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1.
利用同工酶标记水稻亲本遗传差异及其在杂交水稻育种中的利用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用淀粉凝胶和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示的同工酶差异，分析17个杂交水稻亲本、3个新株型株系和22个光壳稻、爪哇稻品种的遗传差异，研究光壳稻和爪哇稻及其与温带粳稻之间的关系，探索同工酶标记水稻亲本遗传差异在杂交稻育种中利用的可能性。在本研究中，8个同工酶18个多态性位点至少在2个基因型间存在差异。每个具有多态性的酶谱带分别以1和0记录存在与否，由同工酶数据计算的Nei’s遗传距离创建聚类树状图。聚类分析结果表明，籼稻和粳稻容易被分开，普通粳稻与光壳稻、爪哇稻混合聚在一起；光壳稻与爪哇稻之间的遗传距离要比它们与普通粳稻之间的遗传距离小。利用光壳稻、爪哇稻选育不同生态群方向的恢复系和不育系，已配组育成了强优势的杂交稻组合。 相似文献
2.
通过对15个亲本及其不完全双列杂交组配的56个杂种F_1的5个性状进行杂种优势、配合力与遗传距离分析,以研究两系杂交小麦强优势组合的选配规律及其亲本的利用价值。结果表明:(1)5个性状均表现正向中亲优势,其大小顺序为:株粒重>穗粒数>株穗数>千粒重>株高,其中株粒重、穗粒数、株穗数的超高亲优势和超对照优势均为正值;(2)强优势组合的产生是产量构成因素优势相互补充与积累的结果;(3)根据遗传距离的大小,15个亲本可划分为五大类群,不育系与恢复系完全划分为不同的类群;(4)在亲本选配上,选择一般配合力和特殊配合力效应方差综合表现较好、遗传距离中等者为佳。 相似文献
3.
黄淮麦区杂交小麦亲本的杂种优势和配合力分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了研究黄淮麦区普通小麦品种间的杂种优势和配合力的关系并划分杂种优势群,用GriffingⅡ遗传交配设计对10个黄淮麦区普通小麦品种配制45个杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合进行8个农艺性状的杂种优势和配合力效应分析,再根据亲本的一般配合力和性状表现划分杂种优势群。结果表明：(1)杂交小麦具有普遍的中亲优势和较强的对照优势, 多数性状的超亲优势不强。单株穗数、主穗粒数表现为负向优势,致使单株产量的对照优势下降,是目前制约杂交小麦产量优势发挥的主要限制因素。(2)周98165、小偃22、西农889、郑麦366和偃展4110的产量一般配合力较高。强优势组合有豫农202×郑麦366、周98165×小偃22、小偃22×豫农202、西农2611×小偃22、烟农19×郑麦366、豫农202×邯6172、小偃22×郑麦366、烟农19×周98165、周98165×邯6172。依据双亲之一GCA或双亲GCA之和较大的要求进行亲本选配,强优势组合出现的几率较高。(3)利用配合力分析法将供试亲本划分为5类,利用性状聚类法将供试亲本划分为4类。这两种方法划分杂种优势群都是可行的。 相似文献
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采用包括基因型与环境互作效应的加性—显性遗传模型（AD模型）,对不同环境下水稻籼粳交衍生系产量相关性状的遗传效应与杂种优势进行研究。结果表明,播抽天数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和千粒重性状以基因的加性主效应为主;结实率和株高性状以基因的显性主效应为主;基因型×环境互作效应明显影响产量相关性状表现,以显性×环境互作为主,其中播抽天数、单株谷重、千粒重和穗长的显性×环境互作效应尤为明显。杂种优势研究表明,由遗传主效应控制的杂种优势除单株有效穗数外,其余8个性状均表现正向群体平均优势;基因型×环境互作杂种优势分析表明,单株谷重、单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、株高和穗长6个性状杂种优势的稳定性较好。遗传效应分析结果表明,明恢413、97gk1037、明恢118和明恢417在多个性状上表现以遗传主效应为主,环境互作效应较弱,具有较好的环境稳定性,表明该4个籼粳交衍生品系在籼粳杂种优势利用中具有较高的利用价值。 相似文献
5.
