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1.
Spanish Cydia pomonella (L.) field populations have developed resistance to several insecticide groups. Diagnostic concentrations were established as the LC90 calculated on a susceptible strain (S_Spain) for five and seven insecticides and tested on eggs and neonate larvae field populations, respectively. The three most relevant enzymatic detoxification systems (mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-tranferases (GST) and esterases (EST)) were studied for neonate larvae.In eggs, 96% of the field populations showed a significantly lower efficacy when compared with the susceptible strain (S_Spain) and the most effective insecticides were fenoxycarb and thiacloprid. In neonate larvae, a significant loss of susceptibility to the insecticides was detected. Flufenoxuron, azinphos-methyl and phosmet showed the lowest efficacy, while lambda-cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl showed the highest. Biochemical assays showed that the most important enzymatic system involved in insecticide detoxification was MFO, with highest enzymatic activity ratios (5.1-16.6 for neonates from nine field populations). An enhanced GST and EST activities was detected in one field population, with enzymatic activity ratios of threefold and fivefold for GST and EST, respectively, when compared with the susceptible strain. The insecticide bioassays showed that the LC90 used were effective as diagnostic concentrations. Measures of MFO activity alongside bioassays with insecticide diagnostic concentrations could be used as tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in neonate larvae of C. pomonella.  相似文献   

2.
The resistance of Cydia pomonella (L.) to organophosphates is widespread throughout the pome fruit growing areas. The lethal effects of two insecticides inhibitors of the acetylcholine esterase, azinphos-methyl and carbaryl, were evaluated in adults of five and four field populations of the codling moth, respectively. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of these insecticides were determined in a susceptible strain from Spain (S_Spain). Topical bioassays using the approximate LC90 values (3000 mg (a.i.)/L of carbaryl and 2000 mg (a.i.)/L of azinphos-methyl) that were obtained in S_Spain were tested as diagnostic concentrations. The enzymatic activities of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and esterases (EST) were measured to investigate their potential role in the detoxification of these insecticides.Carbaryl and azinphos-methyl caused ?53% and ?39% corrected mortality, respectively, in field populations, although the diagnostic concentrations applied were twofold and fourfold higher than the maximum concentration registered in Spain, respectively. The activities of MFO and GST were 7.3- to 16.1-fold higher and 2.5- to 3.7-fold higher in all the field populations compared to those in S_Spain, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
A Tetranychus cinnabarinus strain was collected from Chongqing, China. After 42 generations of selection with abamectin and 20 generations of selection with fenpropathrin in the laboratory, this T. cinnabarinus strain developed 8.7- and 28.7-fold resistance, respectively. Resistance to abamectin in AbR (abamectin resistant strain) and to fenpropathrin in FeR (fenpropathrin resistant strain) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), inhibitors of mixed function oxidase (MFO), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and hydrolases, respectively, suggesting that these three enzyme families are important in conferring abamectin and fenpropathrin resistance in T. cinnabarinus. The major resistant mechanism to abamectin was the increasing activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mixed function oxidase (MFO), and the activity in resistant strain developed 2.7-, 3.4- and 1.4-fold contrasted to that in susceptible strain, respectively. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the FeR strain developed 2.8-fold when compared with the susceptible strain, which meant the resistance to fenpropathrin was related with the activity increase of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in T. cinnabarinus. The result of the kinetic mensuration of carboxylesterases (CarE) showed that the structure of CarE in the AbR has been changed.  相似文献   

4.
多杀菌素亚致死浓度对小菜蛾解毒酶系活力的影响   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  
采用多杀菌素亚致死浓度,以浸叶法分别处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)敏感种群(SS)和亚致死选育种群 的3龄幼虫,分别测定饲喂处理6、12、24、48和72 h后小菜蛾体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST) 和多功能氧化酶(MFOs)的活性,分析了酶活性的变化动态。结果表明,SS种群小菜蛾CarE的活性在不同时间段波动较大,经多杀菌素处理后,开始时段比活力增加,随着处理时间的延长,比活力逐渐被抑制,Sub-SS种群的GarE活力高于SS种群;多杀菌素对GST具有明显的诱导作用,亚致死浓度处理后GSTs比活力呈上升趋势,且具有一定的时间效应;对细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶活性具有明显的抑制作用,多杀菌素亚致死浓度连续处理5代后,该酶活性更低。  相似文献   

