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1.
施用硅钾肥对冬小麦抗旱性的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
本文就不同水分条件下硅钾对冬小麦抗旱性进行初步研究,结果表明：无论是充分供水还是干旱条件下,施用硅钾肥均能增强小麦的根系活力;提高叶绿素含量延和绿叶功能期;增加叶片中游离脯氨酸含量,减少叶片中丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性,从而增强小麦抗旱性。 相似文献
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缺硼对棉花不同品种苗期叶片POD、SOD同工酶的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
在土培条件下 ,研究了 4个对缺硼反应不同的棉花品种苗期叶片中过氧化物酶 (POD)和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)同工酶。结果表明 ,缺硼使硼低效品种POD、SOD同工酶数量增加 ,而硼高效品种变化不明显 ,并推测新出现的几种同工酶与适应缺硼环境关系密切。不同生长时期 ,叶片POD、SOD同工酶谱不同 ,可能与不同时期对缺硼的适应能力不同有关。 相似文献
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采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（PAGE）电泳法研究了喷施农药对棉花植株同工酶谱的影响,分析了不同农药，不同棉花品种，施药后不同时间间隔，不同生育期棉株过氧化物酶（POD）同工酶谱的变化和差异，结果表明，喷施不同农药，不同棉花品种，不同生育期及施药后不同时间间隔均对棉株POD同工酶产生不同的影响。 相似文献
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苹果种质资源矮生基因型的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文测定了38个杂交组合的2597个F_1代苹果实生苗新梢伸长区节间皮层或相应部位叶片中的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱,统计了3种杂交类型(即普通型品种之间、普通型与矮生型品种之间、矮生型与矮生型品种之间)的过氧化物酶同工酶酶9带的比例。研究表明,该比例与杂交后代出现矮生型和普通型实生苗的理论比例相符,表明苹果新梢伸长区节间皮层和相应部位叶片申的过氧化物酶同工酶酶9带是矮生型苹果岭标记,而且可能是受两对互补基因所控制。 相似文献
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干旱对冬小麦光合、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国农业气象》2015,(5)
在大田人工防雨棚下小麦田中,设置充分灌溉(CK,土壤相对湿度为80%)、干旱处理1(T1,土壤相对湿度为40%)和干旱处理2(T2,土壤相对湿度为60%)3种供水条件,研究不同程度干旱对冬小麦叶片各生育期光合作用相关生理指标、渗透调节物质、膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理组气体交换参数、光合色素含量随发育期的推进均表现为先略升高后大幅下降。同时,干旱条件下冬小麦启动自身保护机制,具体表现为可溶性糖、丙二醛含量持续升高,可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等则呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势;T2处理组各参数变化趋势总体上与T1处理一致,但其升高和降低幅度有所减弱。可见,不同程度干旱条件下,冬小麦通过增加渗透调节物质含量在一定程度上减缓了水分散失,但至生育后期已不能满足自身对水分的需求;通过增强抗氧化系统酶活性消除了部分活性氧,但活性氧含量仍不断增加,最终造成膜脂过氧化加剧、膜透性增加、叶绿素降解、光合速率降低、叶片衰老加速。 相似文献
7.
