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1.
We studied the effect of repeated application (once every 2 d) of a fertilizer solution with different ratios of NH4 + - and NO3 ?-N on N2O emission from soil. After the excess fertilizer solution was drained from soil, the water content of soil was adjusted to 50% of the maximum water-holding capacity by suction at 6 × 103 Pa. Repeated application of NH4 +- rich fertilizer solution stimulated nitrification in soil more than NO3 ?-rich fertilizer. Although the evolution of N2O through nitrifier denitrification tended to increase with the repeated addition of a fertilizer solution rich in NH4 + rather than in NO3 ?, the contribution of nitrifier denitrification remained at levels of 20 to 36% of the total emission regardless of the inorganic N composition. The total emission of N2O also tended to increase with the application of NH4 +- rather than NO3 ?-rich fertilizer. It was suggested that the coupled process of nitrification and denitrification at micro-aerobic sites became important when fertilizer rich in NH4 + was applied to soil under relatively aerobic conditions.  相似文献   

2.
It is commonly believed that nitrification is the dominant process for N2O production under aerobic conditions. However, this has been challenged by recent studies on acidic soils, where denitrification has been found to dominate N2O production. Analyzing the data collected from peer‐reviewed literature, we found that pH was a critical factor regulating N2O production pathways under aerobic conditions. There is a pH threshold of approx. 4.4, below which denitrification dominated N2O production and vice versa. A decrease in soil pH can significantly increase the contribution of denitrification to N2O production. Overall, this mini‐review increases our understanding of N2O sources in soils under aerobic conditions.  相似文献   

3.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理，由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中，因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O。N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂，杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析，主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手，总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法。并对15N标记底物法，乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。  相似文献   

4.
肥料添加剂降低N2O排放的效果与机理   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
如何降低氮肥施入农田后的N2O排放,实现氮肥增产效应的同时降低其对环境的负面影响是全球集约化农业生产中重要的科学问题,氮肥添加剂是有效途径之一。本研究采用室内静态培养法,在调节土壤水分含量和温度等环境因素的条件下,研究不同肥料添加剂对华北平原典型农田土壤N2O排放的影响及其机制。结果表明,N2O排放通量的峰值大约出现在施氮后的第24 d,肥料混施较肥料表施的出峰时间提前。与单施尿素处理相比,添加硝化抑制剂DMPP或DCD能分别降低N2O排放总量99.2%和97.1%; 添加硫酸铜对N2O排放的抑制作用不显著; 添加秸秆会增加N2O排放总量60.7%,而在添加秸秆的土壤中施加硝化抑制剂DMPP能够显著降低N2O排放量至无肥对照水平。说明华北平原农田土壤中N2O的产生主要是由硝化作用驱动,同时也可看出,添加硝化抑制剂是N2O减排的有效措施。  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

We studied the effect of lime-nitrogen (calcium cyanamide, CaCN2) application on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from a vegetable field with imperfectly-drained sandy clay-loam soil. Lime-nitrogen acts as both a pesticide and a fertilizer. During the decomposition of lime-nitrogen in the soil, dicyandiamide (DCD), a nitrification inhibitor, is formed, and as a result lime-nitrogen application may mitigate N2O emission from the soil. The study design consisted of three different nitrogen-application treatments in field plots with a randomized block design. The nitrogen application treatments were: CF (chemical fertilizer), LN (all nitrogen fertilizer applied as lime-nitrogen), and CFD (chemical fertilizer containing DCD). Soil nitrification activity was lower in the LN and CFD plots than in the CF plots, and nitrification was inhibited for a longer period in the LN plots than in the CFD plots. In the LN plots, N2O emission was lower than those of other treatments from 20 to 40 days after fertilization, a period when large peaks of N2O emission were observed after rainfall in the CF and CFD plots. Cumulative N2O emission over 63 days in the CF plots (mean ± standard deviation: 30.2 ± 14.4 mg N2O m?2) and CFD plots (24.3 ± 10.8 mg N2O m?2) was significantly higher than that in the LN plots (10.7 ± 1.2 mg N2O m?2; P < 0.05). Our results suggested that lime-nitrogen application decreased N2O emission by inhibiting both nitrification and denitrification.  相似文献   

