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1.
It has recently been shown that zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) exhibits isotropic negative thermal expansion over its entire temperature range of stability. This rather unusual behavior makes this compound particularly suitable for testing model predictions of a connection between negative thermal expansion and pressure-induced amorphization. High-pressure x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering experiments showed that ZrW2O8 becomes progressively amorphous from 1.5 to 3.5 gigapascals. The amorphous phase was retained after pressure release, but the original crystalline phase returned after annealing at 923 kelvin. The results indicate a general trend between negative thermal expansion and pressure-induced amorphization in highly flexible framework structures. 相似文献
2.
The vast majority of materials shrink in all directions when hydrostatically compressed; exceptions include certain metallic or polymer foam structures, which may exhibit negative linear compressibility (NLC) (that is, they expand in one or more directions under hydrostatic compression). Materials that exhibit this property at the molecular level--crystalline solids with intrinsic NLC--are extremely uncommon. With the use of neutron powder diffraction, we have discovered and characterized both NLC and extremely anisotropic thermal expansion, including negative thermal expansion (NTE) along the NLC axis, in a simple molecular crystal (the deuterated 1:1 compound of methanol and water). Apically linked rhombuses, which are formed by the bridging of hydroxyl-water chains with methyl groups, extend along the axis of NLC/NTE and lead to the observed behavior. 相似文献
3.
Compressibility, Phase Transitions, and Oxygen Migration in Zirconium Tungstate, ZrW2O8 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
JSO Evans Z Hu JD Jorgensen DN Argyriou S Short AW Sleight 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5296):61-65
In situ neutron diffraction experiments show that at pressures above 2 kilobars, cubic zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) undergoes a quenchable phase transition to an orthorhombic phase, the structure of which has been solved from powder diffraction data. This phase transition can be reversed by heating at 393 kelvin and 1 atmosphere and involves the migration of oxygen atoms in the lattice. The high-pressure phase shows negative thermal expansion from 20 to 300 kelvin. The relative thermal expansion and compressibilities of the cubic and orthorhombic forms can be explained in terms of the "cross-bracing" between polyhedra that occurs as a result of the phase transition. 相似文献
4.
The confined electronic structure of nanoscale materials has increasingly been shown to induce behavior quite distinct from that of bulk analogs. Direct atomic-scale visualization of nanowires of zinc oxide was achieved through their unique pancake-type diffraction by using four-dimensional (4D) ultrafast electron crystallography. After electronic excitation of this wide-gap photonic material, the wires were found to exhibit colossal expansions, two orders of magnitude higher than that expected at thermal equilibrium; the expansion is highly anisotropic, a quasi-one-dimensional behavior, and is facilitated by the induced antibonding character. By reducing the density of nanowires, the expansions reach even larger values and occur at shorter times, suggesting a decrease of the structural constraint in transient atomic motions. This unanticipated ultrafast carrier-driven expansion highlights the optoelectronic consequences of nanoscale morphologies. 相似文献
5.
A residual negative free-air and Bouguer anomaly of at least 80 milligals, superimposed on a broader high, occurs over the Galápagos Islands The axis of the anomaly trends roughly east and plunges eastward. Thus, a low-density mass in the crust or upper mantle must underlie the archipelago. This anomaly may be caused by thermal expansion over a crust-mantle " hot spot". 相似文献
6.
为探究黄河中下游地区耕地轨迹演变规律,以河南省沿黄地区和非沿黄地区为例,运用变化轨迹方法、景观格局指数和Logistic回归模型进行耕地轨迹演变及其驱动机制的对比分析。结果表明：沿黄地区耕地扩张和缩减幅度高于非沿黄地区,扩张型耕地在沿黄地区主要沿黄河两岸分布,非沿黄地区分布均匀。非沿黄地区缩减型耕地向各行政区的中心集聚,沿黄地区缩减型耕地明显向郑州集聚。耕地是河南省优势景观类型,沿黄地区扩张型耕地和缩减型耕地聚集程度和连通性高于非沿黄地区,但连通聚集增长率低于非沿黄地区。Logistic分析表明,沿黄地区与非沿黄地区的耕地轨迹转化驱动因素略有差异,沿黄地区耕地的扩张对黄河水的依赖性强,非沿黄地区受经济发展和社会生活的影响较大。缩减型耕地在沿黄地区和非沿黄地区的驱动因子基本一致,区别主要在于贡献率的不同。研究结果为保障国家粮食安全及黄河流域高质量发展提供理论依据。 相似文献
7.
