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1.
Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg−1 to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization losses from surface‐applied ammonium sulphate (AS), ammonium nitrate (AN), and urea to winter wheat and the effects of the NBPT [N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide], PG (Phospho‐gypsum), and PR (byproduct‐Pyrite) were determined in a field experiment. Effects on grain yield and protein content of the grain were also measured. Total NH3 losses from AS, AN, and urea varied from 13.6–19.5%, 4.4–6.4%, and 3.9–12.0% depending on the compounds and their levels added to nitrogen (N) fertilizers, respectively. The compounds added to AS and AN increased NH3‐N losses with respect to unamended fertilizers (control). On the other hand, while urea treatments with two tons of PG/ha increased NH3 losses, the other compounds decreased the losses. The highest reductions of NH3 loss were observed with NBPT 0.50% and NBPT 0.25% by 63.4% and 52.8%, respectively. Although the effect of nitrogeneous fertilizers on total N losses and protein content of wheat grain was found statistically significant (p<0.01), as the compounds applied with N fertilizers have had no significant effect. Also, a negative and highly significant correlation (r = ‐0.69???) was found between total N loss and protein content of the grain.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Volatilization of ammonia derived from nitrogen (N) fertilizers and its possible reabsorption by crops depend on specific soil, climate, and atmospheric conditions, as well as the method of fertilizer application and plant architecture. In an experiment carried out in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, the volatilization of ammonia derived from urea, ammonium sulfate, and natural soil were quantified using static semi‐open N‐ammonia (NH3) collectors. Fertilizers were top‐dressed under the plant canopy on top of dead leaf mulch. In another experiment, the reabsorption of the volatilized ammonia by plants was quantified using 15N‐labeled urea. Results showed, as expected, that volatilization derived from urea was seven times more intense in relation to ammonium sulfate, whose volatilization was very low, and slightly more than the natural volatilization from soil at pH 5.3. The loss of ammonia from the ammonium sulfate was very low, little more than twice of that of the natural soil. Through isotopic labeling, it was verified that 43% of the volatilized N‐NH3 was reabsorbed by coffee plants, which gives evidence that volatilization losses are greatly reversed through this process.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Surface‐applied urea fertilizers are susceptible to hydrolysis and loss of nitrogen (N) through ammonium (NH3) volatilization when conditions favorable for these processes exist. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) may inhibit urease activity and reduce NH3 volatilization when mixed with urea fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CaCl2 and ATS as urea‐N loss inhibitors for contrasting soil types and varying environmental conditions. The proposed inhibitors were evaluated in the laboratory using a closed, dynamic air flow system to directly measure NH3 volatilization. The initial effects of CaCl2 on ammonia volatilization were more accentuated on an acid Lufkin fine sandy loam than a calcareous Ships clay, but during volatilization periods of ≥ 192 h, cumulative N loss was reduced more on the Ships soil than the Lufkin soil. Calcium chloride delayed the commencement of NH3 volatilization following fertilizer application and reduced the maximum N loss rate. Ammonium thiosulfate was more effective on the Lufkin soil than the Ships soil. For the Lufkin soil, ATS reduced cumulative urea‐N loss by 11% after a volatilization period of 192 h. A 20% (v/v) addition of ATS to urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) was most effective on the coarse textured Lufkin soil whereas a 5% addition was more effective on the fine textured, Ships soil. Rapid soil drying following fertilizer application substantially reduced NH3 volatilization from both soils and also increased the effectiveness of CaCl2 but not ATS. Calcium chloride and ATS may function as limited NH3 volatilization inhibitors, but their effectiveness is dependent on soil properties and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