5.
The tarnished plant bug (TPB) has increasingly become an economically important pest of cotton. Heavy dependence on insecticides, particularly organophosphates and pyrethroids, for TPB control facilitated resistance development to multiple classes of insecticides. To better understand resistance and explore ways to monitor resistance in field populations, this study examined acephate susceptibility and the activities of two major detoxification enzymes in nine field populations collected in the Delta region of Mississippi and Arkansas in 2010. Two Arkansas populations from Reed and Backgate had 3.5- and 4.3-fold resistance to acephate, as compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. Extensive planting of cotton and heavy chemical sprays is a major driving force for resistance development to acephate in Mid-south cotton growing areas. Reduced susceptibility to acephate was highly correlated with elevated esterase activities. The acephate-resistant populations from Backgate, Lula, and Reed consistently had higher (up to 5.3-fold) esterase activities than susceptible populations. Regression analysis of LC50s with kinetic esterase activities revealed a significant polynomial quadratic relationship with R2 up to 0.89. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) also had elevated activity in most populations, but the variations of GST activities were not significantly correlated with changes of acephate susceptibility. Finally, examination of esterase and GST inhibitors indicated that suppression rates (up to 70%) by two esterase inhibitors in 2010 were slightly lower than those detected in 2006, and ethacrynic acid (EA) inhibited GST effectively in both years. Two other GST inhibitors (sulfobromophthalein and diethyl maleate) displayed significantly lower suppression rates in 2010 than those detected in 2006, suggesting a potential genetic shift in pest populations and a necessity of continued monitoring for insecticide resistance with both bioassay and biochemical approaches. Results indicated that using major detoxification enzyme activities for resistance monitoring may provide insight into acephate resistance in field populations of TPB.  相似文献   

6.
药剂对小菜蛾抗性及敏感品系乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用比较   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
采用浸叶法测定了云南通海、元谋和澜沧的小菜蛾plutella xylostella田间种群对常用杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,云南上述地区小菜蛾田间种群对各类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。对有机磷类药剂的抗药性为1.74~31.1倍;对菊酯类药剂的抗药性为7.41~764倍;对阿维菌素类药剂则产生了 5.60~4.06×104倍的抗性。通过离体和活体试验测定了药剂对小菜蛾头部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制作用。敌敌畏和灭多威对通海抗性品系AChE离体和活体内的抑制中浓度(I50)分别是敏感品系的209、26.5倍和2.21、2.16倍;敌敌畏对通海小菜蛾种群的离体和活体内抑制中时间(IT50)小于敏感品系,分别是敏感品系的0.32和0.17倍;而灭多威对通海小菜蛾种群的离体和活体内抑制中时间(IT50)则大于敏感品系,分别是敏感品系的1.37和1.74倍。  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Insecticide resistance is a likely cause of field control failures of Tuta absoluta, but the subject has been little studied. Therefore, resistance to ten insecticides was surveyed in seven representative field populations of this species. The likelihood of control failures was assessed, as well as weather influence and the spatial dependence of insecticide resistance. RESULTS: No resistance or only low resistance levels were observed for pyrethroids (bifenthrin and permethrin), abamectin, spinosad, Bacillus thuringiensis and the mixture deltamethrin + triazophos (<12.5‐fold). In contrast, indoxacarb exhibited moderate levels of resistance (up to 27.5‐fold), and chitin synthesis inhibitors exhibited moderate to high levels of resistance (up to 222.3‐fold). Evidence of control failures was obtained for bifenthrin, permethrin, diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, triflumuron and B. thuringiensis. Weather conditions favour resistance to some insecticides, and spatial dependence was observed only for bifenthrin and permethrin. CONCLUSION: Insecticide resistance in field populations of the tomato pinworm prevails for the insecticides nowadays most frequently used against them—the chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron, triflumuron and teflubenzuron). Local selection favoured by weather conditions and dispersal seem important for pyrethroid resistance evolution among Brazilian populations of T. absoluta and should be considered in designing pest management programmes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), was first recorded in Turkey in August 2009 and rapidly became a serious pest in the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal regions in field and greenhouse grown tomatoes. Currently, insecticides are considered one of the major tools for the management of T. absoluta in Turkey. This study, investigated the efficacy of 7 different insecticides, against T. absoluta in laboratory bioassays. To determine the lethal concentration (LC) values and feeding activity of the larvae, tomato leaf parts mined by 1–3 day old L1 larvae were dipped into different insecticide concentrations. Mortality was recorded 5 days after insecticide treatments. Spinosad, chlorantraniliprole + abamectin or indoxacarb treatment resulted in 100% mortality with minimal or no feeding in all populations at their recommended doses of 120, 50.4 and 60 mg a.s. L?1, respectively. In general, the LC99 values of populations for these insecticides were similar and also lower than that of the recommended field doses. The effect of pyridalyl was low, resulting in low mortality with serious feeding damage at the dose of 125 mg a.s. L?1. The efficacies of abamectin, metaflumizone and azadirachtin were found to be moderate to low at the recommended doses (4.5, 240 and 50 mg a.s. L?1, respectively). However, these insecticides may affect pupation and adult emergence rates hence further studies are recommended to investigate these insecticides.  相似文献   

