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1.
Davison S Galligan D Eckert TE Ziegler AF Eckroade RJ 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1999,214(8):1164-1167
OBJECTIVE: To determine economic losses associated with an outbreak of avian influenza in flocks in Pennsylvania during 1997 and 1998. SAMPLE POPULATION: 5 premises containing avian influenza-infected layer, pullet, and turkey flocks. PROCEDURE: Losses incurred before depopulation, those incurred at the time of depopulation, and those that were attributable to depopulation (unrealized loss of income) were evaluated. Results were extrapolated to provide values for all infected flocks. RESULTS: Extrapolating the costs determined on the basis of age and number of birds from the 5 sample flocks to all other flocks infected with nonpathogenic avian influenza H7N2 yielded an estimated total cost to the Pennsylvania poultry industry of $3.5 million. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The H7N2 virus is not highly pathogenic. If the pathogenicity of the virus does not change, then the poultry industry and state and federal governments will not have severe economic losses for the 1997-1998 outbreak similar to those for the 1983-1984 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania. To decrease the potential for financial losses that could result from future outbreaks of avian influenza, it is essential that the commercial industry and livebird market system be separated via increased use of biosecurity measures. 相似文献
2.
Pfitzer S Verwoerd DJ Gerdes GH Labuschagne AE Erasmus A Manvell RJ Grund C 《Avian diseases》2000,44(3):655-660
In an intensive ostrich farming area in South Africa with a history of ostrich influenza outbreaks, we conducted a survey of avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild aquatic birds. During late autumn and winter 1998, the time of year when outbreaks in ostriches typically start to occur, 262 aquatic birds comprising 14 species were sampled and tested for both virus infections. From eight samples, AIV, serotype H10N9, could be isolated. All isolates were apathogenic as determined by the intravenous pathogenicity index (0.00). Conversely, none of 33 sera of these wild birds showed antibodies against H10. However, one bird was found serologically positive for H6 AIV. This AIV serotype was later isolated from ostriches during an avian influenza outbreak in this area. No NDV was isolated although 34 of 46 serum samples contained NDV-specific antibodies. This is the first H10N9 isolate to be reported from Africa. In addition, our data support the notion that wild aquatic birds may function as a reservoir for AIV and NDV in South Africa. 相似文献
3.
Lu H Dunn PA Wallner-Pendleton EA Henzler DJ Kradel DC Liu J Shaw DP Miller P 《Avian diseases》2004,48(1):26-33
An avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurred in meat-type chickens in central Pennsylvania from December 2001 to January 2002. Two broiler breeder flocks were initially infected almost simultaneously in early December. Avian influenza virus (AIV), H7N2 subtype, was isolated from the two premises in our laboratory. The H7N2 isolates were characterized as a low pathogenic strain at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories based on molecular sequencing of the virus hemagglutinin cleavage site and virus challenge studies in specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens. However, clinical observations and pathologic findings indicated that this H7N2 virus appeared to be significantly pathogenic in meat-type chickens under field conditions. Follow-up investigation indicated that this H7N2 virus spread rapidly within each flock. Within 7 days of the recognized start of the outbreak, over 90% seroconversion was observed in the birds by the hemagglutination inhibition test. A diagnosis of AI was made within 24 hr of bird submission during this outbreak using a combination of virus detection by a same-day dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. Follow-up investigation revealed that heavy virus shedding (90%-100% of birds shedding AIV) occurred between 4 and 7 days after disease onset, and a few birds (15%) continued to shed virus at 13 days post-disease onset, as detected by virus isolation on tracheal and cloacal swabs. AIV was not detected in or on eggs laid by the breeders during the testing phase of the outbreak. The two flocks were depopulated at 14 days after disease onset, and AIV was not detected on the two premises 23 days after depopulation. 相似文献
4.
Vaccinating chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7 haemagglutinin 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus in poultry. PROCEDURE: Specific-pathogen-free poultry were vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later, respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein were recorded. RESULTS: Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7 days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated with a non-recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type. Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an additional method for disease control. 相似文献
5.
