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1.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of foliarly-applied Humic Acid (HA) and Salicylic Acid (SA) on strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa cv. Camarosa). On average, HA applications, regardless of concentration, increased overall yield, Soluble Solids Concentrations (SSC), Titratable Acidity (TA), vitamin C, red tone (a*), leaf potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) while had no effect on pH and fruit luminosity (L*). In contrast, fruit from the untreated control tended to have higher Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and SSC: TA ratio than HA-treated plants. Application of SA significantly increased yield, vitamin C, SSC, SSC: TA ratio, TAC, a*, leaf P and Ca while had no effect on TA, fruit size, L* and pH. In general, application of either HA at 25 mg L1 or SA at 2 mM resulted in better strawberry performance than did other rates of these compounds.  相似文献   

2.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of soil contamination with heavy metals on physico-biochemical properties of tomato fruit. The deleterious effect of soil contamination on the quality and quantity of tomato plant yield was determined. Harvested tomato fruit characteristics including fruit length, diameter, volume and fresh and dry weights, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, lycopene and carbohydrates contents were measured in tomato fruits cultivated in soil contaminated with industrial effluents. In addition, some secondary metabolites (total phenols and flavonoids), micro- and macronutrients were also detected. Residual heavy metals (Cd, Co, Ni and Pb) were examined in the harvested fruits. The obtained results were compared with those of tomato fruits cultivated in non-contaminated soil. Results demonstrate that soil contamination with heavy metals have a negative effect on tomato fruits characteristics, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, lycopene, ascorbic acid, micro-elements and carbohydrates content. Moreover, fruits originated from plants grown in contaminated soil possess high phenols and flavonoids contents and higher heavy metals content compared to control fruits. It is recommended that fruits cultivated in that area not to be eaten by large quantities, to avoid excessive accumulation of heavy metals in the human body.

Abbreviations: (AsA): Ascorbic acid; (DTPA): diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid; (TA): Titratable acidity; (TSS): Total soluble solids  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

We investigated the effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) on the fruit quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Malas-E–Torsh in Saveh). Potassium was applied as KNO3 at concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, and 0.5% and zinc was applied as ZnSO4 at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1% in a completely randomized block design. To determine the effect of the treatments on fruit quality, we measured fruit weight, peel thickness, aril diameter, phenol content of the juice, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and antioxidant capacity. Foliar application of KNO3 significantly increased fruit weight, 100 aril weight, peel weight, peel thickness, TTS, and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, pH, TA, TSS/TA, and phenol content of the juice were not influenced by foliar application of KNO3. ZnSO4 significantly increased fruit weight, aril diameter, and phenol content of the juice. KNO3 1% and ZnSO4 0.5% were identified as the most appropriate treatments in improving quality and quantity of pomegranate. The fatty acid profile of the pomegranate oil was primarily composed of punicic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid.  相似文献   

4.
Optimisation of the mineral composition of the nutrient solution is one of the most important factors affecting crop productivity and quality under hydroponic cultivation. Considering the role of minerals in nutrition and the lack of studies on the K+:Ca++ ratio of nutrient solution on fruit quality, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of K+:Ca++ ratios on growth, yield, vitamin C content of the fruit and total carbohydrate and phenolic compounds of the ‘Paros’ strawberry under hydroponic conditions. The highest total phenolic compounds, photosynthetic capacity, including leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and yield were observed at the 1.4 ratio (K > Ca). Enzymatic (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) and non-enzymatic (total phenol, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin) antioxidant capacities were affected significantly by the K+:Ca++ ratio. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in ratios with K > Ca in the solution. We recommend growers to maintain an appropriate K+:Ca++ ratio in the nutrient solution, as this affects growth parameters, productivity and strawberry quality.  相似文献   

5.
Silicon (Si) is considered as a beneficial element to higher plants especially under stress conditions. A factorial experiment, in a completely randomized design with four replications, was used to investigate the effects of two application methods (spraying and soil drenching) and eight levels of Si compounds including 0, 5, 10 and 15 mM of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) and 0, 5, 10 and 15 mM of nanosilica (SiO2). The results indicated that Si application (all or some treatments) decreased transpiration, specific leaf area, petiole length, and promoted the flowering, fruit firmness, leaf/crown number, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, water use efficiency. They also showed it did not affect the fruit set percentage, yield, chlorophyll index, total soluble solid, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of crown, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and mesophyll efficiency of strawberry. The results suggest the beneficial effects of Si on growth and development of strawberry.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

