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1生物防治的进步促进了害虫综合治理的发展 害虫综合治理(Integrated Pest Management,简称IPM)是在保护环境、重视自然控制作用的前提下,对有害生物的一种管理系统,它考虑到有害生物种群动态及与之相关的环境,尽可能协调的运用适当的技术和行政措施,使有害生物种群控制在经济受害允许水平之下,并获得最佳的经济、社会和生态效益.重点是应用生态系统和害虫种群动态的相关理论以及遗传学和农林经济学的有关知识,制定一个规划,配合各种手段,调控有害生物种群数量,使之低于经济阈值.综合治理的理论是综合防治的一个飞跃,它强调了自然控制因素,根据害虫与天敌之间的相互依存和相互制约这一自然规律,优先利用自然因素,特别是保护和利用天敌. 相似文献
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以系统科学方法研究害虫种群系统的控制，具有明显的社会意义和实践意义，本文概述了系统科学的一些概念，发展、理论与方法，以及害虫种群系统控制的研究历史与主要进展，并在此基础上，从系统的角度分析了我国棉铃虫发生的概况，大发生的原因与治理对策，报道了利用赤眼蜂防治棉铃虫的初试结果，并提出了进一步研究棉铃虫种群系统控制的方法与技术路线。 相似文献
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RNAi技术在研究昆虫功能基因组学方面已经越来越成熟,基本涉及了昆虫的所有目,并为害虫的控制和益虫种群保护筛选出许多合适的基因,越来越多的研究结果证明了这一方法的可行性。为了在这一领域更好地运用RNAi技术就必须了解干扰片段的不同递呈方式及其在昆虫体内的吸收机制。因此,就目前在昆虫中常用的干扰片段递呈方法和吸收途径进行了简要介绍,对近年RNAi在害虫控制和昆虫种群保护等方面的研究进展进行了综述与展望。 相似文献
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蓟马是一类个体微小的昆虫,形态学特征观察困难,种内遗传多样性高,且部分害虫类蓟马寄主广泛,繁殖能力强,为害严重,已成为重要的农林类害虫。采用分子生物学手段对蓟马进行物种鉴定,可以解决传统形态学鉴定困难、局限性较大等问题,能提高物种鉴定的效率与准确性。目前,关于蓟马分子生物学鉴定的研究较多,其中,基于线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基（ I cytochrome oxidase I,COI）基因片段的DNA条形码技术被广泛用于蓟马的快速准确鉴定、属内近缘种的区分及不同品系或生物型的鉴别。此外,开展蓟马类害虫种群遗传学的研究不仅有利于全面了解其遗传分化、适应性、入侵来源和扩散路径,还可为制订合理有效的监测预报和综合防治策略提供理论依据。目前,多种蓟马的种群遗传学研究表明地理隔离、寄主植物和微生物等因素影响其种内和种间的遗传多样性和遗传分化。本文综述了国内外有关蓟马的DNA条形码鉴定与种群遗传学研究进展,对目前蓟马物种鉴定中存在的问题进行讨论,并对未来的发展趋势进行展望。 相似文献
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系统科学与害虫种群系统控制及对棉铃虫研究的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以系统科学方法研究害虫种群系统的控制，具有明显的社会意义和实践意义。本文概述了系统科学的一些概念，发展，理论与方法，以及害虫种群系统控制的研究历史与主要进展。并在此基础上，从系统的角度分析了我国棉铃虫发生的概况，大发生的原因与治理对策。报道了利用赤眼蜂防治棉铃虫的初试结果。并提出了进一步研究棉铃虫种群系统控制的方法与技术路线。 相似文献
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种群数量控制指数及其应用 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：18
本文在Morris-Watt种群数学模型的基础上提出种群数量发展趋势的控制指数。控制指数是控制因子对种群生命系统控制作用的指标,以作用于系统内部组分引起的存活率的倒数表示,或以作用后的存活率与原来的存活率的比值表示。控制指数值即为引起种群数量发展趋势发生改变的倍数。文内以稻纵卷叶螟、褐稻虱和三化螟为例,应用控制指数,讨论天敌、杀虫剂和插植期对害虫种群生命系统控制的作用。控制指数有助于研究害虫防治的策略问题。 相似文献
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红火蚁入侵的种群生物学与行为遗传学 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
红火蚁是广布性以及入侵危害性最强的昆虫类群之一。它有很多的生物学特性适合其入侵、定殖以及扩散。该类害虫在入侵时以及入侵后在种群生物学和行为遗传学上发生了一系列的变异,使其成为一种入侵成功的外来生物。 相似文献
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农业景观与害虫种群控制 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
20世纪以来,我国农村城镇化和农业设施化的快速发展,造成农业景观的急剧变化以及农田生境的破碎化。国内外十分重视这种景观变化对农业生态系统功能和生物多样性以及害虫种群控制的影响。本文针对国内外有关农业景观变化和生境破碎化对昆虫与天敌群落组成、多样性及种群序列变化的影响研究进行系统论述,着重介绍农业景观变化对害虫种群控制的原理和作用机理,分析景观结构与农田生物多样性,及寄主—寄生物、猎物—捕食者、植物—害虫—天敌的相互关系,以及影响这种关系的景观因子作用力的模拟,旨在揭示农业景观变化对害虫种群动态的潜在影响,提示了今后害虫治理研究的热点问题。 相似文献
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害虫种群的区域性分布特征和生态调控已经成为近十年来综合治理研究的热点问题。经过几十年的发展,害虫生态调控的防控技术表现了可持续和绿色等特征,但从田块到区域尺度的生态调控系统策略还不完善,很多仍需依赖传统的化学防治为辅助。面对农业害虫区域性灾变的重大农业生态学问题,本文总结了害虫种群的区域性分布特征,包括区域性、异质性、扩散性、突发性、协同性五大特征;重点阐述了害虫种群区域性生态调控的系统策略,形成了预防性管理、靶向式调控、成灾后治理三位一体的害虫“防控治”生态调控体系,协调多种生态调控技术在区域水平内“防控治”才能有效遏制害虫种群的持续暴发;对害虫种群的区域性管理进行了展望,未来害虫种群的区域性生态调控不仅要考虑经济指标,还需要具备安全、高效、精准、可持续四大核心特点。因此,害虫种群的区域化生态调控是未来保障农业生产和生态安全的必然选择。 相似文献
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小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为明确小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式10点取样法,在调查秋播前麦田地下害虫种类和数量的基础上,研究冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期地下害虫为害造成的麦苗死亡率。在陕西武功,秋播前麦田地下害虫有20种,其中以金针虫和蛴螬为优势种,分别占地下害虫发生总量的58.66%和21.91%。地下害虫为害引起的死苗现象主要发生在冬前秋苗期,供试5块田的死苗率达4.4%～9.1%;春季返青拔节期的死苗率较低,仅为1.0%～2.3%。相关分析表明,地下害虫为害造成的冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期死苗率与其虫口密度密切相关。 相似文献