In a laboratory study, ammonia (NH3) was trapped from 10 g soil units treated with 10 mg urea‐N, 10 mg urea‐N plus 50 ug N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), or 10 mg urea‐N plus 50 ug phenyl‐phosphorodiamidate (PPD). The soil was a Dothan loamy sand with pH levels adjusted to 6.0, 6.5, and 6.9 prior to N application. After 12 days, NBPT reduced NH3 volatilization 95 to 97%, while PPD reduced it 19 to 30%. Although NH3 loss was positively related to initial soil pH, there was no interaction between pH and urease inhibitor. In a field study, NH3 was trapped in semi‐closed chambers from 134 kg N/ha surface applied to corn (Zea mays L.) 6 weeks after planting. Nine days after N application, NH3 losses were 20.5, 1.5, 1.5, and 0.2 kg N/ha from urea, urea plus 0.25% NBPT, urea plus 0.50% NBPT, and ammonium nitrate, respectively. Covariance analysis showed that percent organic matter was negatively related to NHL losses. The soil properties, initial pH, CEC, and percent sand, did not vary enough to affect NH3 volatilization. In conclusion, in both the laboratory and the field, NBPT exhibited strong control of NH3 volatilization, and could thereby prevent significant loss of surface‐applied urea‐N to crops.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Up to 70% applied ammonium‐based nitrogen (N) fertilizers can be lost by volatilization in agricultural soils. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of fertilizer treatment, water potential, and time on volatilization losses in three northern Idaho soils under laboratory conditions maintained at 25°C. A completely randomized block factorial design with repeated measures (3 soils x 4 fertilizer treatments x 2 soil water potentials x 3 replications‐measured at 0,2,4, 8, and 16 d) was utilized in this study. The four fertilizer treatments consisted of 200 kg N/ha applied as: (1) surface‐applied ammonium nitrate (AN), (2) surface applied ammonium sulfate (AS), (3) surface applied urea (Ysur), and (4) incorporated urea (Uinc). Data were analyzed by SAS‐GLM and Omega squared (ω2) values were used to identify the impact of each main effect and interaction. A 4‐factor interaction of fertilizer treatment (NIT) x soil (SL) K water potential (WP) x time of incubation (IT), four‐3 factor interactions, six‐2 factor interactions and four main effects were found to be significant in this study. Due to the number of significant sources of variation, ω2 values were used to assess their relative importance. The soil x fertilizer treatment interaction accounted for 27.3% of the variation in this study. Nitrogen loss after 16 d of incubation from the Usur treatment was 37.8% in the Devoignes silt loam, 18.7% in the Santa silt loam, 4.9% in the Schnoorson silt loam. Volatilization of N from the Uinc and AS treatments was greater in the Devoignes silt loam than the Santa and Schnoorson soils. Conversely, differences in volatilization losses from AN were not observed among the three soils. Fertilizer treatment was the second most important factor accounting for 21.4% of the variability. Losses of 20.5, 2.6, 1.9, and 1.3% were observed for the Usur, Uinc, AS, and AN treatments, respectively. This study demonstrated that: (1) volatilization losses may be significant for surface applications of urea on some Idaho soils; however, incorporation of urea will reduce this hazard, and (2) volatilization losses are minimal when AN and AS are the N fertilizer sources.  相似文献   

7.
露地种植大白菜的氮肥效应与氮素损失研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了施用化学氮肥在露地大白菜上的氮肥效应和氮素损失。氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用化学氮肥增产显著,用差值法计算得到的氮肥利用率在25.3%4～7.2%之间,相应的示踪法氮肥利用率为18.1%2～4.6%。化学氮肥显著增加了氨挥发、反硝化和N2O排放等气态氮损失;其中氨挥发占施氮量的0.97%1～7.1%,反硝化占4.33%8～.55%,N2O排放在1.09%1～.63%之间变化。大白菜收获时9.2%～10.9%的标记尿素被淋洗到40.cm以下土层。试验期间尿素的氮素总损失达41.1%4～8.1%,以表观淋洗损失最为严重,其次是氨挥发,而反硝化损失最低。与普通尿素相比,包衣尿素明显降低了氨挥发。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Significant losses of nitrogen (N) can occur via volatilization of ammonia (NH3) when non‐incorporated broadcast applications of urea or urea‐containing fertilizers are made. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of urea nitricphosphate (UNP) as an N and phosphorus (P) source for cool‐season grasses and to evaluate NH3 volatilization potential of UNP as compared to urea under laboratory conditions. A three‐year field study compared UNP to ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea at 56 and 112 kg N/ha for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Brome yields were significantly higher from UNP as compared to urea for one of the three years. No such differences occurred with fescue. Nitrogen uptake was significantly higher from UNP as compared to urea for one year each for brome and fescue. Phosphorus uptake by brome was significantly higher from UNP as compared to urea for two years. Laboratory incubation studies showed significantly lower NH3 volatilization from UNP than from urea after seven days, but no significant differences after 14 days. The delay in NH3 volatilization was due to the diffusion and subsequent hydrolysis of urea immediately below the soil zone initially influenced by the UNP. The reduction in NH3 volatilization at the early time could partially be attributed to an inhibition of urea hydrolysis and significantly lower soil pH values for UNP as compared to urea in the upper 30 mm of soil cores. The general conclusion from the field and laboratory work was that UNP is a suitable N source for cool‐season grasses, with the primary potential benefit being delayed NH3 volatilization as compared to urea.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in reducing ammonia volatilization from urea-based fertilizers has been thoroughly investigated. However, the stability of this inhibitor during storage of NBPT treated urea and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) needs further investigation. We compared ammonia volatilization from NBPT treated urea (360 mg NBPT kg?1 urea) and UAN (180 mg NBPT L?1 UAN) that were stored at room temperature for 6, 3 and 0 months. We measured ammonia volatilization with cylindrical chambers fitted with acid-charged discs at five times for 21 d. Total ammonia volatilization (measured as a % of applied nitrogen) was significantly greater in untreated urea and UAN (32% to 33%) than those in NBPT treated urea and UAN (6% to 12%). Reduction of ammonia volatilization was not significantly different among NBPT treated urea (73% to 81%) and UAN (63% to 73%) irrespective of storage time. This implies that farmers can mix their urea-based fertilizers with NBPT formulation 6 months prior to fertilization without compromising the ammonia volatilization reducing property of the NBPT.  相似文献   

