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1.
 We studied the influence of soil compaction in a loamy sand soil on C and N mineralization and nitrification of soil organic matter and added crop residues. Samples of unamended soil, and soil amended with leek residues, at six bulk densities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m–3 and 75% field capacity, were incubated. In the unamended soil, bulk density within the range studied did not influence any measure of microbial activity significantly. A small (but insignificant) decrease in nitrification rate at the highest bulk density was the only evidence for possible effects of compaction on microbial activity. In the amended soil the amounts of mineralized N at the end of the incubation were equal at all bulk densities, but first-order N mineralization rates tended to increase with increasing compaction, although the increase was not significant. Nitrification in the amended soils was more affected by compaction, and NO3 –-N contents after 3 weeks of incubation at bulk densities of 1.5 and 1.6 Mg m–3 were significantly lower (by about 8% and 16% of total added N, respectively), than those of the less compacted treatments. The C mineralization rate was strongly depressed at a bulk density of 1.6 Mg m–3, compared with the other treatments. The depression of C mineralization in compacted soils can lead to higher organic matter accumulation. Since N mineralization was not affected by compaction (within the range used here) the accumulated organic matter would have had higher C : N ratios than in the uncompacted soils, and hence would have been of a lower quality. In general, increasing soil compaction in this soil, starting at a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m–3, will affect some microbially driven processes. Received: 10 June 1999  相似文献   

2.
通过对环青海湖区退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重和有机碳含量的测定分析,确定了退化芨芨草群落的土壤碳密度特征。结果显示,重度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重显著大于中度退化芨芨草群落的土壤容重。重度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量普遍低于中度退化芨芨草群落,特别是两者表层土壤有机碳含量差异极为显著(p0.001)。在0—100cm剖面上,中度退化芨芨草群落土壤有机碳含量总体呈减少趋势,重度退化的则呈现减少和先增加后减小的两种变化趋势。芨芨草群落土壤有机碳密度跟有机碳含量变化趋势一致;芨芨草群落土壤有机碳主要集中在0—30cm土层,中度和重度退化下该深度土壤有机碳密度分别为7.35和2.92kg/m2,占整个剖面有机碳密度的57.45%和63.06%;环青海湖区中度和重度退化芨芨草群落剖面土壤有机碳密度为12.79和4.63kg/m2。  相似文献   

3.
The development of pedotransfer functions offers a potential means of alleviating cost and labour burdens associated with bulk‐density determinations. As a means of incorporating a priori knowledge into the model‐building process, we propose a conceptual model for predicting soil bulk density from other more regularly measured properties. The model considers soil bulk density to be a function of soil mineral packing structures (ρm) and soil structure (Δρ). Bulk‐density maxima were found for soils with approximately 80% sand. Bulk densities were also observed to increase with depth, suggesting the influence of over‐burden pressure. Residuals from the ρm model, hereby known as Δρ, correlated with organic carbon. All models were trained using Australian soil data, with limits set at bulk densities between 0.7 and 1.8 g cm?3 and containing organic carbon levels below 12%. Performance of the conceptual model (r2 = 0.49) was found to be comparable with a multiple linear regression model (r2 = 0.49) and outperformed models developed using an artificial neural network (r2 = 0.47) and a regression tree (r2 = 0.43). Further development of the conceptual model should allow the inclusion of soil morphological data to improve bulk‐density predictions.  相似文献   

