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1.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
(pp. 833–841) In order to learn the status of available soil nitrogen (N), two sequential extraction methods (A and B) were tested. Proposed methods are as follows. (A) Extraction with water, KCl, acetic acid, 1/15 M phosphate buffer, sulfuric acid, and NaOH. (B) Extraction with water, KCl, 0.01 M sulfuric acid, 0.1 M sulfuric, 0.2 M sulfuric acid and 0.4 M sulfuric acid. 1) NO3-N was only detected in a solution extracted with water. Major N in an extract with KCl was in ammonium form. Extracts with phosphate buffer and sulfuric acid contained organic-N only. When these two fractions were examined by size exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC), only one major peak in each extract appeared. 2) Minerals, such as Al and Fe in each extract were determined using ICP (Varian Co., Ltd.). With the increase in concentration of sulfuric acid, the high Fe concentration in each extract increased. On the other hand, much higher Al was found in extracts with lower concentrations of sulfuric acid compared to Fe. 3) Though some crop species such as spinach and carrot show the potential to take up organic-N in a soil applied with organic matter, this sequential soil-nitrogen extraction method may be useful to evaluate availability of soil nitrogen fertility with more accuracy compared to conventional methods in the case of these superior crop species. 相似文献
2.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):1909-1917
Abstract Phosphorus (P) export from agricultural land is an important source of water‐quality deterioration in many areas of the world. Part of the total phosphorus in the soil solution is represented by dissolved organic P at concentrations that can be as low as 1x10‐6 M of P. The suitability of four digestion methods for the destruction of organic P and determination of orthophosphate at low concentrations and small volumes using the malachite green method has been evaluated. The acid digestion procedures evaluated were 1) sulfuric and perchloric acid, 2) sulfuric acid and potassium persulphate, 3) nitric acid, and 4) nitric and perchloric acid. As inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) represents one of the more resistant molecules to acid hydrolysis in soils, this compound has been chosen to assess the recovery assay of the recommended procedure. The digestion procedures were adapted for the malachite green spectrophotometric method, in order to obtain lower analytical limits for P determination. The sulfuric‐perchloric acid digestion gave excellent recovery and reproducibility, and can therefore be used for determining organic P in solution at concentrations as low as 6.45x10‐7 M. 相似文献
3.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13):1591-1603
ABSTRACTAvocado crop is very sensitive to root asphyxiation. Among the agricultural management techniques, soil applications of humic and sulfuric acids became increasingly popular. In a trial with potted 'Hass' avocado trees grown on a silty-clay soil, different soil treatments were applied to determine their effects on tree physiology and soil characteristics: Control, deionized water; SA, H2SO4 application; HA, humic acid application; SA+HA, combination of both treatments. Treatments were applied during a 9-month period. SA reduced soil pH, rised electrical conductivity and reduced saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks) in the upper layers of the potted soil. On the other hand, HA increased electrical conductivity and Ks compared with Control. None of the treatments improved CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, stem water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence, growth or nutrient content. Our findings suggest that a rapid and positive response to the application of acids is unlikely to be observed under conditions of restricted oxygen in the root zone. 相似文献
4.
In brown tea soil, the effects of ferrous sulfate with sulfuric acid on soil environment and tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz) growth were examined by enzyme activity, microbe quantity, nutrients in rhizosphere soil, and the nutrients and dry matter weight in the tea plant. We found that the pH value in the brown soil was significantly decreased by ferrous sulfate with sulfuric acid treatments, compared with the value in unfertilized control (CK) or sulfuric acid treatments. The acid phosphatase activities of 3 g kg–1 ferrous sulfate with 0.05 mL L–1 sulfuric acid were increased by 210.53%. Interestingly, the quantities of fungi were increased by 19.76% and the bacteria and actinomyces were decreased in the CK treatment. Specifically, the nitrogen and magnesium in rhizosphere soil and leaves were significantly increased by the low concentrations of ferrous sulfate with 0.05 mL L–1 sulfuric acid, whereas the dry matter weight under 3 g kg–1 ferrous sulfate with 0.05 mL L–1 sulfuric acid was increased by 36.22% in the CK treatment. Thus, we concluded that ferrous sulfate with sulfuric acid affected not only the soil environment but also the growth of tea plants. Our results suggested that the concentration of ferrous sulfate at 3 g kg–1 soil diluted in 0.05 mL L–1 sulfuric acid could be considered a good soil conditioner to make a suitable soil environment for tea production. 相似文献
5.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2379-2387
Abstract Nine soil surface treatments and one planting‐hole treatment were tested for their effectiveness in stimulating growth and preventing chlorosis of pin oak (Quercus palustris) seedlings planted in calcareous soil. Planting‐hole acidification was highly effective, especially in combination with a surface treatment of either sulfuric acid or aluminum sulfate. Ammonium sulfate lowered soil pH but was detrimental to the seedlings. Nutrient concentrations in uniformly chlorotic leaves were different from those in interveinally chlorotic leaves, but both types were characterized by low zinc. 相似文献
6.