For depletions of soil exchangeable potassium of between 15 and 50%, potassium concentrations in ryegrass and strawberry leaf were linearly related to pARO K√BCO where ARO K is the equilibrium potassium activity ratio and BCO is the slope, measured at ARO K of the curve relating the quantity of labile potassium and the activity ratio. Potassium supplying power as measured by pARO K√BCO could also be expressed as a function of the equilibrium activity ratio and the mineral component of the cation exchange capacity of the soil.  相似文献   

7.
Abiotic stress is becoming more prevalent as the intensity of agriculture and the demand for farmable land are ever increasing. Besides drought and salinity stress, chilling or freezing stress is one of the most important limiting factors of crop production all around the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is a common plant‐produced signal molecule that is responsible for inducing resistance to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. This study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar SA applications on fruit‐quality characteristics and yield of strawberry under antifrost heated greenhouse conditions in two successive experiments. Spraying of 1 mM SA (1 mM) was done once (SA1), twice (SA2), three times (SA3), or four times (SA4) during the vegetation period with 7 d intervals. Concentrations of chlorophyll and minerals were measured in leaves, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and color (a*) in fruits. Fruit weight, early yield, and total yield were also determined. Foliar applications of SA positively affected TSS and ascorbic acid (AA) content of strawberry fruits. Salicylic acid treatments had no effect on TA of strawberry fruits. SA4 treatment gave the greatest a* in fruit and chlorophyll‐concentration values in the leaves. It was shown that SA treatments increased the content of all nutrients in the leaves of strawberry plants, and greater values often were obtained from SA3 and SA4 treatments. The early yield and total yield of strawberry were significantly affected by SA applications, among which SA3 and SA4 resulted in the highest early and total yields. The present study suggests that SA3 and SA4 treatments can ameliorate the deleterious effects of low temperatures on strawberry plants and that SA application may offer an economical and simple method for low‐temperature protection.  相似文献   

8.
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of three nutrient recipes containing different concentrations of macronutrients in the vegetative stage [Vegetative Nutrient Solution: (VNS-I, VNS-II, and VNS-III)] and two nutrient recipes in reproductive stage [Reproductive Nutrient Solution: (RNS-I and RNS-II)], on physiological and biochemical parameters of strawberry ‘Paros’ in a soilless system. The results indicated the significant effects of nutrient solution on the photosynthetic capacity, yield, minerals uptake and titratable acidity of strawberry fruits. In the other hand fruit total soluble solids affected by vegetative nutrient solution. The highest yield was obtained under application of lowest level of minerals. Vegetative growth including leaf number and leaf area, as well as total chlorophyll were the highest as potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and nitrogen (N) concentrations were increased. The highest content of N and Ca2+ uptake were in VNS-III × RNS-I formulation. Additionally, the highest vitamin C was in VNS-I formulation. Moreover, the most firmed fruits and the highest post-harvest shelf life of fruits were produced in VNS-III × RNS-I formulation.  相似文献   

9.
To overcome salinity stress, a factorial experiment block design (4 × 7) was done on eggplant cv. ‘Topaz F1’ to investigate the effects of foliar sprays of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate (K2HPO4; 0 and 10 mM) on growth, yield and chemical composition under sodium chloride (NaCl; 0 and 50 mM) stress. Sodium chloride treatment produced less vegetative growth, dry matter, total sugar content and fruit yield as compared with those in control. However, free phenols increased in fruit by salinity treatment. Spraying K2HPO4 ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant growth, fruit yield, and fruit total sugar content. Sodium content increased by salinity and the sodium uptake did not reduce by application of K2HPO4. While spraying of K2HPO4 lowered the sodium accumulation in fruit. Potassium and calcium content in all plant parts and phosphorus, in shoot only were in the deficient ranges in plants treated with NaCl and these deficiencies were corrected by foliar application of K2HPO4.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are usually found in higher concentrations than other macronutrients in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) fruits and are most frequently associated with changes in fruit quality. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effects of N and K fertilization on some fruit quality attributes of Fuji apple. The experiment was conducted at São Joaquim, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during 2004 and 2005. A factorial design was used with N and K annual fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha?1 of N and K2O) replicated in three orchards. Fifteen days prior to harvest, three fruit samples were collected from each treatment and site. One sample was used for total soluble solid content (TSS), titratable acidity, pulp firmness, and fruit color parameter analyses, and the other samples were refrigerated in a conventional atmosphere for 3 and 6 months for subsequent determination of fruit quality. Nitrogen fertilization negatively affected fruit color, flesh firmness, and TSS content. These same variables were positively affected by K fertilization, except for flesh firmness.  相似文献   