4.
We investigated how organic matter may, directly and indirectly, modify the porosity of Ferralsols, that is, deeply weathered soils of the tropics and subtropics. Although empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that organic matter accumulation may increase porosity, a mechanistic understanding of the processes underlying this beneficial effect is lacking, especially so for Ferralsols. To achieve our end, we leveraged the fact that the Profundihumic qualifier of Ferralsols (PF) is distinguished from Haplic Ferralsols (HF) by both a much larger average carbon content in the first 1 m of soil depth (19 kg C m−3 in PF vs. 10 kg C m−3 in HF) and a significantly lower bulk density (1.05 ± 0.08 kg L−1 in PF vs. 1.21 ± 0.05 kg L−1 in HF). Through exhaustive modelling of carbon – bulk density relationships, we demonstrate that the lower bulk density of PF cannot be satisfactorily explained by a simple dilution effect. Rather, we found that bulk density correlated with carbon content when combined with carbon: nitrogen ratio (r2 = 0.51), black carbon content (r2 = 0.75), and Δ14C (r2 = 0.81). Total pore space was greater in PF (61 ± 3%) than in HF (55 ± 2%), but x-ray computed tomography revealed that pore space inside soil aggregates of 4–5 mm diameter does not vary between the studied Ferralsols. We further observed nearly twice as many roots and burrows in PF compared with HF. We thus infer that the mechanism responsible for the increase in porosity is most likely an enhancement of resource availability (e.g., energy, carbon, and nutrients) for the organisms (earthworms, ants, termites, etc.) that physically displace soil particles and promote soil aggregation. As a result of increased resource availability, soil organisms can create especially the mesoscale structural soil features necessary for unrestricted water flow and rapid gas exchange. This insight paves the way for the development of land management technologies to optimize the physical shape and capacity of the soil bioreactor.  相似文献   

5.
A series of models has been proposed for estimating thermal diffusivity of soils at different water contents. Models have been trained on 49 soil samples with the texture range from sands to silty clays. The bulk density of the studied soils varied from 0.86 to 1.82 g/cm3; the organic carbon was between 0.05 and 6.49%; the physical clay ranged from 1 to 76%. The thermal diffusivity of undisturbed soil cores measured by the unsteady-state method varied from 0.78×10–7 m2/s for silty clay at the water content of 0.142 cm3/cm3 to 10.09 × 10–7 m2/s for sand at the water content of 0.138 cm3/cm3. Each experimental curve was described by the four-parameter function proposed earlier. Pedotransfer functions were then developed to estimate the parameters of the thermal diffusivity vs. water content function from data on soil texture, bulk density, and organic carbon. Models were tested on 32 samples not included in the training set. The root mean square errors of the best-performing models were 17–38%. The models using texture data performed better than the model using only data on soil bulk density and organic carbon.  相似文献   

6.
The effects of five conservation tillage drills with crop residue levels covering between 17% and 79% of the soil, and tillage depths ranging from 25 to 200 mm, were examined over 3 years. The tillage systems ranged from a relatively disruptive Farm System to a Low Disruption system, with three intermediate treatments labelled Sumo DTS, Claydon and Mzuri. The study involved field sites on a clay or clay loam soil, where winter wheat and oilseed rape were grown in rotation. In the clay field, the Mzuri and Low Disruption treatments, which produced the highest residue coverage, showed the greatest increase in surface total soil organic carbon (1.1 and 0.48 Mg C ha−1, respectively) between years 1 and 3. The least disruptive tillage system also resulted in the highest density of earthworms (181–228 m−2), and the most disruptive system produced the lowest densities (75–98 m−2). In the third year, the least disruptive system also showed a higher proportion of water-stable aggregates (29.8%) than the other treatments (22.7%–25.3%). Linear regressions showed positive relationships of both soil organic carbon and earthworm density with surface residue cover, and of the proportion of water-stable aggregates with soil organic carbon.  相似文献   

7.
Effects of household waste, chicken manure, and cow dung on nutrient-use and carbon (C)–sequestration efficiencies and improvement of soil fertility were assessed. Application of household waste at the rate of 4 kg m?2 and cow dung at the rate of 3 kg m?2 produced the maximum yields of rice and tomato, respectively. Nutrient uptake and use efficiency were enhanced with the application of wastes. Incorporation of wastes increased C content and decreased bulk density of soils. The maximum C sequestrations were 2.6 Mg ha?1 in soils under rice cultivation and 2.9 Mg ha?1 under tomato cultivation when household waste was applied at the rate of 4 kg m?2. The greater agronomic, physiological, and recovery efficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were attributed to the greater sequestration of C in soils. The residual value of pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium indicated the fertility enhancement of soils with the application of wastes.  相似文献   