Soil crusting was characterized by means of direct measurement of penetration resistance with a needle type penetrometer at intervals of 0.1 mm over a depth of 15 mm in intact soil samples, treated with soil stabilizers or not, as a function of soil water content and bulk density. Relationships were established between the penetration resistance of the needle and standard cones of 60° angle and 1 cm2 or 26.4 mm2 base area. The effect of water content was stronger in dense than in loose soil.The effect of soil surface strength on the emergence of salsify (Scorzonera hispanica) was monitored in a field experiment on a loamy sand of which the natural crust was stabilized with soil conditioners. The penetration resistance was affected by the nature of the soil stabilizers as some created more or less hydrophobic and spongy crusts. Seedling emergence was negatively correlated with the penetration resistance and positively with the water content of the crust. 相似文献
7.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1023-1032
Abstract Changes in soil physical properties and structural stability of a sandy soil as a result of straw retention in the presence of gypsum (at a rate of 2.5 t/ha) were investigated in a field pot experiment. After six months of equilibration, significant improvements in soil structure in terms of lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and increased water stability were detected in the surface 0–25 mm layer when compared to the straw only treatment. While the increase in stability when straw was applied alone can be explained in terms of reduction in wetting rate, further increase in stability detected due to the gypsum was probably due to formation of additional calcium (Ca) bondings with the clay surfaces and organics. 相似文献
8.
Drop-cone penetration was measured both in situ and on minimally disturbed cores at a selection of soil matric potentials for four soils. The drop-cone penetration/water content relation was linear in situ and, if results for very low water contents were excluded, for the cores. The slope of the line for the field data was much greater than for the core data and this raises doubts about the value of other than in situ measurements of soil strength for predicting field behaviour. Vane shear strength is negatively correlated with in situ drop-cone penetration. The drop-cone test is a useful strength test for small volumes of soil, but care must be taken in selecting the mass of the cone as this affects the volume of soil which will influence the test results. 相似文献
9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):697-709
Abstract This method meets the demands for a sensible and quick method for boron analysis in the field. The water sample is extracted with an equal amount of methyl‐isobutylketon (MIBK) containing curcumin and diol. After extraction and phase separation the aqueous phase is discarded and a mixture of sulfuric acid and acetic acid is added to the remaining MIBK. Boron and curcumin react to give the intensely redcoloured product rosocyanin. Water elimination procedures are not necessary. There are practically no interferences apart from the contamination from glass ware. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACT Calibration of field crop responses to nutrient availability acts as a basis for making fertilizer recommendations from soil and tissue analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and summarize silicon (Si) fertilization of rice in different soils of south India. The experiment consists of four levels of calcium silicate as Si with three replications. Initially, soils were analyzed using eleven different extractants. The grain and straw yield were recorded and analyzed for Si content. The critical levels for plant available Si in the soil ranged from 14 mg kg?1 (distilled water-1) to 207 mg kg?1 [0.005 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4)]. There was a wide variation in low, medium, and high categories of plant available Si for different extractants calculated based on percent relative yield. The critical level of Si in straw and grain were 2.9 and 1.2%, respectively. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15):1681-1691
Abstract Plant available selenate was measured in a soil extract by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. Selenate in soil was first extracted with potassium sulfate then extracted into toluene fron an iodide‐sulfuric acid media. Aliquots of the toluene were injected into the graphite furnace for selenium determination. Quantities of extractable selenium measured using the electrothermal atomic absorption method compared favorably with the results of determinations using a fluorometric technique on aliquots of the soil extract. The simplicity of the procedure allowed for the precise determination of soil selenate in a brief period of time. 相似文献
12.