9.
Susceptibility to spinosad of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), from south-eastern Spain was determined. LC(50) values of the field populations without previous exposure to spinosad collected in Murcia in 2001 and 2002 ranged from 0.005 to 0.077 mg L(-1). The populations collected in Almeria in 2003 in greenhouses were resistant to spinosad (LC(50) > 54 mg L(-1)) compared with the authors' highly susceptible laboratory strain. The highly sensitive laboratory strain leads to very high resistance ratios for the field populations (>13 500), but these ratios do not necessarily mean resistance problems and control failures (spinosad field rate 90-120 mg L(-1)). The populations collected in Murcia from some greenhouses in 2004 were also resistant to spinosad (RF > 3682). Spinosad overuse, with more than ten applications per crop, produced these resistant populations in some greenhouses. Spinosad showed no cross-resistance to acrinathrin, formetanate or methiocarb in laboratory strains selected for resistance towards each insecticide. Correlation analysis indicated no cross-resistance among spinosad and the other three insecticides in 13 field populations and in nine laboratory strains. The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM) did not enhance the toxicity of spinosad to the resistant strains, indicating that metabolic-mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance. These findings suggest that rotation with spinosad may be an effective resistance management strategy.  相似文献   

10.
Widespread use of Bt crops for control of lepidopterous pests has reduced insecticide use and provided the tarnished plant bug the opportunity to become a serious pest on mid-South cotton. Organophosphate insecticides have predominantly been used against plant bugs in recent years due to the reduced efficacy of other insecticides. In this study, a biochemical approach was developed to survey enzymatic levels associated with organophosphate resistance levels in field populations of the tarnished plant bug. Forty-three populations were collected from the delta areas of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Three esterase substrates and one substrate each of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used to determine corresponding detoxification enzyme activities in different populations. Compared to a laboratory susceptible colony, increases up to 5.29-fold for esterase, 1.96-fold for GST, and 1.97-fold for AChE activities were detected in the field populations. In addition to the survey of enzyme activities among the populations, we also examined the susceptibility of major detoxification enzymes to several inhibitors which could be used in formulations to synergize insecticide toxicity against the target pests. As much as 52-76% of esterase, 72-98% of GST, and 93% of AChE activities were inhibited in vitro. Revealing variable esterase and GST activities among field populations may lead to a better understanding of resistance mechanisms in the tarnished plant bug. This study also reports effective suppression of detoxification enzymes which may be useful in future insecticide resistance management program for the tarnished plant bug and other Heteropteran pests on Bt crops.  相似文献   

11.
Strains of sheep louse Bovicola ovis (Schrank) with various levels of resistance to pyrethroid and one strain with high degree of resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticides were used to investigate the biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance, i.e., enhanced levels of general esterases, specific acetylcholinesterases (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and mixed function oxidases. Native gel electrophoresis combined with quantitative enzyme assays showed analogous expression profiles of several esterase isozymes in all the strains tested. The determination of the sensitivity of each esterase isozyme to five inhibitors (acetylthiocholine iodide, butyrylthiocholine iodide, paraoxon eserine sulfate, and pCMB) led to the identification of nine esterases in the B. ovis strain. Gel electrophoresis results are supported by enzyme assay studies where, except for the OP resistant strain, no differences in esterase activities were detected in all the pyrethroid resistant and susceptible strains assayed. Statistical analyses demonstrated that some strains have elevated GST activities compared to the susceptible reference strain.  相似文献   

12.
The cross-resistance and biochemical mechanism of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), to spinosad was studied in the laboratory. S. exigua population were collected from Shanghai suburb. After five generations of selection, the resistance of S. exigua to spinosad increased 345.4 times compared with the susceptible strain. There was no cross-resistance between spinosad and fenvalerate, phoxim, methomyl, abamectin, and cyfluthrin. When the inhibitors, PBO, TPP, DEF, and DEM were used as synergist in the susceptible strain and resistant strain, the synergistic ratio was 0.7-, 0.5-, 1.0-, and 0.6- fold for the susceptible strain, and 9.8-, 1.5-, 2.6-, and 1.5-fold for the resistant strain, respectively. The results revealed that PBO had significant synergistic effect on the resistant strain. The activity in vitro of microsomal-O-demethylase and glutathione S-transferase in the resistant strain was 5.2- and 1.0-fold of the susceptible strain, respectively. The results implied that microsomal-O-demethylase might be important in conferring spinosad resistance in the S. exigua population.  相似文献   