Oppenheim IC Trevor DJ Chidsey CE Trevor PL Sieradzki K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,254(5032):687-689
An in situ scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was used to observe the morphological changes accompanying the selective dissolution of Ag from low-Ag content Ag-Au alloys in dilute perchloric acid. This study was undertaken to explore the role of surface diffusion in alloy corrosion processes. These results are interpreted within the framework of the kink-ledge-terrace model of a crystal surface and a recent model of alloy corrosion based on a variant of percolation theory. The corrosion process leads to roughening of the surface by dissolution of Ag atoms from terrace sites. Annealing or smoothening of the surface occurs by vacancy migration through clusters and the subsequent annihilation of clusters at terrace ledges. 相似文献
8.
竹材湿热膨胀特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以毛竹(Phyllostachs pubescens)为试材,对竹材吸湿以及受热膨胀特性进行测试和分析。结果表明,竹材在各个方向上吸湿膨胀特性和受热膨胀特性都差异显著,弦向和径向的湿胀率较为接近,一般径向略大于弦向,二者都远远大于纵向的湿胀率;竹材的热膨胀率与湿胀率具有相同规律,但远小于湿胀率。 相似文献
9.
植物功能性状及其叶经济谱对城市热环境的响应 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
10.
以高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）为基体,松木粉为增强项,MAPE为偶联剂,采用注塑法制备WPC,研究其热膨胀性能与弯曲性能,结果表明：木塑复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量较单纯的HDPE有所提高,且随着木粉含量增加而增加;线性热膨胀系数随着木粉含量增加而降低;随着木粉的加入,对WPC长度方向上的热膨胀的限制较宽度方向上更大。 相似文献
11.
热力烟雾机在玉米病虫害防治上的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
玉米病虫害的药剂防治主要在玉米生长的中后期进行,但由于株高叶茂,田间喷药困难。热力烟雾机采用一些油剂作为农药的载体,经输导管在高温点(350~400℃)时瞬间气化,形成热雾且分布均匀,可沿田埂施药。试验以机动弥雾机喷雾防治为对照,在玉米田进行了热力烟雾机热雾粒田间不同水平距离和垂直高度的药剂雾滴分布规律和对玉米南方锈病、纹枯病、蚜虫的防效试验。结果表明,使用热力烟雾机防治效果高于机动弥雾机喷雾防治效果,热力烟雾机防治有效距离为25 m以上,热雾粒数量在田间不同水平距离(0~25 m)、垂直高度(0~2 m)范围内比较均匀,正面热雾粒附着量为150~300粒.cm-2,背面热雾粒附着量为50~140 cm2粒。 相似文献
12.
A right metacarpal III represents the first North American record of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Recovered in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, with a rich vertebrate fauna of early Pleistocene (Irvingtonian) age, it belongs to a cohort of large mammals that dispersed from South America to North America along a savanna corridor. Presumably habitat and climatic changes have subsequently driven this mammalian family more than 3000 kilometers back into Central America from its former expansion into temperate North America. 相似文献
13.
钳式时差式流量计是利用宽幅电子束振子激励管道中的自然声波导管，以便产生一沿管壁轴向转播的声波。当该声波向前传播的时候，它以宽幅电子束的形式发出穿过液体的声能。这束电子到达管壁的另一侧并且沿此管壁传播，被传感器所接收。声能从上游方向发出时，到达到对传感器所需的传播，比从下游发出时到达对面传感器所需时间长，计量仪就是利用对这个时间差的测量来测量流动速度。钳式时差检漏系统是一系列安全装的现场测量站，它除 相似文献
14.
以北京市为研究区,利用2000年和2010年极端高温发生时MODIS卫星的地表温度（LST）产品数据,结合DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,应用差值、等温线、剖面分析等方法,分析了北京市近十年来极端高温发生时地表温度的时空变化特征及其对城市化的响应。研究结果表明：（1）近十年来,极端高温时的地表温度升高,高温区范围增加,城市功能拓展区与发展新区的高温区增加面积大于首都功能核心区与生态涵养区;（2）北京市城市化发展迅速,城市扩张对极端高温条件下的地表温度时空分布与变化趋势起着主导作用。 相似文献
15.
