. Higher marketable tuber yield of spring potato was obtained by fertigation compared to furrow irrigation; the magnitude of tuber yield increases was 4, 2, 31, and 13%, whereas for fall potato the tuber yield increases were 13, 27, 20, and 35% for N fertilizer rates of 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha, respectively. Shoot dry matter and tuber yields at the bulking stage were not good parameters to estimate marketable tuber yield. The effect of N treatments on potato yield with furrow irrigation and fertigation was limited and not significant. Drip fertigation improved tuber yield of fall potato relative to national average yield. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing N input under both irrigation methods. Reducing N input under both irrigation methods improved N recoveries. Increasing N input significantly increased total N content in plant tissues at the bulking stage. Spring potato yields were almost double those of fall potato under both irrigation methods and all N treatments. Nitrate (NO3) movement in the soil solution for fall potato was monitored using soil solution extractors. Furrow irrigation resulted in greater movements of NO3‐N below the rooting zone than drip fertigation. Harvest index did not follow a clear trend but tended to decrease upon increasing N fertilization rates beyond 140 kg N/ha under both irrigation methods. Drip fertigation improved field water‐use efficiencies at the bulking and harvest stages. Fertigation increased specific gravity of potato tubers relative to furrow irrigation. Higher N input decreased specific gravity of potato tubers under both irrigation methods. 相似文献
15.
分根交替（PRD）滴灌技术是很有节水潜力的灌水技术。利用再生水,采用分根交替滴灌技术对马铃薯根长密度、根重密度及土壤水盐的空间分布影响进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土层内,以植株为中心,呈放射状沿不同方向减小。通过研究所建马铃薯根长密度的空间分布函数能较好地反映根系的三维分布趋势。PRD灌溉可以刺激马铃薯根系生长,水分利用效率提高39%。进行PRD灌溉时应重点考虑滴头位置处及垄坡上的水盐变化,最好能起到节水控盐的双重作用。再生水PRD地下滴灌是对传统地表滴灌的优化和提升。 相似文献
16.
地下滴灌影响要素及其敏感性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地下滴灌是一项具有广阔应用前景的高效节水灌溉技术之一。为分析不同影响因素对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响机制,以PLASSIM滴头、和平滴头2种滴头为研究对象,利用有机玻璃桶(直径40cm,高40cm)内埋设滴头(表层20cm下)系统分析了滴头工作压力(60,100,150,200,250,300,370kPa)、土壤初始含水量(12%,18%)及土壤容重(1.25,1.40g/cm~3)对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响及其敏感性。结果表明:工作压力是地下滴灌滴头流量的主要影响因素,且随工作压力增大,滴头流量增大;土壤初始含水率和容重对供试的滴头流量均起制约作用,其中对轻砂土的制约作用更为明显;土壤质地对各影响因素的敏感性存在差异,其中轻砂土最敏感,粉壤土居中,轻粘土最弱。PLASSIM滴头、和平滴头的敏感性指标均随工作压力、土壤初始含水率、容重的增加而降低。通过系统分析多种土壤物理特性对地下滴灌滴头流量的影响及其敏感性分析,将为设计经济、高效而又节水的地下滴灌系统,制定合理的地下滴灌制度提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2282-2302
Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, water‐ and N‐use efficiency responses to N, and irrigation methods in northern Syria were evaluated. Field trials were conducted for two growing seasons on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf. Treatments consisted of drip fertigation, furrow irrigation, and five different rates of N fertilizer (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha). Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe. Seed cotton yield was higher than the national average (3,928 kg/ha) by at least 12% as compared to all treatments. Lint properties were not negatively affected by the irrigation method or N rates. Water savings under drip fertigation ranged between 25 and 50% of irrigation water relative to furrow irrigation. Crop water‐use efficiencies of the drip‐fertigated treatments were in most cases 100% higher than those of the corresponding furrow‐irrigated treatments. The highest water demand was during the fruit‐setting growth stage. It was also concluded that under drip fertigation, 100–150 N kg/ha was adequate and comparable with the highest N rates tested under furrow irrigation regarding lint yield, N uptake, and recovery. Based on cotton seed yield and weight of stems, the overall amount of N removed from the field for the drip‐fertigated treatments ranged between 101 and 118kg and 116 and 188 N/ha for 2001 and 2002, respectively. The N removal ranged between 94 and 113 and 111 and 144 kg N/ha for the furrow‐irrigated treatments for 2001 and 2002, respectively. 相似文献
19.
水磷一体化对磷素有效性与磷肥利用率的影响 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
水肥一体化是发挥水肥耦合效应提高养分效率的重要途径,然水磷一体化研究较少。本文在模拟滴灌条件下研究了液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥(TSP)及其不同施用方法对土壤磷移动性、各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响,比较了玉米磷素营养与磷肥利用率对不同磷源及其施用方式的响应,旨在提出滴灌条件下磷肥高效利用的最优策略。研究结果表明:1)与TSP肥料分次施用相比,液体磷肥分次施用更能提高土壤磷素有效性,在各土层Ca2-P与树脂磷(resin-P)平均含量分别提高12.4%与21.6%,且可显著提高磷在土壤中的移动性(P0.05),resin-P含量的垂直下降幅度降低56.5%;2)与TSP分次施用相比,液体磷肥分次施用的土壤中高活性无机磷含量(Ca2-P、resin-P及Na HCO3-P之和)占无机磷总量的比例提高21.0%,而低活性无机磷含量(Ca10-P与residue-P之和)占无机磷总量的比例则下降10.1%,说明液体磷肥分次施用可减小磷肥在土壤中的固定转化;3)玉米地上部干物质、叶片吸磷量和植株磷素累积吸收量均对不同磷源与施用方式有明显响应(P0.05),液体磷肥分次处理的玉米生物量、吸磷量及肥料利用率分别比TSP肥料分次处理提高27.1%、34.6%及61.4%。水磷一体化施用可提高磷在土壤中的移动性和有效性,减少磷的固定转化,显著改善玉米磷素营养,并明显提高磷肥利用率。 相似文献
20.
微润灌对作物产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明微润灌对作物生长及产量的影响,以夏玉米和冬小麦为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计,对比研究微润灌不同毛管间距布置(20 cm、40 cm、60 cm)、地下滴灌和无灌溉对大田作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤电导率的影响。结果表明:与地下滴灌相比,微润灌用水量约为地下滴灌的1/4~4/5;由于灌水差异较大,作物产量有所降低,夏玉米产量显著下降(P0.05),冬小麦产量下降,但未达显著水平(P0.05);两作物水分利用效率有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);灌溉水分利用效率均显著提高(P0.05)。随微润管布置间距的减小,作物产量呈增加趋势,作物水分利用效率与灌溉水分利用效率均呈减小趋势。综合考虑分析,在较为缺水的塿土区微润管最佳布置间距60 cm,此时可不显著降低产量同时提高水分利用效率。此外,微润灌布置间距对土壤电导率的影响较小。采用微润灌与地下滴灌处理时,随土层深增加,作物各生育期土壤电导率无显著差异(P0.05)且变化趋势基本一致,表明微润灌与地下滴灌对土壤的影响具有一致性。微润灌下作物产量与灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率和10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率之间相关性显著。因此,采用灌浆成熟期10~20 cm土层土壤电导率或10~80 cm土层土壤平均电导率预估微润灌下的作物产量具有可行性。上述研究可为微润灌技术推广应用提供依据。 相似文献