13.
Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is classified as one of the most harmful pest of tomato crops. Many species of predators and parasitoids including Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are noted as potential candidates used for biological control of this pest. Therefore, the use of selective insecticides is critical to conserve and protect natural enemies in the field. This study assessed the side effects of insecticides on different development stages of T. cacoeciae under laboratory conditions. For this, eleven pesticides such as: Indoxacarb, spiromesifen, cyromazin, chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, diafenthiuron, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and virus HaNPV were tested. This study shows that indoxacarb, spiromesifen, chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, diafenthiuron and spinosad had a negative effect on immature stages of Trichogramma. All insecticides residues on tomato leaves were found to be toxic to Trichogramma adults except azadirachtin, Bt and virus HaNPV. Therefore, the use of the tested natural products (azadirachtin, Bt and HaNPV) at the recommended doses is viable, having no negative impact on T. cacoeciae in tomato crops.  相似文献   

14.
The mechanisms for multiple resistances had been studied with two field resistant strains and the selected susceptible and resistant strains of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Bioassay revealed that the two field strains were both with high resistance to pyrethroids (RR: 63-530), low to medium resistance to organophosphates and carbamates, AChE targeted insecticides (RR: 5.7-26), and no resistance to fipronil (RR: 2.0-2.2). Selection with deltamethrin in laboratory could obviously enhance the resistance of this pest to both pyrethroids and AChE targeted insecticides. Synergism test, enzyme analysis and target comparison proved that the pyrethroid resistance in this pest associated only with the enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (MFO) and esterase. However the resistance to the AChE targeted insecticides depended on the target insensitivity and also the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase. Thus, the cross-resistance between pyrethroids and the AChE targeted insecticides was thought to be resulted from the enhanced activity of MFO and esterase.  相似文献   

15.
甲氧虫酰肼对棉铃虫解毒酶活力的亚致死效应研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用亚致死剂量(LC40浓度)的甲氧虫酰肼处理棉铃虫抗甲氧虫酰肼种群(R)和同源敏感种群(S)3龄初幼虫48 h,测定了3～6龄期幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、酯酶(EST)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的比活力变化。结果发现:经亚致死剂量甲氧虫酰肼处理后,S种群EST比活力除4龄幼虫外均有所升高,且仅在3龄期升高明显;GSTs比活力在5龄幼虫体内显著升高,其他龄期无明显变化;MFO比活力在6龄幼虫体内表现为降低,其他龄期无显著变化。对于R种群,3龄和6龄幼虫体内EST比活力显著降低,各龄期的GSTs和MFO比活力均显著降低。空白对照R种群3～6龄期幼虫的GSTs比活力均高于S种群;EST比活力仅3龄幼虫显著高于S种群;MFO的比活力仅5龄幼虫显著高于S种群。研究表明:棉铃虫对甲氧虫酰肼的抗性与GSTs比活力增大关系较为密切;LC40浓度的甲氧虫酰肼可诱导敏感种群EST和GSTs活力升高,而使抗性种群3种酶的活力受到抑制。  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a major pest on onion, Allium cepa L., worldwide. In 2010, research was conducted in a commercial onion field in north‐western Italy in order (i) to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides and of the SAR activator acibenzolar‐S‐methyl, (ii) to correlate thrips infestation levels with bulb size and weight at harvest and (iii) to implement a reliable thrips sampling method. Efficacy of the three active ingredients spinosad, lambda‐cyhalothrin and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl on local thrips populations were also evaluated in laboratory bioassays. RESULTS: During field surveys, the highest and the lowest thrips infestations were observed in plots treated with lambda‐cyhalothrin and with spinosad and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl respectively. The effectiveness of spinosad was also confirmed in laboratory bioassays. At harvest, bulb size and weight did not significantly differ between treatments. A high correlation with visual inspection made plant beating a suitable sampling method for routine practice, enabling a good estimate of thrips infestation. CONCLUSION: Damage caused by thrips is often not severe enough to warrant the frequent pesticide applications the crops receive in north‐western Italy. The use of spinosad and acibenzolar‐S‐methyl is suggested as an alternative to conventional insecticides for the preservation of natural enemies. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.

BACKGROUND

Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is difficult to control by means of foliar insecticides, partly because of the endophytic feeding behavior of its larvae. The biopesticide spinosad is applied as a foliar spray for control of T. absoluta and has systemic properties when applied as a soil drench to the growing medium of tomato plants. The aims of this study were to determine the: (i) instar-dependent tolerance of larvae to spinosad; (ii) efficacy of spinosad drench application for the control of larvae; (iii) residual period of systemic activity of spinosad in leaves and fruit after drenching; and (iv) effect of spinosad drenching on tomato plant growth parameters.

