共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2460-2473
The objectives of this research were to determine inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions in calcareous soils of southern Khorasan and find their relationship with sorghum‐available P. Eighty soil samples were obtained and analyzed for some physical and chemical characteristics, among them 24 samples that varied in plant‐available P and soil properties were used for soil testing. From 24, 8 samples were selected for P fractionation as well. Five extraction procedures were used for soil testing. Results indicate that the extracted plant‐available P by the Olsen et al. (1954) and Paauw (1971) methods show the greatest correlation coefficients with plant P uptake and sorghum dry matter. The sequential inorganic P extraction analyzing indicated that the abundance of various inorganic fractions was in the order Ca10‐P > Al‐P > Ca8‐P > Ca2‐P > Oc‐P > Fe‐P. The results also indicate Olsen P correlates positively and significantly with Ca2‐P and Fe‐P fractions and positively but not significantly with the Al‐P fraction. 相似文献
2.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-20):2265-2276
Abstract The potential of fertilized cropping soils (sugarcane, vegetables, fruit trees) in river catchments that drain to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area in northeastern Australia to release soluble phosphorus (P) was assessed using soil chemical tests on typical soils (0–10 cm) collected in 2003. Tests included total P, diagnostic soil P tests, estimates of P buffering, and soluble and redox sensitive soil P. Routine soil P tests proved poor predictors of CaCl2 P (0.005 M). Values≥0.20 for the Mehlich‐3 P saturation ratio separated (P<0.01) lower from higher concentrations of CaCl2 P. The ratio of Mehlich‐3 Fe to [Mehlich‐3 Fe+Mehlich‐3 Al] is offered as a possible simple index of redox sensitive P. Part 1 (Rayment and Bloesch 2006) describes the soil survey in more detail. 相似文献
3.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-20):2249-2264
Abstract Australia's reef water quality protection plan has a key objective: “reduce the load of pollutants from diffuse sources in the water entering the Reef.” This article reports on a survey to assess the contemporary phosphorus (P) status of fertilized cropping soils across 21 catchments in coastal Queensland, Australia. The survey focused on surface soils from cane farms, vegetable and subtropical/tropical fruit tree sites. There were sampling depth effects on P levels in sugar and fruit tree sites (lower with depth). Importantly, 84% of 105 sugarcane sites were excessively fertile and only 3% rated low (P deficient). Some 75% of 16 vegetable sites and 38% of 8 fruit tree sites had excess ratings for extractable soil P fertility. Highest total P levels (0–10 cm) occurred in fruit tree sites, followed by vegetable and sugarcane soils. There are regional differences in P soil fertility, and the recycling of mill by‐products needs attention. Part 2 (Bloesch and Rayment 2006) examines the potential of these soils to release soluble P in a nutrient‐sensitive area. 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1559-1570
Abstract Evaluation of nutrient status in soil is important for nutritional, environmental, and economical aspects. This research was carried out to determine the potassium (K) available to corn (Zea mays) in 15 soils from the Hamedan province in the west of Iran. The treatments included two K levels [0 and 200 mg K kg?1 as potassium sulfate (K2So4)] and 15 soils in a factorial experiment in a randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that K application increased yield, K concentration, and K uptake of corn. According to the mechanism of the extraction, these extractants can be classified into four groups. The first group of extractants, acidic extractants, includes 0.02 M strontium chloride (SrCl2)+0.05 M citric acid, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and Mehlich 1. The second group includes 0.1 M barium chloride (BaCl2), 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl2), and 1 M sodium acetate (NaOAc). The third group includes 1 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), ammonium bicarbonate–diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid (AB‐DTPA), and finally distilled water. The results showed that correlation between extractants in each groups were significantly high. Correlation studies showed that NH4OAc and AB‐DTPA cannot be used as available K extractants. The correlation of other extractants with relative yield, plant response, and K uptake were significantly high. Therefore, these extracting solutions can be used as available K extractants. Potassium critical levels by extractants were also determined using the method by Cate and Nelson (1971). Potassium critical levels for 90% relative yield were 29, 27, 82, 84, 45, 145, and 272 mg kg?1 for 0.002 M SrCl2, distilled water, 0.02 M SrCl2+0.05 M citric acid, 0.1 M HCl, Mehlich 1, 1 M NaOAC, and 0.1 M BaCl2, respectively. 相似文献
5.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(18):2425-2436
The soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti forms a symbiotic relationship with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots, which results in the formation of intracellular root nodules. This symbiosis increases nitrogen (N) in the soil; however, to establish such a synergistic relationship, a complex communication system is required between the bacterium and its legume host. Rhizobacteria are known to respond to plant root exudates and produce signal molecules known as “Nod” factors. Research suggests that the brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract (ANE) stimulates both root nodulation and growth of alfalfa (Khan et al. 2011). To elucidate the mechanism of action, the effects of ANE on the early stages of root–rhizobia interactions were examined. A. nodosum extract (ANE) and its organic fractions were prepared and alfalfa roots were treated. After 2 days, the treated roots were inoculated with S. meliloti. The roots from treated plants were excised and observed for colony-forming units. To verify whether ANE elicited the synthesis and secretion of factors similar to those induced by luteolin, S. meliloti cultures were treated with ANE and the bacterial components were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). To study Nod factor induction by S. meliloti due to ANE treatment, a root hair deformation assay was performed. A translational fusion of S. meliloti NodC:LacZ (strain JM57) was used to observe the effect of ANE on bacterial gene expression. When S. meliloti culture medium was supplemented with ANE, no effect on bacterial growth was observed. However, it was observed that the attachment of S. meliloti to the root hairs was improved. Similarly in vitro ANE root treatments, followed by S. meliloti inoculation, increased bacterial colonies. HPLC profiles and a root hair deformation assay suggested that ANE elicits production of compounds similar to the Nod factor, which are normally induced by the plant signaling molecule luteolin. The results suggest that ANE may contain compound(s) that promote the legume–rhizobia symbiotic relationship and plant signaling. 相似文献
6.
Juan C. Reginato Jorge L. Blengino Domingo A. Tarzia 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(18):2511-2520
A generalized cumulative uptake formula of nutrient uptake by roots following our previous formula (Reginato-Tarzia, Comm. Soil Sci. and Plant., 33 (2002), 821-830) is developed. Cumulative nutrient uptake obtained by this formula is compared with the simulated results obtained by the Claassen and Barber (Claassen and Barber, Agronomy J., 68 (1976) 961–964) and Cushman (Cushman, Soil Sci. Soc., 43 (1979) 1087–1090) formulas. A mass balance is analyzed for the three formulas of cumulative nutrient uptake in order to decide which of them is correct. Moreover, the mass balance is also verified through a computational algorithm using data obtained from literature, and we compute the potassium (K) uptake for maize for low and high soil concentrations using the three mentioned formulas. The theoretical analysis shows that Claassen and Barber, and Cushman formulas do not verify, in general, the mass balance condition. The Claassen and Barber formula only verifies this condition when the influx is constant and root grows linearly. The Cushman formula verifies the mass balance when the influx is constant regardless of the law of root growth. Reginato and Tarzia formula always verifies the mass balance whatever be the representative functions for the influx and the law of root growth. Moreover, we propose a redefinition of the averaged influx from which the Williams formula (Williams, J. Scientific Res., 1 (1948) 333–361) can be deduced. We remark that Williams formula is a consequence of our definition of temporal-weight-averaged influx for all root growth law expressions. Also, we present a comparison of influx and cumulative uptake of cadmium (Cd) with data extracted from literature. Cumulative uptake is obtained through the Barber–Cushman model and our moving boundary model by using the redefinition of averaged influx on root surface and the correct cumulative uptake formula presented in this paper. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2012,35(3):371-383
AbstractCritical limit (CL) determination of zinc (Zn) is very important for predicting response of maize crop to its application in soils and for the crop’s actual fertilizer requirement. This study was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, to determine the CL of Zn for maize grown in 20 soils collected from the five Agro–Ecological Zones during January to March, and April to June of 2017. The available Zn content of soils and maize biomass were estimated utilizing the extraction method with 0.005?M diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). During January to March and April to June 2017, the amount of DTPA extractable Zn in different soils ranged from 0.60–3.25?mg?kg?1 and 0.50–1.68?mg?kg?1, respectively. During both periods of crop growth (January to March and April to June, 2017), the soil available zinc was negatively significantly correlated with soil pH, available P, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg and positively significantly correlated with relative dry matter (DM) yield. Soil Zn also positively significantly correlated with maize tissue Zn content (r?=?0.521*). However, the CL of Zn were estimated to be 0.84?mg kg?1 in soils and 26.1?mg kg?1 in maize tissue for maize cropping as determined by Cate and Nelson’s (1965) graphical procedure. Maize crop may respond to Zn application in soils containing Zn at/below the above level. This data may be used for predicting plant response to Zn fertilizer and development of crop Zn nutrition guide for maximum production. 相似文献
8.