[目的]探讨不同耕法与秸秆还田方式下,旱地草甸土土壤水分随深度运移的变化,为今后生产中因地制宜制定科学合理的耕作与培肥技术提供理论依据。[方法]采用田间定位试验,研究3种耕法免耕、浅翻、深翻与3种秸秆还田方式覆盖还田、浅翻还田、深翻还田条件下,作物生长不同时期、不同深度土层土壤含水量、田间持水量和容重的变化。[结果]土壤水分的年际间变化与降水量和降水变率有一定的关系。秸秆不还田条件下,连续2 a免耕,年际间土壤含水量随深度变化的特征曲线基本一致,0—20 cm耕层田间持水量降低13.62%,而浅翻与深翻分别增加11.32%和27.98%;耕翻深度对20—30 cm土层水分的影响较大,随作物生长和地表覆盖度增加,40 cm以下土层含水量的变化减弱。秸秆还田条件下,0—20 cm耕层浅翻还田与深翻还田田间持水量分别增加16.24%,5.08%,而土壤容重降低0.12,0.09 g/cm~3。[结论]同一耕法有秸秆还田处理土壤水分含量高于无秸秆还田,降水量越少,差异越明显。与免耕和免耕覆盖比较,翻耕与翻耕还田均增加了作物生长期间土壤含水量,提高了作物抗旱能力,产量有增加趋势。 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(22):2802-2813
ABSTRACT
To establish a critical limit in soils and plant, an experiment was conducted in red and lateritic soil (Alfisols) of farmer’s field in tribal-dominated Panchayat Kurum, Palkot block, Gumla district, Jharkhand, India. Based on the results of the field experiment, the critical limits were determined as 0.48, 0.50, 0.47, and 0.42 mg kg?1 in the soil, respectively, for hot water, hot calcium chloride, salicylic acid, and ammonium acetate-extractable B, while a critical limit of 12.00 mg kg?1 was observed in maize tissue using the graphical method. In an analysis of variance method, the critical limits of B in soils were found as 0.45, 0.54, 0.49, and 0.43 mg kg?1 using hot water, hot calcium chloride, salicylic acid, and ammonium acetate extractants, respectively. Maize plants were highly responsive to B application where soil B level was below the critical limit (0.50 mg kg?1). In a field experiment, grain yield of maize increased with increasing levels of B application, while soil application at 1.0 kg ha?1 + two foliar application (at the knee and pre-flowering stages) of borax at 0.2% were showed significantly higher grain yield of the maize crop. The hot water, hot calcium chloride, salicylic acid, and ammonium acetate-extractable B were significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon and negatively correlated with the electrical conductivity of soils. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):1845-1848
Abstract Washing clay soil from roots is difficult, time consuming, and potentially destructive to roots. The objective of this study was to test a procedure using acetic acid to wash roots from calcareous clay soil. Three concentrations of acetic acid and water were tested on cores in the laboratory with the highest concentration (2.5M) found to be the most effective. The most concentrated acetic acid solution was used with favorable results in the trench‐profile method of root counting in the field. There was no damage to roots by the acid in any treatment. 相似文献
15.
连续施用酸化粪水对土壤养分淋溶及重金属累积的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探索连续施用酸化粪水对土壤养分淋溶及重金属累积情况的影响,采用新鲜粪水和酸化粪水,开展土柱淋溶试验。试验分别设置1个对照组、新鲜粪水和3个不同pH值（6.5、6.0和5.5）的酸化粪水,每个处理分别设置6次粪水淋溶。结果表明：施用新鲜粪水和酸化粪水均能增加土壤养分,施用新鲜粪水、pH值6.5、pH值6.0和pH值5.5的粪水后土壤总养分（N、P、K）的增长幅度分别为1%～40%、15%～66%和5%～21%,重金属Cu和Zn的增长幅度为4%～48%和4%～11%,重金属Cd和Pb的增长幅度为2%～14%和1%～18%;连续施用酸化粪水会使土壤pH降低、土壤电导率值升高以及土壤重金属不断累积,这也是导致土壤环境遭到破坏的风险因素,实际应用过程中应特别注意;建议每两季作物施用一次pH值为6.5的粪水;每三季作物施用一次pH值为6.0的粪水;每四季作物施用一次pH值为5.5的粪水。该研究通过对比分析连续施用新鲜粪水和不同pH值的酸化粪水后土壤养分和重金属浓度的变化,探讨了酸化粪水的还田效果,为连续施用酸化粪水的研究提供技术支撑。 相似文献
16.
[目的]综合考虑梯田土壤性质、梯田形态及降雨雨型的差异,构建梯田蓄水保水效益的估算方法及框架。[方法]运用土壤水库计算模型与入渗模型,探讨蓄满产流和超渗产流模式下梯田土壤水分的预测方法;基于Richards方程,分析不同田坎边界的土壤水分入渗二维分异。在此基础上,进一步对前峰型、均匀型、后峰型、阶梯型4种降雨雨型下产生的单一产流模式或2种产流模式均存在时土壤水分运动进行情景分析。[结果](1)提出梯田蓄水效益分布式估算方法,计算单个梯田田块土壤最大蓄水容量(WM);(2)对不同田坎类型的梯田而言,浆砌石坎梯田防侧渗效果最好,土坎梯田防侧渗效果最差,且孔隙大、密度小、修筑时间短的新土坎梯田比修筑时间长的土坎梯田在发生侧渗时损失水分更多;(3)得出不同雨型下蓄满产流的临界时间(t)。[结论]该估算方法可大幅度降低对野外设施、设备的依赖程度,降低投入成本,借助野外调查采样,基于模型模拟估算梯田蓄水效益。此外,该方法可根据单个梯田田块蓄水效益分布式计算数据,在区域尺度上估算梯田蓄水保水效益,以期为不同区域梯田的蓄水效益估算提供参考。 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5-6):469-488
Abstract Different admixtures of soil, paper mill sludge and fly ash were evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments as a final cover for landfills. The admixtures and three grass legume mixtures were evaluated for germination, plant height, biomass production, and root penetration. Admixtures with equal parts soil, sludge and fly ash and with three parts sludge, one part fly ash and one pan soil performed the best in the greenhouse experiment. Heavy metal translocation was not a problem in the admixtures because of the high pH and low metal concentrations. 相似文献
18.