8.
Factors affecting the compaction susceptibility of South African forestry soils were assessed. Two traditional measures of compaction susceptibility were used: maximum bulk density (ρmbd) determined by the standard Proctor test, defined compactibility, and the compression index using a simple uni-axial test, defined compressibility. Soils were chosen from a broad range of geological and climatic regions and they varied greatly in texture (8 to 66 g 100 g−1 clay) and organic matter content (0.26 to 5.77 g 100 g−1 organic carbon). Soils showed a wide range in ρmbd values, from 1.24 to 2.00 Mg m−3, and this reflected the wide range of particle size distributions and organic matter contents of the soils. Very good correlations were achieved between measures of particle size distribution, particularly clay plus silt and both compactibility and compressibility. Both compactibility and compressibility were significantly correlated with loss-on-ignition (LOI) which is a measure reflecting the combined effects of soil texture and organic matter on soil physical properties. Indices of compaction susceptibility were influenced more by particle size distribution than by organic carbon content. Clear effects of organic carbon on compaction behaviour were only evident for soils with low clay contents (< 25 g 100 g−1. No clear relationship between compactibility and compressibility was found. Compactibility generally increased with decreasing clay plus silt content, whereas compressibility increased up to about 70 g 100 g−1 clay plus silt before decreasing again. It is difficult to define compaction susceptibility solely in terms of indices of compactibility or compressibility particularly as there is no clear relationship between these two properties. A classification system for compaction risk assessment is presented, based on the relationship between compactibility (ρmbd) and LOI, and between clay plus silt content and compressibility.  相似文献   

9.
In this study we investigated the quantitative and qualitative aspects of soil organic matter (SOM) losses caused by water erosion within a small catchment in Northern Laos, under steep slopes and slash and burn agriculture. The soils in the region have a high contribution of black carbon to soil organic matter and high erosion rates. The aim of the study was to quantify the erosion of black carbon and to identify the processes involved. The conceptual approach included the measurement of contents of SOM, black carbon and mineral bound SOM in bulk soils, sediments eroded from 1 m2 plots and in sediments at the outlet of the 0.6 ha catchment. Additionally, the enrichment factors of bulk SOM, BC and mineral bound SOM were calculated for eroded sediments.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

Corn (Zea mays L.) production recommendations should be periodically evaluated to ensure that production practices remain in step with genetic improvements. Since most of the recent increases in corn grain yield are due to planting at higher densities and not to increased per-plant yield, this study was undertaken to measure the effects of plant density and hybrid on corn forage and grain yield and on nutrient uptake. Plant density (4.9, 6.2, 7.4, and 8.6 seeds m?2) and hybrid relative maturity (RM) [early (108 day RM); medium (114 day RM); and late (118 day RM)] combinations were evaluated over five site-years under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. The interaction of hybrid with plant density was never significant for grain, stem, or leaf biomass. The latest RM hybrid out-yielded the medium and early hybrids by 550 and 1864 kg ha?1, respectively. Grain yield was highest at 8.6 plants m?2. Total stem yield was also greatest at the highest plant density but by only 340 kg ha?1 more than at 7.4 seeds m?2. Based on grain yield response over sites, the estimated optimum density was 7.6 seeds m?2, which is 0.7 seeds m?2 higher than the current recommendation at this average yield level (11.5 Mg ha?1). Grain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptakes were highest for the medium RM hybrid. Nutrient uptake levels varied by planting density, with the lowest levels observed at the lowest and highest plant densities. At 4.9 seeds m?2, the reduced uptake is explained by lower biomass yields. At the 8.6 seeds m?2 rate, N and K levels may have been lower due to dilution.  相似文献   