低剂量^60Coγ射线辐照对白菜苗期酶活性及同工酶的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
本报道白菜种子经低剂量γ射线辐照后，苗期植株体内抗坏血酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶过氧化氢酶活性及过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶酶谱的变化。辐照后白菜幼苗的抗坏血酶氧化酶、多酚氧化酶活性提高，过氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶酶谱发生变化。但辐照对白菜轩过氧化氢酶活性的影响表现有高有低，这些变化的总效应可能是促使植物抗性增强，刺激生长，促进发育，提高产量的重要原因。 相似文献
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研究新型复合保水剂对于干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗的影响，为新型复合保水剂的施用提供一定的理论依据。在3种水分条件下施用不同剂量新型复合保水剂后，测定小麦幼苗的根茎长、叶片相对含水量、光合特性、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量。试验结果表明，在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量55%)，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗根长50.63 cm、叶片相对含水量92.54%，与正常水分条件下(土壤相对含水量75%)无显著性差异。小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量达到最高(2.583 mg/g FW)，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。在轻度干旱胁迫下，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为215.8、4235、1246 U/(g·min)FW，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著减缓了小麦的衰老。在轻度干旱胁迫条件下，施用新型复合保水剂能够降低丙二醛含量，提高叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性多糖及可溶性蛋白含量，减少干旱胁迫对细胞膜的破坏，提高小麦的抗氧化能力，有效减缓小麦的衰老。在重度水分胁迫下(土壤相对含水量35%)，小麦幼苗的生长则受到了抑制。 相似文献
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在不同播前土壤储水条件下,应用抗旱指数法、隶属函数法、模糊综合评判法研究了14个不同生态类型旱地冬小麦品种的抗旱性。结果表明,随着播前土壤储水的增加,旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率显著提高,相同土壤储水条件下品种之间产量与水分利用效率差异显著,不同生态型冬小麦对播前土壤储水的反应明显不同。抗旱指数法、隶属函数法、模糊综合评判法均能较好地评价旱地冬小麦的抗旱性,其评价结果基本一致。不同地区参试品种抗旱性表现为:甘肃陇东>山西地区>北京地区>渭北旱塬>黄淮地区。 相似文献
10.
钼对冬小麦不同品种过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
低温诱导缺钼现象已得到了一些实验的证实。低温下很多植物易受冷害袭击的一个关键原因是冷胁迫下活性氧（Active oxygen species，AOS；Reactive oxygen species，ROS）的产生及其对植物细胞的直接伤害。过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶是植物体内主要保护酶类，对清除植物体活性氧，减轻活性氧的细胞伤害，提高植物抗寒性起着重要作用。在冬季低温寒害袭击时，筛选获得的钼高效冬小麦品种97003几乎未出现可见缺钼症状，而钼低效品种97014出现严重缺钼症状。推测其过氧化物酶与过氧化氢酶的活性高低与低温缺钼下冬小麦缺钼症状的出现及轻重有关。通过测定不同时期不同冬小麦品种过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的变化，探讨冬小麦不同品种低温期缺钼症状显著差异原因，揭示低温诱导缺钼的可能机理。 相似文献
11.
Fahim Nawaz R. Ahmad E. A. Waraich M. S. Naeem R. N. Shabbir 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):961-974
The response of different wheat cultivars to drought imposed after three and six weeks of seedling emergence was evaluated in the wire house. The seeds of recommended local wheat cultivars were sown in plastic pots. The drought stress decreased the water relation, nutrient uptake and grain yield of all the wheat cultivars. The early drought stress significantly reduced the nitrogen (N) uptake by 38% while late drought stress decreased nitrogen uptake by 46%. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake were decreased by 49% and 37% under early drought stress, respectively while their uptake was decreased by 51% each under late drought stress. Grain yield was reduced by 24% under early drought stress while it was reduced by 60% under late drought stress. Water deficit at early growth stages reduced grain weight by 10% while it was reduced by 35% under water deficit at later stages of growth. 相似文献
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盆栽试验研究了土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,随干旱胁迫的加剧,幼苗总根数、根系总长、根系体积、根系干重、根水势、根相对含水率、根系脱水速率和根系活力均降低,根冠比、饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。表明干旱胁迫下冬小麦幼苗可通过改变生物量分配策略而提高根比重,并通过改变根系内部的生理变化以提高其抗旱性。 相似文献
13.
基于生长模拟模型的冬小麦生理过程水份胁迫影响因子效应的定量研究 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
A deep understanding of crop-water eco-physiological relations is the basis for quantifying plant physiological responses to soil water stress. Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the winter wheat crop-water relations under both drought and waterlogging conditions in two sequential growing seasons from 2000 to 2002, and then the data were used to develop and validate models simulating the responses of winter wheat growth to drought and waterlogging stress. Thee xperiment consisted of four treatments, waterlogging (keep 1 to 2 cm water layer depth above soil surface), control (70%-80% field capacity), light drought (40%-50% field capacity) and severe drought (30%-40% field capacity) with six replicates at five stages in the 2000-2001 growth season. Three soil water content treatments (waterlogging, control and drought) with two replicates were designed in the 2001-2002 growth season. Waterlogging and control treatments are the same as in the 2000-2001 growth season. For the drought treatment, no water was supplied and the soil moisture decreased from field capacity to wilting point. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, predawn leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and dry matter weight of individual organs were measured. Based on crop-water eco-physiological relations, drought and waterlogging stress factors for winter wheat growth simulation model were put forward. Drought stress factors integrated soil water availability, the sensitivity of different development stages and the difference between physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, transpiration and partitioning). The quantification of waterlogging stress factor considered different crop species, soil water status, waterlogging days and sensitivity at different growth stages. Data sets from the pot experiments revealed favorable performance reliability for the simulation sub-models with the drought and waterlogging stress factors. 相似文献
14.