11.
Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [(Pseudomonas BA-8 (biological control agent), Bacillus OSU-142 (N2-fixing), and Bacillus M-3 (N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing)] on yield and some fruit properties of strawberry cultivar ‘Selva’ in the province of Erzurum, Turkey in 2002–2003. Foliar + root application of PGPR strains significantly increased yield per plant as compared with the control. Root application of PGPR strains significantly increased total soluble solids, total sugar and reduced sugar, but decreased titratable acidity. It was also determined that bacteria applications have no important effect on the average fruit weight and pH. The results of this study suggested that Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3 have potential for increasing yield in strawberry plant.  相似文献   

12.
Original Papers

(pp. 805–810)

K2Ca2Si2O7, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K2Ca2Si2O7 was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage.

The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K2Ca2Si2O7 in water. The surface analysis of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K2Ca2Si2O7 particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last.

From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds.  相似文献   

13.
Strawberry cultivar ‘Selva’ was grown in a hydroponic culture in a heated greenhouse to study the effects of supplementary potassium (K) added to nutrient solution and applied to the plants grown at high sodium chloride (35 mmol/L) concentration. Treatments were: (1) nutrient solution alone (N); (2) N + sodium chloride (NaCl) (35 mmol/L) (NS); (3) N + NaCl + potassium sulfate (K2SO4; 5 mmol/L) (NSK1); (4) N + NaCl + K2SO4 (10 mmol/L) (NSK2). Leaf area, biomass production, and gas exchange variables (Pn, E, gs, Ci) negatively affected by salinity. In addition, ionic concentrations (sodium, chlorine, and potassium) increased by salinity treatments. Supplementary potassium had positive effects to ameliorate the harmful effects of NaCl on leaf area. Shoot growing was decreased by potassium (K) application. Ionic concentrations of this cultivar show contradictory results. Although supplementary potassium increased K accumulation, but sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) concentrations of plant parts was increased. These results show that potassium can be applied for this cultivar in salinity conditions.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

To evaluate the relationship between the amount of available Silicon (Si) in paddy soils and their mineral properties on the Shounai Plain in Japan, which is formed from several parent materials, we evaluated the amount of available Si, the particle size distribution, the oxide composition of crystalline minerals and the amount of oxalate-extractable Si (Sio), iron (Feo) and aluminum (Alo) in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soil and the oxide content of the crystalline minerals differed among four soil groups that were distinguished by their clay mineral composition. There was no difference in the particle size distribution among the soil groups. The amount of available Si was positively related to the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of clay, the CaO concentration of silt and fine sand, and the amounts of Sio, Feo and Alo in the soil. The amount of available Si in the soils was negative correlated with the Na2O and K2O concentrations of silt, the K2O concentration of fine sand, and the coarse sand content. These results suggest that the amount of available Si in soils is affected by the weathering resistivity of their minerals and that the particle size distribution and mineral composition are related to the available Si of the soils. Mineralogical properties, including the particle size distribution and mineral composition such as the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio × clay fraction content and the amounts of CaO and MgO in silt-sized particles, were positively correlated with the amount of available Si in the soil, but these correlations were not found for fine sand-sized particles. The Sio, Feo and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio × clay fraction contents contributed approximately 50% to the amount of available Si in the soils. The amount of available Si in the soil was divided into two groups according to the location of the paddy field. The amount of soil-available Si in the alluvial plain was affected by the geology upstream through the mineral composition.  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) stress on nitrate (NO3 ?) and potassium ion (K+) uptake of two sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cultivars known to differ with regard to their resistance to drought and salinity stress. The plants were hydroponically grown in a greenhouse and subjected to varying levels of N and K. Nitrogen and K stress increased root affinity for NO3 ? and K+ absorption by increasing apparent maximum uptake rate (Vmax) and decreasing apparent affinity (Km) for NO3 ? and K+ uptake in both cultivars. In addition, dry-matter allocation to roots increased with decreasing N and K supply. The results suggest that the acclimation to long-term N starvation in sugarcane involves regulation of both nitrate-specific assimilatory steps and growth responses. The cultivar ‘H69-8235,’ which was drought and salinity resistant, showed greater adaptability to a low- nutrient environment due to its higher root allocation and affinity for NO3 ? and K+ under N and K stress, suggesting that the resistance of sugarcane to multiple stresses may involve a general stress-response system.  相似文献   