一株绿鹭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解野生水禽绿鹭(Butorides striata)中分离到的1株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(A/striated heron/Yunnan/2018)的生物学特性;对其进行全基因组序列扩增、测序、进化分析;序列分析显示:该分离株HA、NA基因位于Y280-like分支、PB2、M基因位于G1-like分支、PA、PB1、NP、NS基因位于F98-like分支,分别与H9、H7、H10等多种亚型的AIV同源性较高,该分离株不同基因片段来源较复杂。HA裂解位点氨基酸序列为333PSRSSR↓GL340,符合低致病性禽流感病毒(LPAIV)氨基酸序列特征;S145N突变增加了一个糖基化位点,提示该位点出现可能会使毒株致病性提高,免疫原性发生改变;HA受体结合位点发生Q234L突变,表现出人流感病毒受体结合特性;NA基因出现第63—65位氨基酸缺失,M1发生N30D,T215A突变,M2发生S31N的突变,PB2、PB1、NS、NP、PA关键位点未发生变化,分析结果提示当前分离株已出现耐药性、致病性增强的变化。本研究表明该分离株呈现遗传演化的多样性及基因重组的复杂性,因此加强对野生水禽类禽流感病毒的监测和研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。 相似文献
6.
珠三角地区H7N9禽流感传播途径具有复杂性和特殊性。为进一步明确传播途径,基于家禽产业链视角,在H7N9禽流感最为严重的广州市、深圳市、佛山市,采用分层抽样法选取有代表性且能反映整体情况的养殖场、批发市场、屠宰场、农贸市场,调查H7N9禽流感的动物防疫和个人防护情况。结果显示:养殖场的生物安全隔离仍不完善,存在活禽接触候鸟感染禽流感的风险;批发市场和屠宰场防疫水平高,人感染风险较低;农贸市场的动物防疫条件和个人防护不充分,易扩散病毒;最有可能的传播途径是与候鸟接触后携带病毒的活禽,通过"养殖—批发—零售"产业链蔓延。该结论在明确"禽传人"、"活禽市场环境暴露"观点上深化了产业链各环节间的传播路径。因此,珠三角地区H7N9禽流感的防控重点要加强养殖环节的生物安全隔离,并做好零售环节中活禽与人之间的防控。 相似文献
7.
为了研究H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免疫鸡胚后病毒的繁殖规律,试验用H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免鸡胚,记录不同时间段死亡的鸡胚数量,并分别收获各时间段死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,测定不同时间段尿囊液的病毒效价。结果表明,接种H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒后,非免鸡胚死亡高峰期出现在60～84 h,死亡数量占接种鸡胚数的80%以上,而该时间段死亡鸡胚尿囊液的病毒滴度也处于最高峰,最高到达109.63EID50/mL,直到96 h病毒仍维持较高水平(109.50EID50/m L),而96 h后病毒滴度开始衰减。 相似文献
8.
A型流感病毒在温血动物中广泛存在,也是目前导致人类和各种动物流感疾病的主型。在自然情况下流感病毒感染的宿主范围有一定的特异性,分离自人的流感病毒一般不能在鸡、鸭等禽类体内复制,同样禽流感病毒在灵长类动物体内的复制能力也极差。但近年来不断发生禽流感病毒（包括H5N1,H9N2,H7N7亚型病毒）直接传染给人的事件,而2009年爆发的人类的H1N1流感的病原则是猪源流感病毒重组而来。研究证实,流感病毒的致病性及跨种间传播的深层原因是病毒分子结构差异及其与宿主细胞相互作用。病毒多种结构蛋白和非结构蛋白某些功能位点上氨基酸的差异是病毒致病性及其跨中传播的分子生物学基础。 相似文献
9.