基于2015/2016年、2016/2017年两个年度冬小麦返青后干旱持续控制试验,研究土壤水分持续减少对冬小麦叶片含水率、根系活力、气孔导度等的影响,以明确冬小麦根冠指标对干旱持续发展的响应特征。结果表明：冬小麦不同器官含水率随干旱持续呈非线性递减,拔节后递减更明显,其中叶鞘含水率平均降幅最大,达41.9%。叶片气体交换参数随干旱持续与对照的差异不断增大,其中净光合速率随干旱持续进一步减小,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率在返青期不同程度升高,拔节后开始不断下降,干旱持续时间越长,影响光合作用的非气孔限制因素越明显。持续干旱改变了根系在深层土壤中的分布,60-80cm土层根系体积百分率明显高于对照,根系的生理机能提前衰减,拔节-孕穗期根系活力急剧下降,孕穗后根系活力比对照减少60%以上。整体来看,植株含水率、叶片气体交换参数、根系活力等指标对干旱持续的响应既各具特点又有共性,其中根系活力对土壤水分变化的敏感系数最高,器官含水率对土壤水分变化响应最迟缓。 相似文献
15.
干旱遥感监测模型在中国冬小麦区的应用 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：7
温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）和植被供水指数（VSWI）由于其物理意义明确,且数据易于获取,因此成为近些年在遥感旱情监测中应用较多的两个模型。为更好地完成遥感监测任务,提高精度,以全国冬小麦主产区为研究区域,利用EOS/MODIS数据,构建两个干旱指数模型,对2009年冬小麦作物主要生长时期进行干旱监测应用,并将其与不同深度土壤湿度进行相关分析、线性拟合比较及应用验证,认为两指数与10 cm深度土壤湿度相关性较好,TVDI大部表现为极显著相关,VSWI的相关性表现差于TVDI。基于土壤湿度的遥感旱情监测,TVDI比VSWI更能体现区域旱情变化趋势,其优势更明显。 相似文献
16.
黄淮海地区夏玉米干旱等级划分 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
干旱是影响黄淮海地区夏玉米产量稳定性的主要农业气象灾害。建立夏玉米干旱灾害指标,开展夏玉米干旱灾害的监测及评估,对农业防灾减灾意义重大。该文根据夏玉米生长发育过程,选择土壤相对湿度和作物水分亏缺指数分别建立夏玉米不同生育阶段的干旱等级指标。首先在综合分析有关夏玉米土壤水分指标研究成果的基础上,确定了夏玉米各生育阶段不同干旱等级的土壤相对湿度指标。在此基础上,利用河南省农业气象观测站多年观测资料,建立水分亏缺指数与土壤相对湿度之间的关系模型,利用已确定的土壤相对湿度指标计算得出夏玉米不同生育阶段不同干旱等级的水分亏缺指数干旱指标。根据土壤相对湿度指标,夏玉米播种-出苗、出苗-拔节、拔节-抽雄、抽雄-乳熟和乳熟-成熟5个生育阶段发生轻旱的临界值分别为65%、60%、70%、75%和70%,发生重旱的临界值分别为45%、40%、50%、55%和50%,发生特旱的临界值分别为40%、35%、45%、50%和45%;而根据水分亏缺指数指标,5个生育阶段发生轻旱的水分亏缺指数的临界值分别为35%、40%、20%、10%和35%,发生重旱水分亏缺指数临界值分别为50%、65%、55%、45%和65%,发生特旱的临界值分别为55%、75%、65%、55%和75%。在黄淮海夏玉米区选择代表站点对确定的干旱等级指标进行了验证,土壤相对湿度和水分亏缺指数判定的干旱等级相同及相差一个等级的百分率变化在71%～91%,表明2套指标对干旱发生情况的判别具有较好的一致性;通过与历史典型干旱年份灾情对比,2套指标能够较好的判定出历史年份夏玉米生长季干旱发生情况,能够用于夏玉米干旱的监测、评估等方面的科研及业务服务中。 相似文献
17.