10.
Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.  相似文献   

11.
不同氮肥形态的氨挥发损失比较   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
利用从德国引进的农田土壤氨挥发风洞法测定系统,对不同N肥形态的肥料进行对比实验。结果表明,在相同施N量条件下,硝酸铵、硝酸铵钙、硫硝酸铵的氨挥发损失分别比尿素减少22.5%、3.2%和8.3%,不同N肥的氨挥发损失差异很大。相同条件下,尿素的氨挥发损失为25.7%,添加DMPP后氨挥发损失为27.6%;硫硝酸铵的氨挥发损失为18.6%,添加DMPP后为20.6%;添加DMPP对尿素和硫硝酸铵的氨挥发影响不显著。  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Nitrogen (N) loss in the form of volatilized ammonia (NH3) is a considerable problem when ammonium (NH4 +) forming fertilizers are applied to calcareous or alkaline soils. The volatilization of NH3 from urea phosphate (UP) and urea (U) was studied on three selected soils (Hayhook SL, Laveen L, and Latene L) with the use of a laboratory aeration system. Urea phosphate and U were each applied at rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg N kg‐1 soil, either to the surface dry or in solution or mixed with the soil. The volatilized NH3 was trapped in sulfuric acid, sampled periodically, and analyzed for N with the semi microkjeldahl distillation apparatus.

The highest N loss in the form of NH3 occurred when U was applied to Hayhook soil (neutral to acidic, coarse textured, and low CaCO3 content). However, UP applied to Hayhook soil resulted in the lowest NH3‐N loss. Less NH3‐N loss was found from U application to Laveen and Latene soils (fine textured with higher CaCO3 content) than with Hayhook soil. The general trend was higher N loss when a surface application was made, either dry or in solution, than when the fertilizer was mixed with the soil. This trend showed an increase in the amount of volatilized NH3 with increasing N application rates.

Generally, UP is a potential fertilizer for supplying N and phosphorus (P) as plant nutrients with a low potential for losses due to NH3 volatilization.  相似文献   