为了探讨黄淮南部和黄淮北部麦区小麦品种间的杂种优势以及主要农艺性状的遗传特性,以黄淮南部麦区的8个小麦品种和黄淮北部麦区的7个小麦品种为亲本配制56个不完全双列杂交组合,对亲本及杂交组合的9个农艺性状进行杂种优势、配合力及遗传特性分析。结果表明：（1）株高、千粒重和结实小穗数的平均中亲优势较高,单株粒数和穗粒数的平均中亲优势为负向优势,各性状均出现了中亲优势较高的组合,说明黄淮麦区不同生态区小麦品种间具有较强的杂种优势。（2）临Y8012、周麦27和邯生923单株粒重的一般配合力效应最高,其他农艺性状的一般配合力也基本上表现优秀,用作亲本可进一步提高组合的产量。单株粒重特殊配合力较高的组合为百农207×临Y8012、秋乐2122×邯生923、周麦27×济麦39、浚2016×冀麦181、周麦17×冀麦181。组合百农207×临Y8012、周麦27×邯生923和周麦27×济麦39两个亲本的一般配合力效应及特殊配合力效应均比较高,为本研究中的最优组合。（3）株高和千粒重的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力都较高,说明这两个性状加性效应较大且受环境影响较小,直接对这两个性状进行选择可取得良好的效果;单株粒重的广义遗传力较高,但其狭义遗传力较低,非加性方差成分占优势,因而对单株粒重直接选择效果不太显著,需要通过其他相关性状来辅助选择。 相似文献
6.
选用不同来源的14个籼型、3个粳型品种测试了02428的广谱亲和力。除个别组合在当地气候条件下不能正常成熟外，大多组合结实正常。参试的11个组合F1杂种优势非常突出。多少组合的大多性状超亲，竞争优势比较明显。其中，每穗总粒数、实粒数、单株谷重、株高优势明显，结实率、千粒重为负向优势。参试组合以献选×02428、83062×02428、910×02428等组合优势较强。 相似文献
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8.
几个粳稻品种穗部性状杂种优势及遗传分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以8个粳稻品种为试验材料,利用4×4不完全双列杂交方式,对16个粳稻杂交组合F1穗部性状的杂种优势及遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,在杂种F1的穗部性状中,总粒数、一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数的增加是杂种优势的普遍表现,选择结实率高的组合是实现杂种优势的主要途径。在杂交育种后代选择的早期世代对总粒数、一次枝梗数和一次枝梗粒数进行选择会有较好的效果,把二次枝梗数、二次枝梗结实率和一次枝梗结实率放在高代进行选择会有较好的效果。同时,对后代亲本选择进行了探讨。 相似文献
9.
水稻广亲和系的选育 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
水稻广亲和基因的发现及其遗传研究 ,揭开了籼粳稻亚种间杂种一代半不育现象的遗传本质 ,为利用水稻亚种间杂种优势指明了方向。但是 ,已知的广亲和材料 ,绝大多数为古老的农家品种 ,农艺性状不良 ,如植株太高 ,株叶形披散和生育期很长等 ;不能直接作为选配优良组合的亲本加以利用。因此 ,培育具有优良农艺性状和经济性状、可供实用的水稻广亲和系就显得非常重要 ,这是开展亚种间杂种优势育种的首要任务之一。普通栽培稻有籼稻、粳稻和爪哇稻三个亚种 ,所以亚种间的杂交可分为籼粳交、籼爪交和粳爪交三种形式。初步研究表明 ,水稻杂种优势强弱的程度 ,具有籼粳交 >籼爪交 >粳爪交 >籼籼交 >粳粳交的一般趋势。也就是说 ,亚种间的杂种优势一般要强于品种间的。为了能充分利用各种形式的亚种间杂种优势 ,提高育成强优组合的几率 ,就有必要建立籼、粳、爪三个亚种类型的优良广亲和系。我们在以前工作的基础上 ,近年来开展了水稻广亲和系选育的研究 ,已取得一些进展和结果 ,育成了粳型广亲和系培C3 11,爪哇型广亲和系轮回 4 2 2 ,籼型广亲和系培矮 64以及广亲和光敏核不育系培矮 64S。 相似文献
10.
由北方杂交粳稻工程技术中心完成的“杂交粳稻育种配组理论与方法及其骨干亲本的选育与应用研究”于 1999年 9月 2 4日由辽宁省科委组织鉴定。省内外专家认为该理论具有学术上的开创性、技术上的先进性和生产上的实用性。杨振玉研究员等科技人员在 30 a的育种实践与应用基础理论研究中逐步形成包括“籼粳架桥”间接部分利用籼粳杂种优势 ;籼粳遗传成分搭配适度 ,培育偏籼偏粳高配合力特异亲和恢复系或不育系 ;利用本地优势生态群与外缘优势生态群配组 ;籼粳有利基因集团构建 ;偏高秆抗倒新株型改良以及高产优质抗逆性适应性相结合与社会经济… 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献
20.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献