根据热应力的基本原理,对竹筋混凝土在热、湿变化作用下的热湿应力变化与破坏进行了试验与分析.结果显示,竹材横向热湿膨胀系数大于纵向热湿膨胀系数,且大于混凝土的热湿膨胀系数.热湿同时增大在竹筋内产生的压应力超过竹材料抗压强度时,竹筋内部损坏而降低其抗拉强度,热湿同时减小产生的拉应力大于竹筋与混凝土的表面结合应力时,降低竹筋对构件的加强筋作用.其中温湿度降低是竹筋混凝土在设计工况下运行中产生破坏的重要原因之一. 相似文献
16.
浮顶罐蒸汽除蜡装置失效的原因是施工焊接缺陷和热应力破坏。造成焊接缺陷的原因除设备因素外,主要是施工焊接缺陷对蒸汽除蜡装置运行中产生的热应力未作周密考虑。由于除蜡装置的施焊空间狭窄,因此要强化施工现场和质量监督。在施工中还必须注意校核设计数据和加热盘管的热伸缩量,同时要作好蒸汽膨胀试验和水压试验,发现焊缝缺陷及时补救。 相似文献
17.
试论高校内部管理系统的支撑保障体制创新 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
传统意义上高校支撑保障体系的范畴较为狭窄，本文扩大了支撑保障体系的内涵。试图通过探索股份制运作机制，扩大学校办学自主权；科学设计组织结构，合理划分管理职能；并以人力资源管理改革为突破口，实现高校内部管理系统的支撑保障体制创新。 相似文献
18.
[目的]研究结核分枝杆菌Ag85B、MPB64和MPT83抗原DNA疫苗在奶牛体内诱导的免疫应答.[方法]以PJW4303为载体,构建上述3种抗原基因的三价DNA疫苗,免疫6月龄荷斯坦奶牛3次.ELISA法检测免疫奶牛的特异性抗体滴度.利用双抗夹心ELISA定量测定免疫奶牛各月IFN-γ浓度.[结果]免疫前奶牛体内特异性抗体为阴性,1免、2免后抗体效价上升较缓,3免后抗体效价上升快.MPT83特异性抗体上升最快,抗体效价1:3200持续6个月;Ag85B特异性抗体效价1:3200持续2个月;MPT64特异性抗体效价较低.免疫奶牛中MPT83、Ag85B、MPT64三种蛋白诱导产生IFN-γ在3免后6个月到达最高,浓度分别为(1 098.95±16.5.03)、(711.45士110.43)、(355.06±72.76) pg/mL,阴性对照组PBS刺激IFN -γ浓度为(114.5±27.46)pg/mL.阴性对照与三种抗原相比,差异均极显著(P＜0.01).[结论]多价核酸疫苗能同时诱导机体产生细胞免疫应答和体液免疫应答,可能有利于增强疫苗对抗结核病的抗性. 相似文献
19.
Serre C Mellot-Draznieks C Surblé S Audebrand N Filinchuk Y Férey G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5820):1828-1831
An unusually large expansion upon solvent adsorption occurs without apparent bond breaking in the network of a series of isoreticular chromium(III) or iron(III) diarboxylates labeled MIL-88A to D [dicarbox = fumarate (88A); terephthalate (1,4-BDC) (88B); 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (2,6-NDC) (88C); and 4-4'-biphenyldicarboxylate (4-4'-BPDC) (88D)]. This reversible "breathing" motion was analyzed in terms of cell dimensions (extent of breathing), movements within the framework (mechanism of transformation), and the interactions between the guests and the skeleton. In situ techniques show that these flexible solids are highly selective absorbents and that this selectivity is strongly dependent on the nature of the organic linker. 相似文献
20.
The recent trend of declining winter and spring snow cover over Eurasia is causing a land-ocean thermal gradient that is particularly favorable to stronger southwest (summer) monsoon winds. Since 1997, sea surface winds have been strengthening over the western Arabian Sea. This escalation in the intensity of summer monsoon winds, accompanied by enhanced upwelling and an increase of more than 350% in average summertime phytoplankton biomass along the coast and over 300% offshore, raises the possibility that the current warming trend of the Eurasian landmass is making the Arabian Sea more productive. 相似文献