Y. Emam A. Shekoofa F. Salehi A. H. Jalali 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):527-534
In most rainfed production areas where wheat fallow is common, crop yield could be improved by changing to more diverse crop rotations. It seems necessary to identify crop cultivars suitable for such diversification. This study was aimed at determining the responses of two common bean cultivars with different growth habits (Sayyad as an indeterminate and D81083 as a determinate cultivar) to drought stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse during the 2008 growing season. A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications and four water levels [100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity (FC) by weight] was used. The results showed that plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of pods, pod dry matter (DM) and total plant DM weights of both cultivars were significantly reduced under drought stress. Furthermore, at 50 and 25% FC, all plant pods of both cultivars were aborted. The common bean cultivar with a determinate growth habit appeared to have potential as a dryland rotation crop for farming in arid regions. Further field research might shed more light on the sensitivity of bean cultivars to drought stress with the aim of crop diversification for dryland areas, where adequate moisture supply is a limiting factor for crop production. 相似文献
18.
少免耕与秸秆还田对极端土壤水分及冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：28，自引：7，他引：28
为了高效利用天然降雨,缓和农业水资源短缺,该试验在小麦、玉米一年两熟条件下,设置耕作措施和秸秆2个因素,其中耕作措施分为常规耕作、深松耕、耙耕、旋耕、免耕5种,秸秆因素分为玉米秸秆全量还田与不还田,共10个处理,研究了耕作措施与秸秆因素对极端土壤水分和冬小麦产量的效应。结果表明,无论秸秆还田与否,相对于常规耕作,深松耕能提高土壤水分充足期的土壤含水率,增加冬小麦产量,尤其是深松耕秸秆还田,比常规耕作无秸秆还田分别高25.74%和11.45%。秸秆因素在土壤水分充足时影响土壤含水率方面占主导地位,秸秆因素与耕作措施在土壤水分亏缺时影响土壤含水率和冬小麦产量方面均起着重要的作用。免耕、深松耕、耙耕与秸秆还田的交互效应能够增加集雨,提高冬小麦产量。研究结果还表明,冬小麦产量与土壤水分亏缺时土壤含水率相关不显著,而与土壤水分充足期土壤含水率相关显著。 相似文献
19.
To investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on assimilate remobilization, water use efficiency (WUE), relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis and yield of five wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Shiraz University during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block and treatments were arranged as split-plot in three replicates. There were four levels of water regime including well-watered [irrigation based on 100% field capacity (FC)], excess watered (125% FC), mild drought (75% FC) and severe drought (50% FC) stress, and four bread wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz and Sistan) and a durum wheat (Yavaros). In all cultivars, progressed leaf senescence at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), was associated with a reduction in chlorophyll content. The reduction was more pronounced in Shiraz and Yavaros than Pishtaz and Sistan. With increasing temperature and remobilization of assimilate to grain, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were decreased significantly at 18 DAA compared with 8 DAA. Sistan and Pishtaz cultivars maintained higher RWC than sensitive cultivars of Shiraz and Yavaros under drought stress. The higher WUE in Pishtaz and Sistan was attributed to the effectiveness of a small amount of water in alleviating severe stress during the sensitive stages of growth. Under mild drought stress, controlled soil drying could enhance remobilization efficiency of assimilates in Pishtaz and Sistan and under severe drought, these cultivars had the highest grain yield compared with the other cultivars. Reduction of assimilates remobilization to the grain and 1000-grain weight, caused lower grain yield in Shiraz under severe drought. Overall, controlled soil drying in Sistan and Pishtaz might result in better mobilization of pre-stored assimilates to the grain in arid areas, where a rapid depletion of water resources is threatening crop production. 相似文献