16.
Strawberry is listed as the most salt sensitive fruit crop in comprehensive salt tolerance data bases. Recently, concerns have arisen regarding declining quality of irrigation waters available to coastal strawberry growers in southern and central California. Over time, the waters have become more saline, with increasing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?). Due to the apparent extreme Cl? sensitivity of strawberry, the rising Cl? levels in the irrigation waters are of particular importance. In order to establish the specific ion causing yield reduction in strawberry, cultivars ‘Ventana’ and ‘Camarosa’ were grown in twenty-four outdoor sand tanks at the ARS-USDA U. S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, CA and irrigated with waters containing a complete nutrient solution plus Cl? salts of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Na+, and potassium (K+). Six salinity treatments were imposed with electric conductivities (EC) = 0.835, 1.05, 1.28, 1.48, 1.71, and 2.24 dS m?1, and were replicated four times. Fresh and dry weights of ‘Camarosa’ shoots and roots were significantly higher than those of ‘Ventana’ at all salinity levels. Marketable yield of ‘Camarosa’ fruit decreased from 770 to 360 g/plant as salinity increased and was lower at all salinity levels than the yield from the less vigorous ‘Ventana’ plants. ‘Ventana’ berry yield decreased from 925 to 705 g/plant as salinity increased from 0.835 to 2.24 dS m?1. Relative yield of ‘Camarosa’ decreased 43% for each unit increase in salinity once irrigation water salinity exceeded 0.80 dS m?1. Relative ‘Ventana’ yield was unaffected by irrigation water salinity up to 1.71 dS m?1, and thereafter, for each additional unit increase in salinity, yield was reduced 61%. Both cultivars appeared to possess an exclusion mechanism whereby Na+ was sequestered in the roots, and Na+ transport to blade, petiole and fruit tissues was limited. Chloride content of the plant organs increased as salinity increased to 2.24 dS m?1 and substrate Cl increased from 0.1 to13 mmolcL?1. Chloride was highest in the roots, followed by the leaves, petioles and fruit. Based on plant ion relations and relative fruit yield, we determined that, over the range of salinity levels studied, specific ion toxicity exists with respect to Cl?, rather than to Na+ ions, and, further, that the salt tolerance threshold is lower for ‘Camarosa’ than for ‘Ventana’.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of humic acid in liquid and solid form on uptake of nutrients for strawberry grown under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was designed in randomized block design with four replications for two years. Solid form of humic acid (Agrolig) that contained 85% humic acid was applied in the amounts of 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha before planting. Liquid form of humic acid (Blackjak) that contained 15% humic acid was applied by drip irrigation system at the concentrations of 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 mL/ha/month. Along with humic acid, 200 kg/ha nitrogen (N), 100 kg/ha phosphorus (P2O5), and 400 kg/ha potassium (K2O) was applied by drip irrigation system after transplanting. According to the results, N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) contents of the leaves were not affected significantly by the applications of solid and liquid humic acid forms. Applied liquid humic acid had a significant effect on the zinc (Zn) content of the leaves causing a decrease in the Zn content. Because of having excessive calcareous soil in the experimental area, uptake of nutrients in strawberry plants was not affected significantly. Applications of humic acid at high concentrations had an inhibitory effect on some of the nutrients.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The effects of potassium chloride (KCl) as a potassium (K) source in fertigation solution on growth, yield and quality of tomato (cv. Durinta) in a controlled greenhouse were compared with potassium nitrate (KNO3)—the conventional K source for vegetable fertigation. The treatments consisted of four levels of KCl: (1) 0% KCl (100% KNO3), (2) 40% KCl (40% KCl and 60% KNO3), (3) 60% KCl (60% KCl and 40% KNO3), and (4) 100% KCl (0% KNO3) in fertigation solution in the season 1999–2000. In 2000–2001, early (12 days after planting) and late (47 days after planting) applications of 100% KCl and 0% KCl were tested. The concentrations of K and other major nutrients were similar in all the treatments. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and nitric acid (HNO3) were used as nitrogen (N) sources in KCl treatments. Electrical conductivity (EC) of all solutions ranged from 1.8 to 2.1 dS m?1; pH range was from 6.6 to 7.1. Perlite was used as a neutral growing medium. Plant height, time to anthesis, time to harvest, and leaf nutrient content were monitored. Total yield, average fruit weight and number, and fruit size were measured after harvest. The appearance and quality of the fruits were rated following cold storage simulation for export conditions. None of the plants showed chloride (Cl) toxicity symptoms. No significant differences in yield components and plant growth were recorded among the treatments. Fruit dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), glucose, titrable acidity (TA), pH, and EC of juice after simulation storage were not affected by the K source. Interestingly, fruit firmness, and freshness of calyx were significantly improved, while the number of rotten and blotchy fruits was significantly decreased in KCl treatments. The fruit nitrate (NO3) content was decreased whereas iron (Fe) content was significantly increased in KCl treatments. The results show that KCl can be used as a substitute for KNO3 without detrimental effects on plant development and yield, while significantly improving some important quality parameters. It is concluded that KNO3 can be replaced fully or partially (depending on water quality) by KCl in tomato production while improving the quality of fruits.  相似文献   