6.
In the tropics,frequent nitrogen(N)fertilization of grazing areas can potentially increase nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions.The application of nitrification inhibitors has been reported as an effective management practice for potentially reducing N loss from the soil-plant system and improving N use efficiency(NUE).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the co-application of nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor,NI)and urea in a tropical Andosol on the behavior of N and the emissions of N2O from autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification.A greenhouse experiment was performed using a soil(pH 5.9,organic matter content 78 g kg-1,and N 5.6 g kg-1)sown with Cynodon nlemfuensis at 60%water-filled pore space to quantify total N2O emissions,N2O derived from fertilizer,soil ammonium(NH4+)and nitrate(NO3-),and NUE.The study included treatments that received deionized water only(control,NI).No significant differences were observed in soil NH4+content between the UR and UR+NI treatments,probably because of soil mineralization and NO3-produced by heterotrophic nitrification,which is not effectively inhibited by nitrapyrin.After 56 d,N2O emissions in UR(0.51±0.12 mg N2O-N concluded that the soil organic N mineralization and heterotrophic nitrification are the main processes of NH4+and NO3-production.Additionally,it was found that N2O emissions were partially a consequence of the direct oxidation of the soil's organic N via heterotrophic nitrification coupled to denitrification.Finally,the results suggest that nitrapyrin would likely exert significant mitigation on N2O emissions only if a substantial N surplus exists in soils with high organic matter content.  相似文献   

7.
Tools to manage the emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), an intermediate of both nitrification and denitrification, from soils are limited. To date, the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) is one of the most effective tools available to livestock farmers for reducing N2O emissions and minimizing leaching of nitrogen in response to increased urine deposition in grazed pasture systems. Despite its effectiveness in decreasing N losses from animal urine by inhibiting N processes in soils, the effect of DCD on the population structure of denitrifiers and overall bacterial community composition is still uncertain. Here we use three New Zealand dairy-grazed pasture soils to determine the effects of DCD application on microbial community richness and composition at both functional (genes involved in the denitrification process) and phylogenetic (overall bacterial community composition based on 16S rRNA profiling) levels. Results further confirm that the effects on microbial populations are minimal and transient in nature. The impact of DCD on microbial community structure was soil dependent, and a greater effect was attributed to intrinsic soil properties like soil texture, with community response to DCD in combination with urine being comparable to that under urine alone. Addition of DCD to cattle urine also reduced N2O emission between 23 and 67%.  相似文献   

8.

Purpose

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is produced naturally in soils through microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification. In recent years, the long-term application of nitrogen-heavy fertilizers has led to the acidification of tea orchard soils with high N2O emission. The present research aimed at finding out which process (nitrification or denitrification) dominates in N2O production, whether certain fertilizer managements could reduce N2O emission, and the effects of fertilizer management on the abundance of functional genes.

Materials and methods

Two nitrification inhibitors, 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD), combined with different N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate) were applied to highly acidic tea orchard soil in an aerobic incubation experiment. Both amoA and nosZ gene abundances from different treatments were determined by quantitative PCR. An anaerobic nitrate effect test was carried out using C2H2 inhibition method.

Results and discussion

The application of nitrate fertilizers significantly (P?<?0.05) enhanced total N2O emission. A linear regression analysis between total N2O emission and average nitrate contents indicated that denitrification is the dominant source of N2O in this tea orchard soil. In the anaerobic incubation, no significant difference of N2O emission was observed between KNO3 and no KNO3 treatments before 96 h. Quantitative PCR revealed lower copy numbers of nosZ in nitrate-associated fertilizer-treated soils than the soils from other treatments. Compared with the control, ammonium fertilizers with DCD or DMPP significantly (P?<?0.05) inhibited nitrate production as well as N2O.

Conclusions

These results showed that denitrification is the dominant source of N2O in this highly acidic soil. Nitrate addition could significantly inhibit the abundance of nitrous oxide reductase, therefore causing high N2O emission. The application of ammonium fertilizers with DCD or DMPP could significantly reduce N2O emission, possibly due to the effective inhibition of nitrate production.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N2O/N2 product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N2O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N2O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N2O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N2O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N2O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N2O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N2O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N2O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.  相似文献   