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USDA-ARS scientists have made important contributions to the molecular genetic analysis of agriculturally important insects, and have been in the forefront of using this information for the development of new pest management strategies. Advances have been made in the identification and analysis of genetic systems involved in insect development, reproduction and behavior which enable the identification of new targets for control, as well as the development of highly specific insecticidal products. Other studies have been on the leading edge of developing gene transfer technology to better elucidate these biological processes though functional genomics and to develop new transgenic strains for biological control. Important contributions have also been made to the development and use of molecular markers and methodologies to identify and track insect populations. The use of molecular genetic technology and strategies will become increasingly important to pest management as genomic sequencing information becomes available from important pest insects, their targets and other associated organisms. 相似文献
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我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。 相似文献
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Simon R. Leather 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1996,1(3):163-180
The ecological implications of insect resistance in conifers are rarely discussed. It is however a fairly straightforward plant-insect interaction and should be treated as such, making use of the increasing amount of information in this field. Work on tree breeding is usually carried out by silviculturalists who, not surprisingly, rarely consider the insect component of the environment in which the treess are growing. In all fairness, it must be stated that many entomologists, fail to consider the plant component of the interaction. Clonal forestry will almost certainly result in the loss of genetic variability. The use of clonal material has already been cited as a possible source for the diminution of the resistance against pests and diseases and if particular resistance mechanisms against forest pests are sought in the future the reduction in genetic material caused by clonal selection could have serious consequences. The ethics of clonal forestry have been questioned as have the ethics of biotechnological advances in the area of recombinant DNA molecules. The potential of both these techniques should be publicized and brought to the attention of the general public and the scientific community at large and evaluated. To improve our forest environment and to protect the environment as a whole, entomologists, geneticists, physiologists and silviculturalists must work together to produce better trees that require little, if any, chemical aid, be it insecticides, herbicides, fungicides or fertilizers. An increasing awareness of the environmental problems generated by large-scale insecticide applications to forest plantations, coupled with an increasingly chemophobic work-force and the difficulty in obtaining pesticide registration for use in