Seung Jae Hwang Iyyakkannu Sivanesan Byoung Ryong Jeong 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2044-2061
ABSTRACT Nutrient uptake over a 72 h culture period by clonal micropropagules of Phalaenopsis Tanigawa × Yukimai Dream ‘KS 370’ and ‘KS 352’ were surveyed by Ichihashi's (1997) nutrient solution at the original ion strength and its half and quarter. Uptake of major anions [nitrate (NO3 ?), phosphate (H2PO4 ?), and sulfate (SO4 2?)] and cations [ammonium (NH4 +), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+)] measured with an ion chromatograph increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased in both cultivars. The final uptake rates of nutrients were 0.8, 2.0, 2.1, 1.2, 3.0, 2.0, and 1.6 me L?1, respectively in the order of ions mentioned above. The ratios of the uptake rates between cations (mono or bivalent) were almost in proportion to the ratio of their initial ion strength. Therefore, no antagonistical absorption of cations was found in that ion strength. Leaf content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased, but concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were not affected significantly. Nitrogen (N) content of leaves in ‘KS 370’ after 72 h culture increased significantly by increasing the ionic strength of the solution. Root concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe increased as the ionic strength of the solution increased in both cultivars. The N concentrations of roots in either ‘KS 370’ or ‘KS 352’ had positive correlations with an increasing ionic strength of the solution, although they were constantly greater in ‘KS 370’ than in ‘KS 352’. The greatest fresh weight was obtained when the plants were cultured in a half strength solution. Whereas dry weight decreased in all treatments as the ionic strength of the solution decreased. These findings show that increased ion absorption affected plant dry weight. The obtained findings provide fundamental information for the closed hydroponic system of phalaenopsis cultivation. 相似文献
9.
Johannes Heyn Dr. 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):487-499
Abstract Yield curve calculation according to von BOGUSLAWSKI and SCHNEIDER as well as the EDP calculating programme, derived from it by Horst and Heyn (1988) and later also Kowert (2001), are described. With the version at hand objective and reproducible results can be calculated in a fast and user-friendly way. This program enables an exact definition of the maximum yield and the best fertilisation required; also every yield value on the basis of a given amount of nutriment can be deduced. Thereby results of tests and series with differing variations can be offset against each other together. Like this wide research series with accordingly high significance can be evaluated. Of course other parameters can be calculated in addition to the yield, too. This yield curve calculation is particularly suitable for the evaluation of research on N-increase. Considering Hessian research on winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye, rape seed and sugar beet as example, the effects of increasing mineral N-fertilisation on the yield, the adapted financial gross earning and the N-removal with the main product of a crop are indicated. The N-fertilisation aiming at the greatest natural yield of the tested fruit winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye, rape seed and sugar beet, requires an amount of about 145 to 225 kg N/ha. The economical optimisation of the N fertilisation is about 30 to 40 kg/ha lower with cereals compared to about 90 kg/ha lower with rape and sugar beet. The optimisation of the N-fertilisation as to the financial gross earning leads to a significant increase of the supply-removal-account into an uncritical range for all fruits. The amount of the N-fertilisation should not be fixed on the natural yield, but on parameters of cost-effectiveness. This leads to economical and ecological advantages. 相似文献
10.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):2080-2101
Abstract: A laboratory experiment involving the use of leaching columns reproducing the topmost portion of a Hyperdystric Acrisol (FAO 1998) or plinthic Palexerult (Soil Survey Staff 2003) treated in its Ap horizon with sugar foam wastes and phosphogypsum was conducted. The amendments increased the contents in exchangeable calcium (Ca) of the Ap horizon and, to a lesser extent, also that of the AB horizon. However, the contents in exchangeable magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) decreased as much in Ap as they did in AB; by contrast, the potassium (K) content exhibited a less marked decrease. The potassium chloride (KCl)–extractable aluminium (Al) of the Ap horizon was dramatically decreased much more than that of the AB horizon by the amendments. In the soil solution from Ap, the amendments raised the pH and decreased the Al concentration; in that from AB, however, they caused an initial pH decrease, a tendency that reversed as the gypsum was leached and eventually led to the pH exceeding that in the soil solution from control. The first few water extractions exhibited increased Mg concentration. This trend was reversed in the second leaching cycle, where the concentrations of Mg in the amended columns were lower than those in the controls. In the soil solution, the variation of the Ca and sulphate (SO4 2–) concentrations was influenced by the salt‐sorption effect. The total Al content in soil solution from AB increased during the first leaching cycle and then decreased during the second. The amendments decreased the activities of Al3+, AlOH+2, and Al(OH)2 + in the Ap horizon and increased those of Al3+, AlSO4 +, Al(SO4)2 ?, and AlF+2 in the first leaching cycle in the AB horizon. The productivity of the Ap horizon after the treatments was assessed using a wheat crop (T. aestivum, var. ‘Jabato’) in a greenhouse. 相似文献
11.