19.
磷、钾营养对套作大豆钾素积累及利用效率的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
以贡选1号为材料,研究了磷、钾营养对套作大豆钾素积累及利用效率的影响。结果表明,套作大豆全生育期钾素积累动态符合"S"型增长曲线。完熟期钾素积累总量以及根、茎、叶片、荚果各器官钾素含量均随施钾量增加而增加,随施磷量增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;各处理均以P2K3(P2O517.0 kg/hm2,K2O 112.5 kg/hm2)最高,较不施磷、钾(P0K0)高18.79%5~8.33%。全生育期钾积累速率呈单峰曲线变化,随施钾量增加而增加,随施磷量增加先升高后降低,出苗后90 d左右达到最大值。钾素生产效率、吸收利用率、农学利用率随施磷、施钾量增加与钾积累速率表现一致,但收获指数随施磷量增加先降低后升高。合理施用磷、钾肥能提高套作大豆钾素利用效率,以P2K1(P2O517.0 kg/hm2,K2O 37.5 kg/hm2)处理最好。  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the effects of different irrigation and nutrient concentration strategy on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), fruit quality and substrate salt accumulation, tomatoes were grown with five different levels of water (W: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150%) and nutrient concentrations (N: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of Hoagland strength(X)). Fruit quality index was determined by normalization of fruit quality parameters. Deficit irrigation at standard concentration of nutrients reduced yields by 17.43% and 15.52% for T7 (W75%-N1.0x) and 49.54%–51.99% for T8 (W50%-N1.0x) during spring-summer (SS) and fall-winter (FW) seasons, respectively. Contents of total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and sugar acid ratio (SAR) were all increased in water-deficit treatments. T8 was found to be highest in TSS, TA and SAR except SAR in FW. Over-irrigation with excessive and standard Hoagland nutrient concentration caused non-significant reduction in yield except T6 (W125%-N1.0x) in SS. T2 (W100%-N2.0x) and T4 (W100%-N1.5x) caused more substrate salt accumulation which resulted in significant decrease in yield and WUE. Through economic analysis, over-watering along with excessive nutrients caused profit reductions. Considering water saving, yield and fruit quality through economic analysis, T7 found to be optimal strategy.  相似文献   

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