forest environments, means that the forest industry world-wide must look to the use of integrated control measures with more diligence than has been shown in the past. Many recent outbreaks of pests and diseases have been linked with particular seed origins of tree crops. Host plant resistance as part of a suite of other proposed integrated control tools is thus an obvious candidate for development. Despite this, scientists concerned with tree improvement continue to select largely for silvicultural traits rather than for resistance to pests and disease. The different avenues open to plant breeders are examined and the potential of breeding trees resistant to insect attack highlighted. Using resistant trees as part of an integrated pest management system has five very important properties. Firstly, there is no additional pest control cost to the grower, secondly, it operates at all levels of insect incidence and not just when the pest is at high population levels, thirdly, it reduces the insect population cumulatively, fourthly it avoids toxic residues and environmental pollution and, finally, it usually interacts well with the other integrated pest management strategies in existence. 相似文献
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Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined. 相似文献
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D. MORGAN 《EPPO Bulletin》1991,21(3):393-397
Insect population processes, such as development and reproduction, are dependent upon temperature. Accurate predictions of the phenology and population dynamics of insect pests require accurate recording of the temperatures experienced by the organisms. Any errors in the temperature measurements may result in spurious estimates of the pest population and, therefore, poor quality advice on the necessary control strategies. A simulation model predicting the phenology and population dynamics of the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana, will be described. Output from the model closely resembled field observations of the population dynamics of the pest. Experimentation with the model revealed its sensitivity to small changes of temperature. The results illustrate the importance of using input recorded realistically with respect to the biology of the pests. 相似文献
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每年重大病虫害的流行和暴发都会对农业产生重大的影响，进而造成严重的经济损失，随着化学试剂的施用其抗药性也逐渐增强，因此探索新的绿色、安全、高效的害虫防治技术具有十分重要的意义。RNAi作为一种研究基因功能的工具，在开发新的害虫防治策略方面显示出巨大的潜力，但RNAi的效率受限于核酸酶的降解作用，为了改善dsRNA的有效递送，研发了纳米载导技术且被广泛应用于害虫防治。同时，基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫dsRNA的技术为田间推广提供了可行性及技术支撑。本文主要对RNAi技术及纳米载导RNAi技术在害虫防治中的研究和应用进行了总结和归纳。 相似文献
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在杏园蛀果害虫发生期,通过室内饲养和田间诱捕研究了新疆南部地区杏园蛀果害虫发生的种类,结果表明,新疆南部地区杏园蛀果害虫共有4种,分别是李小食心虫Grapholitha funebrana Treitschke、梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)、苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)和桃条麦蛾Anarsia lineatella Zeller,其种群数量分占87.41%、3.81%、2.51%和6.27%;李小食心虫种群数量显著大于梨小食心虫、苹果蠹蛾和桃条麦蛾,为主要种类;梨小食心虫、苹果蠹蛾和桃条麦蛾为次要种类。室内药剂筛选试验结果表明,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油(烟碱0.7%,苦参碱0.5%)和5%杀铃脲悬浮剂药后1 d的防治效果差异显著,分别为95.02%、78.09%和20.15%;药后5 d,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油防治效果分别为89.71%和80.30%,无显著差异。综上,新疆南部地区杏园优势蛀果害虫为李小食心虫,5%顺式氯氰菊酯乳油和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油可作为防控用药。 相似文献