Nahid Nabi-Sichani 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):887-901
The purpose of this study was to investigate application of the DRAINMOD computer simulation model for estimation of water table depth (W) and drainage discharge (q) by using different values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s) in a subsurface drainage system in Kooshkak area in Fars province. These values of K s were obtained from the drainage system, a direct measurement of K s calculated from drainage data (K s1), Porchet method with saturated inverse hole (K s2), ordinary Porchet method (K s3) and saturated Porchet obtained using an empirical equation presented by Sepaskhah and Rezaee (K s4) (Sepaskhah AR, Rezaee A. 1998. Hydraulic conductivity measurement for subsurface drainage system. Iran Agr Res. 17:139–150). The results indicated that saturated Porchet and saturated Porchet calculated using Equation (17) are reliable for determination of K s because their values are close to that obtained from the direct method. Furthermore, the results indicated that W fluctuations and q are estimated properly by the DRAINMOD model, as shown by an index of agreement of 0.90–1.0 and 0.99 for W and q, respectively. However, q estimations were more accurate than W fluctuations, as shown by a mean absolute error of 0.045–0.243 and 1.73–25.44 for q and W, respectively. Using different values of K s in the model caused tangible differences between the results, especially in W fluctuations, and showed that the model is sensitive to this parameter. Among the indirect methods of K s determination, using the measured K s obtained by the saturated Porchet method (K s2) resulted in more accurate W and q. It was determined that the saturated Porchet method is more difficult and time-consuming than the ordinary Porchet method. Therefore, a relationship between these two tests has been developed in the study area [similar to the equation that was presented by Sepaskhah and Rezaee (1998)] and estimation of K s from ordinary Porchet method can then be converted to saturated Porchet method for use in DRAINMOD model. 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):848-864
Crop species and their varieties vary in phosphorus (P) requirements for optimum production and response to P application. As crop recovery of added P often ranges from 10 to 40%, the rest accumulates in soil and may create potential for P leaching, depending upon the soil characteristics, duration of P applications, and cropping systems. Accumulation and distribution of Olsen P (plant-available labile P), total inorganic P, and total organic P were investigated in soil profiles of three field experiments differing in rate (9–44 kg P ha–1), frequency (applied once or twice annually), and duration (4–34 years) of fertilizer P applications, crop rotations, soil characteristics, and irrigation pattern (upland irrigated and flooded-rice crop) in a subtropical region. Profile samples were collected from soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm of different treatments in these experiments and analyzed for different forms of P and soil characteristics. The results revealed that (i) annual applications of fertilizer P either to one crop (alternative-applied P) or to both crops (cumulative) led to the accumulation of residual fertilizer P in the form of Olsen P, varying from 44 to 148 kg P ha–1, and the magnitude of accumulation was proportional to applied fertilizer P rate, frequency, and duration; (ii) majority of residual fertilizer P accumulated as inorganic P (74–89%) followed by organic P (11–26%) and Olsen P (9–19%), illustrating that the inorganic P pool is a major sink for fertilizer P; (iii) application of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) alone or in combination with fertilizer P did not affect residual fertilizer P accumulation in soil profile; (iv) incorporation of farmyard manure enhanced the P enrichment of soil profile; (v) irrigation pattern, soil pH (7.1–7.7), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (trace–0.33%) did not influence P movement to deeper soil layers; silt, clay, and soil organic C (SOC) showed strong relationships with Olsen P (r = 0.827, 0.938, and 0.464, P < 0.01) and enhanced the retention of labile P in the plow layer; and (vi) only 6–29% total residual P moved beyond 30 cm deep in fine-textured soils under 22-year rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 34-year maize (Zea maize L.)–wheat rotations, whereas 41, 27, 20, 9, and 3% were located in soil layers 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and 120–150 cm deep, respectively, in coarse-textured soil profile under 4-year peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)–sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field. These findings confirmed that interplay between the fertilizer P management (alternative vis-à-vis cumulative P application and optimal vis-à-vis excessive rates of fertilizer P in different crop rotations), amount of labile P accumulated in soil profile, and soil characteristics (silt, clay, and SOC) largely controlled the downward movement and resultant potential for P leaching in subtropical irrigated soils. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(14):1906-1917
Fundamental knowledge about decomposition, fate of crop residue, and allocation of residue-derived carbon (C) in soil aggregates is essential to understand the C dynamics in soil. The incorporation of C derived from corn residue in water-stable aggregate fractions, particulate organic C (POC), and mineral-associated C (MAC) in soil were examined using the 13C tracer technique. Soil was treated with corn straw at the rate of 1% dry mass of soil brought to 66% of field capacity and incubated for 70 days at 25 °C. Samples were taken at 20, 35, and 70 days and analyzed for water-stable aggregates. Values for POC and MAC were analyzed for total C and 13C enrichment. The addition of corn straw caused a shift in the distribution of recoverable particles with significant decreases in <53-μm silts and clays, microaggregrates (53–250 μm), and smaller macroaggegates (250–2000 μm); however, the large macroaggegates (>2000 μm) increased significantly. Macroaggregates contained greater amount of C than microaggregates. The proportion of 13C recovered in the fractions <53 μm (silt and clay), 53–250 μm, and 250–2000 μm increased during decomposition of corn straw, whereas there was no significant change in >2000-μm fraction. Most (70–76%) of the soil organic C was affiliated with MAC (<53 μm). Carbon (13C) derived from corn straw decreased in POC but increased in MAC as decomposition proceeded. In the long term, microaggregate fraction appears to be involved in storage and stabilization of the C derived from corn straw and is important for soil quality and soil C sequestration point of view. 相似文献
14.