Zoonotic agents challenging the world every year afresh are influenza A viruses. In the past, human pandemics caused by influenza A viruses had been occurring periodically. Wild aquatic birds are carriers of the full variety of influenza virus A subtypes, and thus, most probably constitute the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses. Whereas avian influenza viruses in their natural avian reservoir are generally of low pathogenicity (LPAIV), some have gained virulence by mutation after transmission and adaptation to susceptible gallinaceous poultry. Those so-called highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) then cause mass die-offs in susceptible birds and lead to tremendous economical losses when poultry is affected. Besides a number of avian influenza virus subtypes that have sporadically infected mammals, the HPAIV H5N1 Asia shows strong zoonotic characteristics and it was transmitted from birds to different mammalian species including humans. Theoretically, pandemic viruses might derive directly from avian influenza viruses or arise after genetic reassortment between viruses of avian and mammalian origin. So far, HPAIV H5N1 already meets two conditions for a pandemic virus: as a new subtype it has been hitherto unseen in the human population and it has infected at least 438 people, and caused severe illness and high lethality in 262 humans to date (August 2009). The acquisition of efficient human-to-human transmission would complete the emergence of a new pandemic virus. Therefore, fighting H5N1 at its source is the prerequisite to reduce pandemic risks posed by this virus. Other influenza viruses regarded as pandemic candidates derive from subtypes H2, H7, and H9 all of which have infected humans in the past. Here, we will give a comprehensive overview on avian influenza viruses in concern to their zoonotic potential. 相似文献
10.
在2019年1月-2019年6月对云南出现呼吸道疫病的57个鸡场进行H9亚型禽流感检测的基础上,选取石林和楚雄2个H9亚型禽流感阳性样品进行病毒分离。从分离的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒感染鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,采用特异性引物经反转录PCR分别扩增HA和NA基因,PCR产物纯化后进行测序。序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明,云南2株H9N2毒株HA基因核苷酸序列同源性为94.2%,NA基因核苷酸序列同源性为93.6%,系统进化分析表明云南H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因均属于欧亚谱系中的类ADKHKY28097分支（Y280-like）,ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 HA基因之间的同源性为94.3%,与参考毒株ACKJX2448的同源性最高,为95.6%~98.5%,与中国流行的H9N2代表株和疫苗株同源性较低。HA蛋白333-340位裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GLF,具有低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征,受体结合位点均发生E198T和Q234L的突变,具有人样受体结合特征,在29、141、298、305、313、492位氨基酸有6个糖基化位点。ACKYN12019和ACKYN72019 NA基因同源性为93.6%,与Y280-like代表毒株的同源性分别为97.1%~97.5%和93.7%~94.6%,NA蛋白缺失63、64、65位氨基酸,在44、69、86、146、200、234位氨基酸处存在6个潜在的糖基化位点,NA蛋白红细胞结合（HB）位点分析发现,368-369、399-403、432位氨基酸处存在变异。研究结果显示,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒一直处于不断的变异之中,故应加强其监测与防控。 相似文献
11.
Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014–2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses. 相似文献
12.
A haemagglutinating virus was isolated in summer 1972 from a single free-living siskin (Carduelis spinus Linnaeus, 1758) in embryonated chicken eggs. Additional cases of morbidity or mortality were not observed in the area were the sick siskin was found. The virus was characterized as an avian influenza A virus of the subtype H7N1 and designated H7N1/Carduelis/Germany/72. The virus induced following experimental inoculation of chicken embryos a high rate mortality (mean death time approximately 24 hours), formed plaques in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures without addition of trypsin and has an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 1.80. Therefore, this virus is considered as a highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus. Canaries (Serinus canarius Linnaeus, 1758), that were housed in the same room with the siskin were accidentially exposed by contact to the sick siskin which resulted in virus transmission followed by conjunctivitis, apathy, anorexia and a high rate mortality. 相似文献
13.