13.
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is the major pathway for mineral nitrogen (N) loss from N sources applied to soils. The information on NH3 volatilization from slow-release N fertilizers is limited. Ammonia volatilization, over a 78-d period, from four slow-release N fertilizers with different proportions of urea and urea polymer [Nitamin 30L (liquid) (L30), Nitamin RUAG 521G30 (liquid) (G30), Nitamin 42G (granular) (N42), and Nitroform (granular) (NF)] applied to a sandy loamy soil was evaluated. An increase in temperature from 20 to 30 °C increased cumulative NH3 volatilization loss in the sandy soil by 1.4-, 1.7-, and 1.8-fold for N42, L30, and G30, respectively. Increasing the proportion of urea in the slow-release fertilizer increased NH3 volatilization loss. At 30 °C, the cumulative NH3 volatilization over 78 d from a sandy soil accounted for 45.6%, 43.9%, 22.4%, and <1% of total N applied as N42, L30, G30, and NF, respectively. The corresponding losses in a loamy soil were 9.2%, 3.1%, and 1.7%. There was a significantly positive correlation between NH3 volatilization rate and concentration of NH4-N released from all fertilizers, except for NF (n = 132; r = 0.359, P = 0.017 for N42; r = 0.410, P = 0.006 for L30; and r = 0.377, P < 0.012 for G30). Lower cumulative NH3 volatilization from a loamy soil as compared to that from a sandy soil appeared to be related to rapid nitrification of NH4-N in the former soil than that in the latter soil. These results indicate the composition of slow-release fertilizer, soil temperature, and soil type are main factors to dominate NH3 volatilization from slow- release fertilizers.  相似文献   

14.
黑土-春小麦中三种化学氮肥的去向   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  
金翔  韩晓增  蔡贵信 《土壤学报》1999,36(4):448-453
用＾１５Ｎ田间微区试验研究了黑土－春小麦中作基肥施用的尿素、碳 和硝酸钾三种氮肥的氮素去向。试验设在黑龙江省海伦市郊区,氮肥用量为纯Ｎ７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,施肥深度为１０ｃｍ。结果表明,硝酸钾和尿素的氮素利用率相当,分别为５８．４％和５５．９％,显著高于碳铵（４２．６％）。硝酸钾的土壤中的残留率（２８．７％）显著低于碳铵（３８．８％）和尿素（３８．２％）,氮素总损失在５．８％￣１８．６％之间,碳铵的  相似文献   

15.
南京郊区番茄地中氮肥的气态氮损失   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13       下载免费PDF全文
采用田间试验研究了番茄地施用化学氮肥后的氨挥发、反硝化损失和N2O排放及其影响因素。氨挥发采用通气密闭室法测定，反硝化损失（N2＋N2O）采用乙炔抑制-土柱培养法测定，不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明，番茄生长期间全部处理均未检测到氨挥发，其原因是土表氨分压低于检测灵敏度，较低的氨分压是由于表层土壤的铵态氮浓度和pH都不高所致。在番茄生长期间，对照区即来自有机肥和土壤本身的反硝化损失和N2O℃排放量相当高，反硝化损失总量高达N29．6kghm^-2，N2O排放量为N7．76kghm^-2。施用化学氮肥显著增加了反硝化损失和N2O排放，3个施用化学氮肥处理的反硝化损失变化在N40．8～46．1kghm^-2之间，占施入化肥氮量的5．50％～6．01％；N2O排放量为N13．6～17．6kghm^-2，占施入化肥氮量的2．62％～4．92％；与尿素相比，包衣尿素未能显著减低反硝化损失和N2O排放。施用尿素的处理在每次追肥后，耕层土壤均会出现NO3^--N高峰，继之的反硝化和N2O排放高峰。反硝化速率与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。总的看来，番茄生长期间没有氨挥发，而硝化反硝化是氮素损失的重要途径之一。  相似文献   

16.
Ammonia losses from soil following fertilization with urea may be large. This laboratory study compared the effect of four different, urea–triple superphosphate (TSP)–humic acid–zeolite, mixtures on NH3 loss, and soil ammonium and nitrate contents, with loss from surface‐applied urea without additives. The soil was a sandy clay loam Typic Kandiudult (Bungor Series). The mixtures significantly reduced NH3 loss by between 32 and 61% compared with straight urea (46% N) with larger reductions with higher rates of humic acid (0.75 and 1 g kg?1 of soil) and zeolite (0.75 and 1 g kg?1 of soil). All the mixtures of acidic P fertilizer, humic acid and zeolite with urea significantly increased soil NH4 and NO3 contents, increased soil‐exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, and benefited the formation of NH4 over NH3 compared with urea without additives. The increase in soil‐exchangeable cations, and temporary reduction of soil pH may have retarded urea hydrolysis in the microsite immediately around the fertilizer. It may be possible to improve the efficiency of urea surface‐applied to high value crops by the addition of TSP, humic acid and zeolite.  相似文献   