11.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas that is destroying the stratospheric ozone to an increasing degree. Because of nitrogenous fertilizer application, agricultural soil is an important contributor of global N2O. In Japan, tea fields are amended with the highest level of N fertilizers among agricultural soils, causing soil acidification and large N2O flux. In soil, microbes play key roles in producing and consuming N2O. A previous study investigated net N2O production in tea fields using N2O flux measurement and soil incubation, which are indirect methods to analyze relevant processes of N2O production and consumption in soil. In the present study, to analyze N2O concentrations and isotopomer ratios (bulk nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, δ15Nbulk and δ18O, and intramolecular 15N site preference, SP) and to reveal most probable microbial production processes and consumption (N2O reduction to N2) process of N2O, soil gas was collected from a tea field (pH 3.1–4.5) at 10–50 cm depths using a silicone tube. The combination of fertilization, precipitation, and temperature rise produced significantly high N2O concentrations. During the period of high N2O concentration (above 5.7 ppmv), SP, the difference in 15N/14N ratio between central (α) and terminal (β) nitrogen position in the linear N2O molecule (βNαNO) showed low values of 1.4‰–9.8‰, suggesting that the contribution of bacterial denitrification (nitrifier-denitrification and bacterial denitrifier-denitrification) was greater than that of bacterial nitrification or fungal denitrification. High SP values of 15.0‰–20.1‰ obtained at 10, 35, and 50 cm depths on 31 May 2011 (after one of fertilizations) during which soil temperatures were 15.8 °C–17.9 °C and water-filled pore space (WFPS) was 0.73–0.89 suggest that fungal denitrification and bacterial nitrification contributed to N2O production to a degree equivalent to that of bacterial denitrification.  相似文献   

12.
硝化抑制剂和通气调节对土壤N2O排放的影响   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
采用室内培养方法,研究了土壤水分含量和温度对硝化反应速度、N2O排放及施用硝化抑制剂(N-Serve)和土壤掺砂对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,硝化反应速度随温度升高而加快,30℃时反应进行最快;水分对硝化反应速度的影响不显著。N2O排放通量随温度和水分含量升高而加大,最高排放通量出现在水分含量28.5%,20℃或30℃时。30℃、低水分(14.2%)时,N2O排放量较低,15d累积排放量为126.4.mg/kg,且主要来自硝化反应,施用N-Serve可使总排放量减少65.0%;水分含量增加到28.5%,反硝化反应发生,N2O排放量急剧增加,15d累积排放量达764.4.mg/kg;施用砂子或N-Serve,总排放量分别减少82.9%、62.1%。因此,低水分时,施用N-Serve可抑制硝化反应;高水分时,施用砂子或砂子与N-Serve配合,可有效抑制N2O排放。  相似文献   

13.
王启  兰婷  赖晶晶  高雪松 《土壤》2020,52(6):1170-1178
生物质炭施用可能对土壤中氮素硝化过程和N2O排放产生影响。本研究通过室内培养试验，研究铵态氮肥与玉米秸秆生物质炭施用量（0、1%、2%、5%、10%w/w）对酸性（pH=5.10）和石灰性紫色土（pH=8.15）氮素硝化率、净硝化速率及N2O排放特征的影响。结果表明：（1）酸性和石灰性紫色土生物质炭处理平均净硝化速率相比对照分别降低了33.7%~93.7%和7.5%~40.9%，生物质炭添加抑制了酸性和石灰性紫色土硝化作用，在酸性紫色土中生物质炭对氮素硝化作用的抑制作用随施用量的增加而增强，在石灰性紫色土中无明显规律。（2）与对照相比，酸性紫色土N2O累计排放量在1%生物质炭（1%BC）和2%生物质炭（2%BC）处理下降幅分别为15.9%和27.7%，在5%生物质炭（5%BC）和10%生物质炭（10%BC）处理下增幅分别为60.1%和93.2%。石灰性紫色土生物质炭各处理N2O累积排放量均显著高于对照。（3）综合考虑酸性紫色土1%、2%生物质炭量施用下对硝化作用抑制和N2O减排综合效果最好，在石灰性紫色土中无明显抑制和减排效果。  相似文献   

14.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastures constitute approximately 28% of total global anthropogenic N2O emissions. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of inorganic N fertilizer application on fluxes of N2O, quantify the emission factors (EFs) for a sandy loam soil which is typical of large areas in Ireland and to investigate denitrification sensitivity to temperature. Nitrous oxide flux measurements from a cut and grazed pasture field for 1 year and denitrification laboratory incubation were carried out. The soil pH was 7.3 and had a mean organic C and N content at 0–20 cm of 44.1 and 4.4 g/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest observed peaks of N2O fluxes of 67 and 38.7 g N2O‐N per hectare per day were associated with times of application of inorganic N fertilizer. Annual fluxes of N2O from control and fertilized treatments were 1 and 2.4 kg N2O‐N per hectare, respectively. Approximately 63% of the annual flux was associated with N fertilizer application. Multiple regression analysis revealed that soil nitrate and the interaction between soil nitrate and soil water content were the main factors controlling N2O flux from the soil. The derived EF of 0.83% was approximately 66% of the IPCC default EF value of 1.25% as used by the Irish EPA to estimate greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Ireland. The IPCC‐revised EF value is 0.9%. A highly significant exponential regression (r2 = 0.98) was found between denitrification and incubation temperature. The calculated Q10 ranged from 4.4 to 6.2 for a temperature range of 10–25 °C and the activation energy was 47 kJ/mol. Our results show that denitrification is very sensitive to increasing temperature, suggesting that future global warming could lead to a significant increase in soil denitrification and consequently N2O fluxes from soils.  相似文献   