Abstract The presence of 4-MeGln in the tulip plant was discovered by ZACHARIUS et al. (1954), and it was found that this amide generally occurred in the leaves of almost all the species of genus Tulipa (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a). The 4-MeGln compound has been detected in every part of the tulip plant, i.e., bulb scales, roots, basal plate, young shoots, leaves, stern, and flower (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a, b; OHYAMA 1986; OHYAMA et al. 1985, 1988a, b; ZACHARIUS et al. 1954, 1957). Especially 4-MeGln was found to be a major soluble N constituent in the leaves and stem of tulip of the flowering stage (OHYAMA et al. 1985; OHYAMA 1986). 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):2505-2520
Soil total nitrogen (N) concentration is commonly measured by Kjeldahl and combustion methods. In this study, a method based on determination of ammonium (NH4)‐N produced by steam distillation of the soil sample with sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH‐DD) is developed and evaluated for estimating soil total N concentration. The method was evaluated using two sample sets: (A) 44 samples collected from contrasting land uses in central Iran and (B) 344 samples collected from contrasting arable soils across Canada and Maine, USA. Based on this experiment, 10‐min distillation of 5.0 g soil with 20 mL 12.5 M NaOH were selected as the optimum conditions. The NH4‐N released by the NaOH‐DD method was highly correlated with total N concentration in the sample sets A and B (r = 0.79 and 0.94, respectively). The NaOH‐DD method provides a simple, rapid means of analysis with reduced measurement cost and better health and safety precautions than the traditional Kjeldahl method. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
O. Kadeba 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1990,54(1):641-649
Fertilizer trials were conducted to stimulate tree establishment and growth in the savanna region of Nigeria. The main nutrients investigated were N, P, K and B while the tree species included Azadirachta indica (Neem), Acacia auriculiformis, Eucalyptus spp., and Pinus spp. Borate application reduced the incidence of die-back of eucalypts and it also increased height growth. There was positive response to phosphate application by all species; phosphate reduced mortality considerably in pines on some sites. Response to N fertilizer by the species varied and related to type of N fertilizer. Urea was often found injurious to pines. There was strong interaction between N and P and usually response to N was not obtained on P-deficient sites. In all the cases where it was applied, there was no response to K. On more arid sites with poorly buffered soils, mineral fertilizers alone were insufficient to produce satisfactory tree growth. Application of animal manure on such sites increased survival and growth of Azadirachta indica, E. camaldulensis and A. auriculiformis. 相似文献
19.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(12):1454-1462
The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between soil organic carbon content, determined by dry combustion (%OCLECO) and the Walkley–Black method (%OCWB), and loss on ignition (LOI). Soil samples were collected from noncalcareous O and A1 horizons within a tropical cloud forest. Linear regression equations were developed to estimate organic carbon from LOI. The applicability of the predictive equations was evaluated by comparison of measured and predicted organic carbon data for independent soil samples. The results showed that the LOI method produced a better linear relationship with the %OCLECO (R 2 = 0.96, P < 0.001) than with the %OCWB (R 2 = 0.88, P <0.001) method. These results also showed that %OCWB and %OCLECO prediction equations underestimate and overestimate soil organic carbon by 0.74% and 0.56%, respectively. This study suggests that LOI may be a good estimator of soil organic carbon for noncalcareous O and A1 horizons in a tropical cloud forest. 相似文献