17.
A laboratory study evaluated the effect of rate (0, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg) and mode of application of the urease inhibitor N -( n -butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) (coating the urea granule, adding to the urea melt or adding to urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions) on NH3 volatilization from urea, at three temperatures (5, 15 and 25 °C), with four contrasting soil types. Daily ammonia loss was measured for up to 21 days after surface N application, using ventilated soil enclosures. Ammonia loss from unamended urea varied with soil type and temperature and ranged from 8.2 to 31.9% of the N applied. nBTPT was highly effective in lowering NH3 volatilization from urea and in delaying the time of maximum rate of loss. The average % inhibition over all soils, temperatures and formulations was 61.2, 69.9, 74.2, 79.2 and 79.8% for the 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg nBTPT concentration, respectively. The % inhibition with nBTPT was lower at 15 °C compared with at 5 or 25 °C and was lower in UAN solutions than in granular products. There was little difference between the melted and coated granular products in lowering NH3 loss or in soil N transformations. The stability of nBTPT in urea products was dependent on its mode of application and on the storage temperature. Incorporating nBTPT in the urea melt produced a more homogeneous product with superior stability than coating the urea granule.  相似文献   

18.
Coated urea fertilizers are assumed to enhance crop yield and reducing the environmental pollution. Nevertheless, many of the coated urea fertilizers are expensive, thus not readily available for most farmers. In addition, many of these fertilizers release N not in tandem with the plant’s need, thus retard growth. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of coated urea fertilizers on N losses via volatilization. Measurement of ammonia volatilization was carried out using the closed-dynamic air flow system. The study for ammonia volatilization was conducted using different rates of fertilizer (50, 100, and 200 kg N ha?1) with different types of fertilizer (Urea, Sulfur-coated urea; SCU and Gypsum sulfur coated urea using rotating drum; GSCUD) in 37 days of incubation. The results indicate that SCU represents the best fertilizer which decreases the amount of ammonia volatilization at each rate of fertilizer. Besides, the rate of 50 kg N ha?1 has the lowest percentage of ammonia volatilization. Moreover, the result proved the effectiveness of coating urea fertilizer may reduce the ammonia loss to the environment and new product which GSCUD can be comparable to the commercial product.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The loss of ammonia by volatilization during incubation and soil drying and contamination of soil samples during drying were studied in the laboratory. Aqua ammonia placement treatments produced a range of soil nitrate and ammonium levels, which produced different amounts of ammonia upon incubation and drying. Recovery of applied N as mineral N and volatilized N in acid traps was virtually complete, indicating that ammonia volatilization was the only significant N loss process. When aqua ammonia was applied to the surface, 57% was volatilized, compared with only 2% when the fertilizer was deep placed. Ammonia volatilization decreased with time; most of the loss occurred during the first day after fertilizer application and ammonia loss was virtually complete within 8 days of incubation. Regression analysis indicated loss of ammonia on soil drying could be explained by the initial ammonia concentration and the time from fertilizer application; approximately 40 days from fertilizer application were required for complete chemical adsorption of ammonia (i.e. no ammonia loss on drying).

Unfertilized soils absorbed up to 66 mg N/kg of the ammonia volatilized from fertilized soils when dried together in the same oven. We conclude that where accurate ammonium analysis is required on recently fertilized soil, undried soil should be used. This eliminates ammonia loss during drying and cross‐contamination of samples. Drying of soil did not affect the recovery of nitrate N, as nitrate was not volatilized or denitrified.  相似文献   

20.
A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the influence of 100 mg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) kg–1 soil from various phosphate sources on ammonia losses from soils amended with urea at 200 mg nitrogen (N) kg–1 soil. Irrespective of soil type, ammonia (NH3) loss was significantly greater from untreated soil (control) than from the soil treated with phosphorus (P) sources. A maximum decrease in ammonia loss (56%) was observed by applying phosphoric acid followed by triple and single superphosphate. Ammonia losses were significantly greater from sandy clay loam than from clay. Rate of ammonia volatilization was maximum during the first week of incubation and became undetectable for both soils at 21 days after incubation. The addition of phosphate sources significantly decreased pH in the sandy clay loam, but in the clay a significant decrease was observed only with the phosphoric acid addition. Addition of phosphate fertilizers was beneficial in reducing NH3 losses from urea.  相似文献   

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