15.
Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C2H2 (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O2 (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C2H2 (to inhibit N2O reduction to N2 in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N2O production, consumption and net N2O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N2O emission from different processes of N2O production were estimated. The rate of N2O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N2O g-1 soil h-1), but because N2O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N2O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N2O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N2O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N2O emitted from the wetter soil.  相似文献   

16.
Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) can be found in large concentrations in mine spills of central and northern Mexico. Interest in these heavy metals has increased recently as they contaminate drinking water and aquifers in large parts of the world and severely affect human health, but little is known about how they affect biological functioning of soil. Soils were sampled in seven locations along a gradient of heavy metal contamination with distance from a mine in San Luis Potosí (Mexico), active since about 1800 AD. C mineralization and N2O production were monitored in an aerobic incubation experiment. Concentrations of As in the top 0-10 cm soil layer ranged from 8 to 22,992 mg kg−1, from 31 to 1845 mg kg−1 for Pb, from 27 to 1620 mg kg−1 for Cu and from 81 to 4218 mg kg−1 for Zn. There was a significant negative correlation between production rates of CO2 and concentrations of As, Pb, Cu and Zn, and there was a significant positive correlation with pH, water holding capacity (WHC), total N and soil organic C. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between production rate of nitrous oxide (N2O) attributed to nitrification by the inhibition method in soil incubated at 50% WHC and total concentrations of Pb and Zn, and there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) with pH and total N content. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between the production rate of N2O attributed to denitrification by the inhibition method in soil incubated at 100% WHC and total concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn, and a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with pH; there was a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the production of N2O attributed to other processes by the inhibition method and WHC, inorganic C and clay content. A negative value for production rate of N2O attributed to nitrifier denitrification by the inhibition method was obtained at 100% WHC. The large concentrations of heavy metals in soil inhibited microbial activity and the production rate of N2O attributed to nitrification by the inhibition method when soil was incubated at 50% WHC and denitrification when soil was incubated at 100% WHC. The inhibitor/suppression technique used appeared to be flawed, as negative values for nitrifier denitrification were obtained and as the production rate of N2O through denitrification increased when soil was incubated with C2H2.  相似文献   

17.
A better understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle in agricultural soils is crucial for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly N fertilizer management and to propose effective nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation strategies. This laboratory study quantified gross nitrogen transformation rates in uncultivated and cultivated black soils in Northeast China. It also elucidated the contribution made by nitrification and denitrification to the emissions of N2O. In the laboratory, soil samples adjusted to 60 % water holding capacity (WHC) were spiked with 15NH4NO3 and NH4 15NO3 and incubated at 25 °C for 7 days. The size and 15N enrichment of the mineral N pools and the N2O emission rates were determined between 0 and 7 days. The results showed that the average N2O emission rate was 21.6 ng N2O-N kg?1 h?1 in cultivated soil, significantly higher than in the uncultivated soil (11.6 ng N2O-N kg?1 h?1). Denitrification was found to be responsible for 32.1 % of the N2O emission in uncultivated soil, and the ratio increased significantly to 43.2 % in cultivated soil, due to the decrease in soil pH. Most of the increase in net N2O-N emissions observed in the cultivated soil was resulting from the increased production of N2O through denitrification. Gross nitrification rate was significantly higher in the cultivated soil than in the uncultivated soil, and the ratio of gross nitrification rate/ammonium immobilization rate was 6.87 in cultivated soil, much larger than the uncultivated soil, indicating that nitrification was the dominant NH4 + consuming process in cultivated soil, and this will lead to the increased production of nitrate, whereas the increased contribution of denitrification to N2O emission promoted the larger emission of N2O. This double impact explains why the risk of N loss to the environment is increased by long-term cultivation and fertilization of native prairie sites, and controlling nitrification maybe effective to abate the negative environmental effects.  相似文献   