Tomoyuki Makino Syuichi Hasegawa Yasuhiro Sakurai Satoshi Ohno Hirokatsu Utagawa Yuji Maejima 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):581-590
Abstract The changes in the exchangeable Mn (Ex-Mn), exchangeable Co (Ex-Co), and exchangeable Cu (Ex-Cu) contents by air-drying of soils were reported in our previous paper. The drying effect, however, was not analyzed in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of soil-drying under field conditions on Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu levels. Two paddy soils (Tsukuba and Yawara) were collected at four different soil depths (0?1, 1?5, 5?10, and 10?20 cm) under three different soil moisture conditions i.e., after harvest, after successive sunny days and after rainy days. After sunny days, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the surface soil layer markedly increased and drastically decreased after rainfall, while they remained almost unchanged in the lower soil layers. Ex-Cu contents slightly increased in the surface soil layer after sunny days. A similar tendency was observed in soil column experiments. The contents of Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu increased 12, 12, and 2 times in the upper layer of soil columns that had been sampled from the Yawara field and stored in a dark room for 8 d. The increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the upper layer could not be explained by the capillary rise of soil water from the lower layers of the columns. In a soil-drying experiment under laboratory conditions, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents began to increase when the water content of the Yawara soil was lower than 0.09?0.13 kg kg?1. The water content of the surface soil of the Yawara field after sunny days was 0.08 kg kg?1. Ex-Cu content did not change apprecially with the water content. It is concluded that the increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co levels in field surface soils after sunny days can be ascribed to soil-drying. Some of the excess Ex-Mn and Ex-Co is expected to leach down into lower layers due to rain, which may contribute to plant uptake of Mn and Co. 相似文献
19.
五价锑在中国南方两类典型土壤中的迁移特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过土柱出流实验研究锑在我国南方的红壤和棕色石灰土中的迁移行为,对实验结束后的土柱进行分级提取,得出土壤中不同形态锑的百分比。为分析氧化还原电位对锑迁移的影响,探讨了不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中的迁移行为。实验结果表明,锑在棕色石灰土中迁移时穿透曲线的峰值(C/C0=0.88)比在红壤(C/C0=0.26)中的高,出流所需时间短;在红壤中迁移时穿透曲线的"拖尾"现象较明显。第二次出流的情况正好相反,锑在红壤中的穿透曲线峰值明显升高C/C0达到0.58,而锑在棕色石灰土中的穿透曲线峰值较第一次明显降低(C/C0=0.70),说明红壤第一次淋洗不彻底,棕色石灰土第一次淋洗比较彻底。土柱实验结束后的土壤中锑主要以铁铝氧化物结合态存在,非专性吸附态、专性吸附态和残渣态含量很少,棕色石灰土中的弱结合态锑含量较红壤中多。不同p H条件下锑在覆铁石英砂中迁移特征为,当p H为4时锑在覆铁石英砂中的穿透曲线对称性较好,"拖尾"现象不明显,随着p H变大穿透曲线对称性变差,"拖尾"现象变明显。 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):85-94
Abstract The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in soils are important in studies involving phytotoxicity and fermentation processes. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids as low as 0.21, 0.14, and 0.10 mmol kg‐1soil in water extracts were accurately determined. The extracts were filtered through 45 μm millipore disc filters and injected directly into a gas chromatograph following addition of purified formic acid. The formic acid eliminated ghosting of peaks. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector and a 60/80 Carbopack C/0.3% Carbowax 20M/0.1% H3PO4packed precolumn (0.15 m) and column (1.83 m). The precolumn was changed after 150 to 200 sample injections when contaminated beyond acceptable limits. There was good separation of VFA with no interfering organic volatiles in extracts of soil containing glucose, cellulose or straw incubated anaerobically for as long as 4 weeks. The advantages of the procedure are relative rapidity and simplicity as well as improved sensitivity in measuring small quantities of volatile fatty acids in soil 相似文献