Development of a pen-site test kit for the rapid diagnosis of H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Manzoor R Sakoda Y Sakabe S Mochizuki T Namba Y Tsuda Y Kida H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2008,70(6):557-562
As well as H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV), H7 HPAIV strains have caused serious damages in poultry industries worldwide. Cases of bird-to-human transmission of H7 HPAIV have also been reported [11]. On the outbreak of avian influenza, rapid diagnosis is critical not only for the control of HPAI but also for human health. In the present study, a rapid diagnosis kit based on immunochromatography for the detection of H7 hemagglutinin (HA) antigen of influenza A virus was developed using 2 monoclonal antibodies that recognize different epitopes on the H7 HAs. The kit detected each of the tested 15 H7 influenza virus strains and did not react with influenza A viruses of the other subtypes than H7 or other avian viral and bacterial pathogens. The kit detected H7 HA antigen in the swabs and tissue homogenates of the chickens experimentally infected with HPAIV strain A/chicken/Netherlands/2586/03 (H7N7). The results indicate that the present kit is specific and sensitive enough for the diagnosis of HPAI caused by H7 viruses, thus, recommended for the field application as a pen-site test kit. 相似文献
14.
采集钦州活禽交易市场的鸡气管和泄殖腔的棉拭予样品,用H9亚型分型引物进行PCR初步筛选,阳性样品经SPF鸡胚尿囊腔接种分离病毒,通过RT-PCR方法扩增HA基因,并将其克隆到pMD—18T载体后进行序列测定和分析。结果表明,获得1株H9亚型禽流感病毒命名为：A／Chicken／Guangxi／qz40／2009（简称qz40）。测序结果表明qz40的HA基因片段全长1683bp,编码560个氨基酸;序列同源性比较结果表明,该毒株与参考毒株的核苷酸序列同源性为82．8％．99．9％,推导氨基酸同源性为87．5％．99．6％;HA基因的裂解位点氨基酸顺序为RSSRIGLF,为低致病性毒株;含有7个潜在的N-糖基化位点,其中5个位于HAl部分、2个位于HA2部分;基于H9亚型HA基因的进化树分析表明,qz40株属于欧亚种系的A／Chicken／Beijing／1／94（Ck／Bei—like）群系。 相似文献
15.
Lee YN Lee DH Park JK Lim TH Youn HN Yuk SS Lee YJ Mo IP Sung HW Lee JB Park SY Choi IS Song CS 《Avian diseases》2011,55(4):724-727
An outbreak of avian influenza, caused by an H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV), occurred in a chicken farm and caused severe economic losses due to mortality and diarrhea. AIV was isolated and identified in a sample from an affected native Korean chicken. Genetic analysis of the isolate revealed a high sequence similarity to genes of novel reassortant H9N2 viruses isolated from slaughterhouses and live bird markets in Korea in 2008 and 2009. Animal challenge studies demonstrated that the replication kinetics and pathogenicity of the isolate were considerably altered due to adaptation in chickens. Vaccine protection studies indicated that commercial vaccine was not able to prevent virus shedding and clinical disease when chickens were challenged with the isolate. These results suggest that the novel H9N2 virus possesses the capacity to replicate efficiently in the respiratory system against vaccination and to cause severe disease in domestic chickens. The results also highlight the importance of appropriate updating of vaccine strains, based on continuous surveillance data, to prevent the possibility of a new H9N2 epidemic in Korea. 相似文献
16.
本文就2008年在江苏某鸡场分离到的一株发生抗原变异的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Huadong/4/2008(wt-DT株)开展如下研究:利用反向遗传技术,删除wt-DT株病毒血凝素(HA)基因多碱性氨基酸序列,使之成为低致病特征,再与wt-DT株的神经氨酸酶(NA)基因组合,结合鸡胚高产病毒PR8株的6个内部片段骨架,构建针对此种变异H5亚型禽流感的疫苗株,结果成功拯救出重组病毒rH5N1/PR8.病毒在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖能力,相对于wt-DT株,rH5N1/PR8在MDCK细胞上的繁殖能力明显提高.rH5N1/PR8对SPF鸡和鸡胚无致病性,在鸡体内的免疫保护效果良好,符合疫苗候选株的标准. 相似文献
17.