RESULTS

The estimated LC50 value (Lethal Concentration at which 50% of the larvae died) differed between instars. The LC50 for second-instar larvae (0.41 ppm) to spinosad was significantly lower than that for third- (0.64 ppm) and fourth-instar (0.63 ppm) larvae. The LC80 value (Concentration at which 80% of the larvae died) for fourth-instar larvae (2.48 ppm) was 2.6- and 1.7-fold higher than that for the second- and third-instar larvae, respectively. The spinosad concentration recorded in leaves at 25 days after treatment (DAT; 0.26 μg g−1) was significantly lower than that in leaves sampled at 3, 10 and 15 DAT. High larval mortalities were, however, recorded for the duration of the experiment, which lasted 25 days (equivalent to one T. absoluta generation).

CONCLUSION

Systemic spinosad effectively controlled T. absoluta larvae over a prolonged period. However, drenching this insecticide violates the recommendation of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee to avoid treating consecutive insect generations with the same mode of action and can therefore result in the evolution of insecticide resistance. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

18.
Wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae (fabricius), is one of the most important wheat pests and has been reported to be resistant to commonly used insecticides in China. To determine the resistance mechanism, the resistant and susceptible strains were developed in laboratory and comparably studied. A bioassay revealed that the resistant strain showed high resistance to pirimicarb (RR: 161.8), moderate reistance to omethoate (32.5) and monocrotophos (33.5), and low resistance to deltamethrin (6.3) and thiodicarb (5.5). A biochemistry analysis showed that both strains had similar glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, but the resistant strain had 3.8-fold higher esterase activity, and its AChE was insensitive to this treatment. The I50 increased by 25.8-, 10.7-, and 10.4-folds for pirimicarb, omethoate, and monocrotophos, respectively, demonstrating that GST had not been involved in the resistance of S. avenae. The enhanced esterase contributed to low level resistance to all the insecticides tested, whereas higher resistance to pirimicarb, omethoate, and monocrotophos mainly depended on AChE insensitivity. However, the AChE of the resistant strain was still sensitive to thiodicarb (1.7-fold). Thus, thiodicarb could be used as substitute for control of the resistant S. avenae in this case. Furthermore, the two different AChE genes cloned from different resistant and susceptible individuals were also compared. Two mutations, L436(336)S in Sa.Ace1 and W516(435)R in Sa.Ace2, were found consistently associated with the insensitivity of AChE. They were thought to be the possible resistance mutations, but further work is needed to confirm this hypothesis.  相似文献   

19.
Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua is a major insect pest of vegetables in China, and has been reported to develop resistance to many broad-spectrum insecticides. Recently registered chlorantraniliprole provides a novel option for control of this pest resistant to other conventional insecticides. The susceptibilities of field collected populations were measured by diet incorporation assay with neonate, obvious variation of susceptibility was observed among the 18 field populations with LC50 values varying from 0.039 to 0.240 mg/liter. Moderate resistant level was discovered in 8 of 18 field populations, other 8 populations had become low level tolerance to chlorantraniliprole, and only one population in all the field colonies remained susceptible. Biochemical assays were performed to determine the potential mechanisms involved in tolerance variation. Field populations displayed varied detoxification enzyme activities, but the regression analysis between chlorantraniliprole toxicities and enzyme activities demonstrated each field population might have specific biochemical mechanisms for tolerance. Artificial selection in laboratory with chlorantraniliprole was carried out, 23 generations of continuous selections resulted in 11.8-fold increase in resistance to chlorantraniliprole, and 3.0-fold and 3.7-fold increases in mixed function oxidase and esterase, respectively. Compared with the susceptible strain kept in laboratory the selection strain had developed 128.6-fold resistance to this insecticide. Synergism assays showed the detoxification enzymes might not involved in the resistance observed in field collected populations and the selected strain.  相似文献   

20.
Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops in Turkey, with national production of over 10 million tonnes in 2010. Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an important pest of tomato, and was first recorded in Urla District of Izmir Province in the Aegean region of Turkey in August 2009. It has since spread rapidly to the other regions of Turkey and become the main pest of tomato. Since its dispersal, chemical control has been the main method of control. Intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in T. absoluta. In this study, the baseline toxicity (LC50 values) of some insecticides was determined using a leaf‐dip bioassay method in Antalya and Ankara populations of T. absoluta.  相似文献   

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