11.
Soil organic carbon tends to respond more sensitively to climate change and land use intensification in ecologically fragile and economically marginal regions of mountainous areas. This study aims to evaluate the soil organic carbon stock dynamic across various land uses at different altitudes in the Bagrot valley, Northern Karakoram, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Soil samples from 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm depth were collected from three land uses: pasture, forest, and adjacently located arable land at different altitude (ranging from 2100–4163 m). The variables investigated were soil bulk density (BD), soil organic carbon concentration (SOC), soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) and pH. A significant variation in all tested variables were found across the land uses and altitudes. Likewise, soil under forest had significantly higher values of SOCS (59.35?Mg ha?1) than pasture (42.48?Mg ha?1) and arable land (23.63?Mg ha?1). Similarly, SOCS increased with increasing altitude and decreased with soil depth in all land uses. In addition, SOCS had a negative relationship with BD and pH. Overall results indicated that the land use intensification and climate change (increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation) were associated with declining SOCS. These results suggest restoration of degraded agricultural land to the forest, especially at higher altitude, and decrease in intensity of land use could increase SOCS in the study area as well as other similar mountainous regions.  相似文献   

12.
Chemical alteration of plant biomass to soil organic matter is often accompanied by characteristic trends, e.g. with decreasing particle size and increasing depth organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations and stable carbon isotope values (δ13C) often increase. In agricultural soils, systematic studies of soil organic carbon (SOC) distribution in bulk soils and particle‐size separates of depth profiles are scarce. In this study, three soil profiles from one site with different monoculture crops were analysed for organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, stable carbon isotopes, bulk extractable lipids, and soil colour. In contrast to most previous observations, stable carbon isotope values were constant over soil depth and within particle‐size separates, probably as a result of little biomass input due to the harvesting techniques applied and the presence of fossil carbon. Bulk extractable lipids contributed 1–10% to the total SOC. Significantly more lipids could be extracted from rye‐ than from maize‐derived SOC. Lipid yields normalized to soil mass increased with decreasing particle size and decreased with depth. When normalized to organic carbon concentration, sand‐size fractions had the largest lipid yields. Soil colour, expressed as Munsell values, was lightest in sand‐ and silt‐size separates. A cross‐plot of Munsell values and their SOC concentrations revealed characteristic, non‐overlapping areas for each particle‐size class and the bulk soils. Clay‐size separates and bulk soils were almost identical in Munsell values, although for clay‐size separates SOC concentrations were much larger than for bulk soils. Thus, the SOC‐rich clay‐size separates exerted the dominant influence on the colour of the bulk soils. Determination of colour and extractable lipid contents could be useful additional parameters for soil characterization.  相似文献   

13.
Recognition of peatlands as a key natural store of terrestrial carbon has led to new initiatives to protect and restore them. Some afforested bogs are being clear-felled and restored (forest-to-bog restoration) to recover pre-afforestation ecosystem function. However, little is known about differences in the peat properties between intact, afforested and restored bogs. A stratified random sampling procedure was used to take 122 peat cores from three separate microforms associated with intact (hollows; hummocks; lawns), afforested and restored bogs (furrows; original surface; ridges) at two raised and two blanket bog locations in Scotland. Common physical and chemical peat properties at eight depths were measured in the laboratory. Differences in bulk density, moisture and carbon content between the afforested (mean = 0.103 g cm−3, 87.8% and 50.9%, respectively), intact (mean = 0.091 g cm−3, 90.3% and 51.3%, respectively) and restored bogs (mean = 0.095 g cm−3, 89.7% and 51.1%, respectively) were small despite their statistical significance. The pH was significantly lower in the afforested (mean = 4.26) and restored bogs (mean = 4.29) than the intact bogs (mean = 4.39), whereas electrical conductivity was significantly higher (mean: afforested = 34.2, restored = 38.0, intact = 25.3 μS cm−1). While significant differences were found between treatments, effect sizes were mainly small, and greater differences in pH, electrical conductivity, specific yield and hydraulic conductivity existed between the different intact bogs. Therefore, interactions between geographic location and land management need to be considered when interpreting the impacts of land-use change on peatland properties and functioning.  相似文献   