Englund L 《Veterinary microbiology》2000,74(1-2):101-107
An influenza A virus, A/mink/Sweden/84 (H10N4), was isolated from farmed mink during an outbreak of respiratory disease, histopathologically characterised by severe interstitial pneumonia. The virus was shown to be of recent avian origin and closely related to concomitantly circulating avian influenza virus. Serological investigations were used to link the isolated virus to the herds involved in the disease outbreak. Experimental infection of adult mink with the virus isolate from the disease outbreak reproduced the disease signs and pathological lesions observed in the field cases. The mink influenza virus also induced an antibody response and spread between mink by contact. The same pathogenesis in mink was observed for two avian influenza viruses of the H10N4 subtype, circulating in the avian population. When mink were infected with the prototype avian H10 influenza virus, A/chicken/Germany/N/49, H10N7, the animals responded with antibody production and mild pulmonary lesions but neither disease signs nor contact infections were observed. Detailed studies, including demonstration of viral antigen in situ by immunohistochemistry, of the sequential development of pathological lesions in the mink airways after aerosol exposure to H10N4 or H10N7 revealed that the infections progress very similarly during the first 24h, but are distinctly different at later stages. The conclusion drawn is that A/mink/Sweden/84, but not A/chicken/Germany/N/49, produces a multiple-cycle replication in mink airways. Since the viral distribution and pathological lesions are very similar during the initial stages of infection we suggest that the two viruses differ in their abilities to replicate and spread within the mink tissues, but that their capacities for viral adherence and entry into mink epithelial cells are comparable. 相似文献
18.
Bertran K Pérez-Ramírez E Busquets N Dolz R Ramis A Darji A Abad FX Valle R Chaves A Vergara-Alert J Barral M Höfle U Majó N 《Veterinary research》2011,42(1):24
ABSTRACT: An experimental infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was carried out in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in order to study clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and viral distribution in tissues and viral shedding. Birds were infected with a HPAIV subtype H7N1 (A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999) and a LPAIV subtype H7N9 (A/Anas crecca/Spain/1460/2008). Uninoculated birds were included as contacts in both groups. In HPAIV infected birds, the first clinical signs were observed at 3 dpi, and mortality started at 4 dpi, reaching 100% at 8 dpi. The presence of viral antigen in tissues and viral shedding were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRRT-PCR), respectively, in all birds infected with HPAIV. However, neither clinical signs nor histopathological findings were observed in LPAIV infected partridges. In addition, only short-term viral shedding together with seroconversion was detected in some LPAIV inoculated animals. The present study demonstrates that the red-legged partridge is highly susceptible to the H7N1 HPAIV strain, causing severe disease, mortality and abundant viral shedding and thus contributing to the spread of a potential local outbreak of this virus. In contrast, our results concerning H7N9 LPAIV suggest that the red-legged partridge is not a reservoir species for this virus. 相似文献
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20.
Takakuwa H Yamashiro T Le MQ Phuong LS Ozaki H Tsunekuni R Usui T Ito H Morimatsu M Tomioka Y Yamaguchi T Ito T Murase T Ono E Otsuki K 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,103(2-3):192-200
Repeated epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 were reported from 2003 to 2005 among poultry in Vietnam. More than 200 million birds were killed to control the spread of the disease. Human cases of H5N1 infection have been sporadically reported in an area where repeated H5N1 outbreaks among birds had occurred. Subtype H5N1 strains are established as endemic among poultry in Vietnam, however, insights into how avian influenza viruses including the H5N1 subtype are maintained in endemic areas is not clear. In order to determine the prevalence of different avian influenza viruses (AIVs), including H5N1 circulating among poultry in northern Vietnam, surveillance was conducted during the years 2006-2009. A subtype H5N1 strain was isolated from an apparently healthy duck reared on a farm in northern Vietnam in 2008 and was identified as an HPAI. Although only one H5N1 virus was isolated, it supports the view that healthy domestic ducks play a pivotal role in maintaining and transmitting H5N1 viruses which cause disease outbreaks in northern Vietnam. In addition, a total of 26 AIVs with low pathogenicity were isolated from poultry and phylogenetic analysis of all the eight gene segments revealed their diverse genetical backgrounds, implying that reassortments have occurred frequently among strains in northern Vietnam. It is, therefore, important to monitor the prevalence of influenza viruses among healthy poultry between epidemics in an area where AIVs are endemic. 相似文献