18.
硝化反应是土壤、特别是干旱半干旱地区农业土壤N2O产生的重要途径之一。但是,目前环境条件对硝化反应中N2O排放的影响研究较少,而在国内外通用的几个模型中均用固定比例估算硝化反应过程中N2O的排放。本文通过砂壤土培养试验,研究了土壤温度、水分和NH4+-N浓度对硝化反应速度及硝化反应中N2O排放的影响,并用数学模型定量表示了各因素对硝化反应的作用,用最小二乘法最优拟合求得该土壤的最大硝化反应速度及N2O最大排放比例。结果表明,随着温度升高,硝化反应速度呈指数增长;水分含量由20%充水孔隙度(WFPS)增加到40%WFPS时,反应速度增加,水分含量增加到60%WFPS时反应速度略有降低;NH4+-N浓度增加对硝化反应速度起抑制作用。用米氏方程描述该土壤的硝化反应过程,其最大硝化反应速度为6.67mg·kg?1·d?1。硝化反应中N2O排放比例随温度升高而降低;随NH4+-N浓度增加而略有增加;20%和40%WFPS水分含量时,硝化反应中N2O排放比例为0.43%～1.50%,最小二乘法求得的最大比例为3.03%,60%WFPS时可能由于反硝化作用,N2O排放比例急剧增加,还需进一步研究水分对硝化反应中N2O排放的影响。  相似文献   

19.
Nitrifier denitrification is the reduction of NO2− to N2 by nitrifiers. It leads to the production of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) as an intermediate and possible end product. It is not known how important nitrifier denitrification is for the production of N2O in soils. We explored N2O production by nitrifier denitrification in relation to other N2O producing processes such as nitrification and denitrification under different soil conditions. The influence of aeration of the soil, different N sources, and pH were tested in four experiments. To differentiate between sources of N2O, an incubation method with inhibitors was used [Biol. Fertil. Soils 22 (1996) 331]. Sets of four incubations included controls without addition of inhibitors, incubations with addition of small concentrations of C2H2 (0.01-0.1 kPa), large concentrations of O2 (100 kPa), or a combination of C2H2 and O2. The results indicate that the availability of NO2− stimulated the apparent N2O production by nitrifier denitrification. A decreasing O2 content increased the total N2O production, but decreased N2O production by nitrifier denitrification. No significant effect of pH could be found. The study revealed problems concerning the use of the inhibitors C2H2 and O2. Almost one-third of all incubations with inhibitors produced more N2O than the controls. Possible reasons for the problems are discussed. The inhibitors C2H2 and O2 need to be tested thoroughly for their effects on different N2O producing processes before further application.  相似文献   

20.
The amounts of N2O released in freeze‐thaw events depend on site and freezing conditions and contribute considerably to the annual N2O emissions. However, quantitative information on the N transformation rates in freeze‐thaw events is scarce. Our objectives were (1) to quantify gross nitrification in a Luvisol during a freeze‐thaw event, (2) to analyze the dynamics of the emissions of N2O and N2, (3) to quantify the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to the emission of N2O, and (4) to determine whether the length of freezing and of thawing affects the C availability for the denitrification. 15NO was added to undisturbed soil columns, and the columns were subjected to 7 d of freezing and 5 d of thawing. N2O emissions were determined in 3 h intervals, and the concentrations of 15N2O and 15N2 were determined at different times during thawing. During the 12 d experiment, 5.67 mg NO ‐N (kg soil)–1 was produced, and 2.67 mg NO ‐N (kg soil)–1 was lost. By assuming as a first approximation that production and loss occurred exclusively during thawing, the average nitrate‐production rate, denitrification rate, and immobilization rate were 1.13, 0.05, and 0.48 mg NO ‐N (kg soil)–1 d–1, respectively. Immediately after the beginning of the thawing, denitrification contributed by 83% to the N2O production. The ratios of 15N2 to 15N2O during thawing were narrow and ranged from 1.5 to 0.6. For objective (4), homogenized soil samples were incubated under anaerobic conditions after different periods of freezing and thawing. The different periods did not affect the amounts of N2 and N2O produced in the incubation experiments. Further, addition of labile substrates gave either increases in the amounts of N2O and N2 produced or no changes which suggested that changes in nutrient availability due to freezing and thawing are only small.  相似文献   

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