14.
Effects of six slope lengths, 60 m to 10 m with 10-m increments, on soil physical properties were evaluated for plough-based conventional till and no-till seedbed preparation on field runoff plots for three consecutive years from 1984 to 1987. Soil physical properties measured included texture, bulk density, infiltration capacity, and soil moisture retention characteristics. Conventional till treatment caused a rapid increase in soil bulk density and penetration resistance, and decrease in available water capacity and equilibrium infiltration rate. Gravel content increased with cultivation duration. Soil bulk density of 0–5 cm depth was 1·20 Mg m−3 for 1984, 1·39 Mg m−3 for 1985 and 1·46 Mg m−3 for 1986 for conventional till; and 1·13 Mg m−3 for 1984, 1·33 Mg m−3 for 1985, and 1·27 Mg m−3 for 1986 for the no-till treatment. The penetration resistance of the no-till treatment was relatively low and increased with cultivation duration. Mean penetration resistance for 0–5 cm depth was 2·2 kg cm−2 in 1984, 2·71 kg cm−2 in 1985, and 3·79 kg cm−2 in 1986. The available water capacity decreased in both tillage methods without any consistent trends with regard to slope length. The equilibrium infiltration rate declined drastically for long slopes and conventional till methods. The data support the conclusion that these soils should be managed with short slope lengths and a no-till method of seedbed preparation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
喀斯特森林植被自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳库特征演化   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
采用空间代替时间的方法,研究了茂兰喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中土壤有机碳库特征,结果表明:土壤容重(0～10 cm土层0.94～1.15 g cm-3,＞30 cm土层0.98～1.19 g cm-3)、石砾含量(0～10 cm土层19.93 ～26.61％,＞30 cm土层20.36 ～32.11％)随恢复进展而减少,随土层加深而增加;土壤容积(0～10 cm土层20.13 ～22.02 m3,＞30 cm土层4.16～6.87 m3)、有机碳含量(0 ～10 cm土层21.14 ～52.67 g kg-1,＞ 30 cm土层11.15 ～25.93 g kg-1)、有机碳密度[(0 ～ 10 cm土层1.91 ～4.03 kg m-2,＞ 30 cm土层0.39～1.96 kgm-2)、有机碳储量(900 m2样地0 ～ 10 cm土层0.538 ～0.883 t,＞30 cm土层0.039 ～0.137 t)、易氧化碳含量(0～10 cm土层5.28 ～33.25 g kg-1,＞ 30 cm土层5.98 ～ 14.13 g kg-1)均随恢复进展而增加,随土层加深而减少;随恢复进展0 ～ 20 cm土层有机碳稳定性增强、活性降低,＞20 cm土层则相反;随土层加深有机碳稳定性增强、活性降低;土壤有机碳随恢复进展总体上具碳汇效应,且早期其量少质低、表聚性强、碳汇效应不显著、固碳潜力大,后期则相反.加强保护喀斯特森林,使其自然恢复,有利于土壤质量的提高和有机碳的累积.  相似文献   

