共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Teaching reasoning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Twentieth-century psychologists have been pessimistic about teaching reasoning, prevailing opinion suggesting that people may possess only domain-specific rules, rather than abstract rules; this would mean that training a rule in one domain would not produce generalization to other domains. Alternatively, it was thought that people might possess abstract rules (such as logical ones) but that these are induced developmentally through self-discovery methods and cannot be trained. Research suggests a much more optimistic view: even brief formal training in inferential rules may enhance their use for reasoning about everyday life events. Previous theorists may have been mistaken about trainability, in part because they misidentified the kind of rules that people use naturally. 相似文献
2.
毛高杰 《云南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,(6):44-48
在司法过程中,法官对案件事实的确认都是在证据和证明的基础上对过往事件的重构,法官并不能回到事件自身。和文学作品相比,法官对于案件事实的解释和重构受到多重因素的制约。法官对案件事实的阐释是一种建设性的解释,同时受制于法官共同体的形式理性和社会期待的约束。 相似文献
3.
In coming to understand the world-in learning concepts, acquiring language, and grasping causal relations-our minds make inferences that appear to go far beyond the data available. How do we do it? This review describes recent approaches to reverse-engineering human learning and cognitive development and, in parallel, engineering more humanlike machine learning systems. Computational models that perform probabilistic inference over hierarchies of flexibly structured representations can address some of the deepest questions about the nature and origins of human thought: How does abstract knowledge guide learning and reasoning from sparse data? What forms does our knowledge take, across different domains and tasks? And how is that abstract knowledge itself acquired? 相似文献
4.
Infants prefer to look at an array of objects that corresponds in number to a sequence of sounds. In doing so, infants disregard the modality (visual or auditory) and type (object or event) of items presented. This finding indicates that infants possess a mechanism that enables them to obtain information about number. 相似文献
5.
Unraveling the life history of successful invaders 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D Sol J Maspons M Vall-Llosera I Bartomeus GE García-Peña J Piñol RP Freckleton 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6094):580-583
Despite considerable current interest in biological invasions, the common life-history characteristics of successful invaders remain elusive. The widely held hypothesis that successful invaders have high reproductive rates has received little empirical support; however, alternative possibilities are seldom considered. Combining a global comparative analysis of avian introductions (>2700 events) with demographic models and phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that although rapid population growth may be advantageous during invasions under certain circumstances, more generally successful invaders are characterized by life-history strategies in which they give priority to future rather than current reproduction. High future breeding expectations reduce the costs of reproductive failure under uncertain conditions and increase opportunities to explore the environment and respond to novel ecological pressures. 相似文献
6.
Robert Magneson Chiles 《Agriculture and Human Values》2013,30(4):511-523
According to recent literature in the sociology of expectations, expectations about the future are “performative” in that they provide guidance for activities, attract attention, mobilize political and economic resources, coordinate between groups, link technical and social concerns, create visions, and enroll supporters. While this framework has blossomed over the past decade in science and technology studies, it has yet to be applied towards a more refined understanding of how the future of the modern agrofood system is being actively contested and understood. I seek to redress this gap by using the sociology of expectations to explain the discursive topography surrounding in vitro meat, a nascent agrofood technology whereby processed meat products are developed from stem cells as opposed to live animals. In discussing the obstacles and challenges which confront the proponents of this technology, I utilize three key concepts from the sociology of expectations: (1) hype, (2) retrospective prospects, and (3) the role of myth, metaphor, and ideology. I find that despite sluggish results and financial setbacks, the controversial legacy of previous agrofood technologies, and persistent cultural skepticism, the core ideological justifications for in vitro meat have proven to be resilient in buoying the technology through rough discursive waters. 相似文献
7.
王益君 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2016,(1):118-122
通过对房地产市场的实证研究,证实了资产市场资产价格的变化会影响到人们对未来经济形势的判断,进而影响到公众对未来消费品市场价格的判断,根据“预期自我实现”的原理,会对实际的通货膨胀或者通货紧缩产生影响。研究表明,房地产市场价格走势对通货膨胀预期的影响,要大于房地产市场资金变化对通胀预期的影响,所以监管层要管理好通货膨胀和通货膨胀预期,就要加强对资产市场尤其是房地产市场的监控,防止房价的大起大落。 相似文献
8.
"社会热点案例教学法"就是在高校思政课中,充分运用近年社会生活中发生的,引起广泛关注、争论的真实事件进行教学,以达到思政课教学目的的教学方法。在"思想道德修养与法律基础"课中运用"社会热点案例教学法",应当坚持培养理性判断能力、学生主体性与教师引导结合的基本理念,设计相应的环节,采用分散与集中相结合的方式。为此,应当提高教师素质,完善社会热点案例资源库,建立激励学生参与的机制。 相似文献
9.