16.
以黄土丘陵区典型侵蚀沟道为对象,基于沟道剖面有机碳和137Cs数据,采用碳库重分布模型估算了典型沟道侵蚀诱发的CO2通量,并通过检验模型预测效率、解析影响因子,提出了模型校正的思路。结果表明:(1)在长期侵蚀作用下,沟道侵蚀区和沉积区均表现为剧烈的侵蚀效应,侵蚀区侵蚀速率介于30.99~46.44 mm/a,沉积区侵蚀速率介于34.20~37.88 mm/a,沉积区土壤流失速率略小于侵蚀区;(2)碳库重分布模型估算显示,侵蚀区与沉积区均表现为较强烈的碳源效应,侵蚀区CO2通量介于18.41~28.44 g/(m2·a),沉积区CO2通量介于22.19~29.25 g/(m2·a);(3)侵蚀部位、土壤容重、有机碳含量、侵蚀量、沟道平均坡度、植被地上部与地下部生物量共同解释了碳库重分布模型预测效率的变异特征(R2=0.68),其中侵蚀部位、侵蚀量、有机碳含量、土壤容重、植被地下部对预测效率有强驱动效应;(4)引入被忽略的植被新输入有机碳库参数,有望校正碳库重分布模型,提升模型预测效率。该研究结果明确了碳库重分布模型在沟道侵蚀区相比沉积区有更高的CO2通量预测效率,为进一步提高模型的预测精度,可以考虑引入植被输入有机碳库作为校正参数。  相似文献   

17.
Termites are reported to improve soil physicochemical properties thereby enhance soil fertility of their mound and foraging areas. Empirical study pertaining to these effects is missing in Southwest Ethiopia. For this study, soil samples affected by termite activities were collected at 1 m interval within 0–3 m distance from the base of six termite mounds on gently sloping and sloping land and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. The result of the analysis depicted that soil bulk density (1.38–1.15 g cm?3) and moisture content (21.1–9.9%) decreased with increased distance from the mound base. While clay content decreased with increased distance from the mound base from72.0% to 45.5%, sand and silt contents increased from 8.0% to 21.3% and 19.3% to 28.5%, respectively. PH (6.23), organic carbon (3.85%), total nitrogen (0.4%), cation exchange capacity CEC (30.43 cmol kg?1), exchangeable Ca (13.73 cmol kg?1), Mg (3.15 cmol kg?1), and PBS (56.8%) were higher on termite mounds. While, electrical conductivity (0.03 dS m?1–0.06 dS m?1), exchangeable K (0.52–0.93 cmol kg?1) and Na (0.02–0.03 cmol kg?1) showed increasing trend with the distance from the mound base. Our results indicated that termite mounds are important sinks of organic matter and mineral nutrients, and hence contribute to the enhancement of soil fertility. Thus, for subsistent farmers the uses of termite mounds as a fertilizer present an opportunity to improve agricultural production.  相似文献   

18.
The potential of Pontoscolex corethrurus to repair the physical degradation of a compacted Oxisol was studied. The Oxisol from Kingaroy, Queensland, Australia was uniformly packed to four treatments of different bulk densities (0.95, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35 Mg m–3) in pots of 0.24 m diameter and 0.22 m deep. Each pot was inoculated with 12 earthworms (equivalent to 300 m–2) and maintained close to field capacity water content for 3 months, after which selected soil physical (dry bulk density, penetration resistance, water infiltration), worm activity (cast production, worm weight) measurements and image analysis were carried out. Results showed that worm numbers were maintained at the initial levels in all the treatments except in the 1.35 Mg m–3 treatment, where there was a 33% decrease. The weight of surface casts per surviving worm was the greatest in the 1.35 Mg m–3 treatment compared to the lower density treatments. Final soil density was lessened in all treatments to a depth of 0.2 m. Surface cast production was positively correlated with the percentage reduction in bulk density. The greatest percentage reduction in bulk density was in the 1.35 Mg m–3 treatment and was equivalent to a doubling of soil aeration (to 18.4%). Penetration resistance to the 0.2-m layer was also reduced and values were less than 2 MPa. Slumping of the surface soil was evident in both the lowest and the highest bulk densities resulting in low rates of water infiltration. Image analysis supported the soil physical properties showing an abundance of both fine pores and worm channels in the three lowest bulk densities, and lesser activity (concentrated in the immediate soil surface) in the 1.35 Mg m–3 treatment. Received: 6 November 1996  相似文献   

19.
In Brazil, most Eucalyptus stands have been planted on Cerrado (shrubby savanna) or on Cerrado converted into pasture. Case studies are needed to assess the effect of such land use changes on soil fertility and C sequestration. In this study, the influence of Cerrado land development (pasture and Eucalyptus plantations) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) stocks were quantified in southern Brazil. Two contrasted silvicultural practices were also compared: 60 years of short‐rotation silviculture (EUCSR) versus 60 years of continuous growth (EUCHF). C and N soil concentrations and bulk densities were measured and modelled for each vegetation type, and SOC and SON stocks were calculated down to a depth of 1 m by a continuous function. Changes in SOC and SON stocks mainly occurred in the forest floor (no litter in pasture and up to 0.87 kg C m?2 and 0.01 kg N m?2 in EUCSR) and upper soil horizons. C and N stocks and their confidence intervals were greatly influenced by the methodology used to compute these layers. C/N ratio and 13C analysis showed that down to a depth of 30 cm, the Cerrado organic matter was replaced by organic matter from newly introduced vegetation by as much as 75–100% for pasture and about 50% for EUCHF, poorer in N for Eucalyptus stands (C/N larger than 18 for Eucalyptus stands). Under pasture, 0–30 cm SON stocks (0.25 kg N m?2) were between 10 and 20% greater than those of the Cerrado (0.21 kg N m?2), partly due to soil compaction (limit bulk density at soil surface from 1.23 for the Cerrado to 1.34 for pasture). Land development on the Cerrado increased SOC stocks in the 0–30 cm layer by between 15 and 25% (from 2.99 (Cerrado) to 3.86 (EUCSR) kg C m?2). When including litter layers, total 0–30 cm carbon stocks increased by 35% for EUCHF (4.50 kg C m?2) and 53% for EUCSR (5.08 kg C m?2), compared with the Cerrado (3.28 kg C m?2), independently of soil compaction.  相似文献   

20.
Considerable amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) are stabilized in paddy soils, and thus a large proportion of the terrestrial carbon is conserved in wetland rice soils. Nonetheless, the mechanisms for stabilization of organic carbon (OC) in paddy soils are largely unknown. Based on a chronosequence derived from marine sediments, the objectives of this study are to investigate the accumulation of OC and the concurrent loss of inorganic carbon (IC) and to identify the role of the soil fractions for the stabilization of OC with increasing duration of paddy soil management. A chronosequence of six age groups of paddy soil formation was chosen in the Zhejiang Province (PR China), ranging from 50 to 2000 years (yrs) of paddy management. Soil samples obtained from horizontal sampling of three soil profiles within each age group were analyzed for bulk density (BD), OC as well as IC concentrations, OC stocks of bulk soil and the OC contributions to the bulk soil of the particle size fractions. Paddy soils are characterized by relatively low bulk densities in the puddled topsoil horizons (1.0 and 1.2 g cm− 3) and high values in the plow pan (1.6 g cm− 3). Our results demonstrate a substantial loss of carbonates during soil formation, as the upper 20 cm were free of carbonates in 100-year-old paddy soils, but carbonate removal from the entire soil profile required almost 700 yrs of rice cultivation. We observed an increase of topsoil OC stocks from 2.5 to 4.4 kg m− 2 during 50 to 2000 yrs of paddy management. The OC accumulation in the bulk soil was dominated by the silt- and clay-sized fractions. The silt fraction showed a high accretion of OC and seems to be an important long-term OC sink during soil evolution. Fine clay in the puddled topsoil horizon was already saturated and the highest storage capacity for OC was calculated for coarse clay. With longer paddy management, the fractions < 20 μm showed an increasing actual OC saturation level, but did not reach the calculated potential storage capacity.  相似文献   

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