基于超效率DEA的辽宁省葫芦岛市经济园区投入产出效率评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以辽宁省葫芦岛市10个经济园区为研究对象,运用超效率DEA对其投入产出效率进行评价,根据研究结果,提出建议,以期为辽宁省葫芦岛市经济园区资源配置的合理性以及未来园区的建设提供理论依据,并实例证明了相对于传统DEA,超效率DEA的先进性与可行性。 相似文献
10.
Having repeatedly retrieved an object from a location, human infants tend to search the same place even when they observe the object being hidden at another location. This perseverative error is usually explained by infants' inability to inhibit a previously rewarded search response or to recall the new location. We show that the tendency to commit this error is substantially reduced (from 81 to 41%) when the object is hidden in front of 10-month-old infants without the experimenter using the communicative cues that normally accompany object hiding in this task. We suggest that this improvement is due to an interpretive bias that normally helps infants learn from demonstrations but misleads them in the context of a hiding game. Our finding provides an alternative theoretical perspective on the nature of infants' perseverative search errors. 相似文献
11.
刘刚 《国家林业局管理干部学院学报》2011,(3):49-51
人力资源管理哲学是人力资源管理学和哲学的集合,是研究人力资源管理主客体矛盾运动规律的科学。它的内涵具有高度的抽象性和概括性,包含着丰富的内涵和外延,我们必须用客观的、全面的、发展的眼光去看待。 相似文献
12.
基于动态效用函数确定了理性消费下的储蓄率构成,并就中国八大地区农村居民1993-2013年相关经济数据进行实证研究。研究发现,中国农村居民通胀预期是否理性具有明显的地区差异,而各时期消费理性差异的主要表现不同,前10年理性程度较高,而后5年持续走低,并且理性通胀预期与理性消费虽并无必然联系,但二者具有某种关联性。 相似文献
13.
在已有的定性运算的基础上,利用求解定性关系方程求得定性控制推理关系,通过调整控制规则表,求得合理的控制输出量。具体的给出了实现定性化的模糊控制的步骤。 相似文献
14.
Infant responses to impending collision: optical and real 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Twenty-four infants ranging in age from 2 to 11 weeks responded to symmetrically expanding shadows, which optically specify an approaching object, with an integrated avoidance response and upset. This response did not occur for asymmetrically expanding shadows nor for contracting shadows that specify an object on a miss path and a receding object. The response was observed in all the infants regardless of age, and the addition of kinetic depth information to the displays did not increase the intensity or likelihood of the response. In a second experiment, seven infants defensively reacted to the approach of a real object except when it was on a miss path. 相似文献
15.
Data from two experiments show that the duration of visual fixation of solid objects by infants aged 6 to 20 weeks varies as a function of object distance between 30 and 90 centimeters. There was no characteristic habituation of fixation of an object at 90 centimeters but there was a marked increase in fixation time when objects were advanced to 30 centimeters (experiment 1). A linear decline in fixation times occurred as the object distance increased from 30 to 90 centimeters with the real size and the angular size of the object held constant (experiment 2). No evidence for visual size constancy in young infants was obtained by this method. 相似文献
16.
构成就是组合、结构、构造的意思,即将一些基本的视觉元素,如点、线、面等按照形式美的法则进行重新的结构,然后将抽象美转化成形式美。园林设计是使用一些艺术的手段对园林进行合理的布局,使之符合人们的需求,与周围的环境能达到和谐统一的活动。主要对现代构成与园林设计之间的关系做了简单的探讨。 相似文献
17.
高中生物课的内容比较抽象,采用多种教学方法,灵活运用幽默语言、实物、教具、实验等进行组织教学,做到让生物课堂充满欢乐气氛,让学生心情愉快地学习。 相似文献
18.
陈焕生 《农业图书情报学刊》2003,(5):144-146,159
国际上数据库通用的文摘类型有3种，即报道性文摘、指示性文摘、报道—指示性文摘。作者对这3种文摘类型适用的原始文献类型进行了讨论，并分析了现刊上的原有文摘与数据库文摘通常存在的差异。文摘的开头句决定着文摘的类型，并对整个文摘起着铺垫作用，故选用何种要素开头是文摘突出文章主题的关键。文中指明了各种类型的文献怎样使用文摘开头句的普遍形式。 相似文献
19.
We are all faced with uncertainty about the future, but we can get the measure of some uncertainties in terms of probabilities. Probabilities are notoriously difficult to communicate effectively to lay audiences, and in this review we examine current practice for communicating uncertainties visually, using examples drawn from sport, weather, climate, health, economics, and politics. Despite the burgeoning interest in infographics, there is limited experimental evidence on how different types of visualizations are processed and understood, although the effectiveness of some graphics clearly depends on the relative numeracy of an audience. Fortunately, it is increasingly easy to present data in the form of interactive visualizations and in multiple types of representation that can be adjusted to user needs and capabilities. Nonetheless, communicating deeper uncertainties resulting from incomplete or disputed knowledge--or from essential indeterminacy about the future--remains a challenge. 相似文献