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1.
WOODWARD 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》1998,21(1):47-53
The safety evaluation of veterinary drugs intended for use in food producing animals relies heavily on the results of toxicity studies in laboratory animals, supported where possible by any data resulting from human exposure. The general approach involves the calculation of an acceptable daily intake which in turn can be used to elaborate maximum residue limits. It is an approach used in the European Union, in other countries and at the international level. In recent years, concern has been expressed over the presence of microbiologically active residues of veterinary drugs in food and their possible effects on the human gastrointestinal microflora. Methodologies for conducting microbiological safety studies have been investigated and approaches to microbiological safety assessments have been debated. The whole approach has proved to be controversial, partly because there are considerable doubts over the ability of low concentrations of antibiotic substances to produce adverse effects on the human gut flora and partly because there are no validated methods for testing for these attributes. This paper reviews the problems in some detail and discusses the regulatory consequences. 相似文献
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A risk assessment of the food safety implications of drugs used in food-producing animals is an essential component of the regulatory approval process for products containing these drugs. This ensures that there is negligible risk to human health if these drugs are used according to the instructions that appear on the approved label. A relative paucity of approved products for veterinary species; however, forces veterinarians worldwide to use drugs in an extralabel manner to treat disease and alleviate suffering in animals. In food-producing animals, this may result in residues that are potentially harmful to the human consumer. This review describes how risk assessment principles can be extended to evaluate the risks posed by different classes of extralabel drug use. Risk management practices in the United States and Europe are summarized and contrasted to illustrate the application of these principles. 相似文献
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Probiotics--possibilities and limitations of their application in food, animal feed, and in pharmaceutical preparations for men and animals] 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
G Reuter 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2001,114(11-12):410-419
Probiotics are cultures of special microorganisms, which have been used as feed additives since the seventies of the past century and already since the twenties in food specimen and in pharmaceuticals. The definition of "Probioticum" was formulated in 1974 simultaneously with the use of living cultures in feed for various animals in order to substitute the application of nutritive antibiotics or chemotherapeutics. In the meantime probiotics are applied not only as feed supplements or pharmaceuticals but increasingly in suitable food specimens such as dairy products, fruit juices, chocolates, and even meat products. Of course, heating of such products prior to consumption or application must be ruled out. The selection of a suitable strain of a microorganism can be regarded as the primary requirement for the use as a probiotic. These cultures must be able to pass the stomach-duodenum barrier in a viable state and to multiply at the site of destination in the intestine. Additionally, they must be capable of producing antagonistic metabolites against a dominating saprophytic microflora resulting in a competitive growth. These abilities are common among lactic acid bacteria, e.g. lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Yet, intended autochthonous species do not possess very good technological features for the enrichment in food specimens, because their viability will decrease rapidly under unfavourable conditions as it is the case with mineral supplements in feed or with low acidity in fermented dairy products. Therefore, some other microorganisms like spore-forming species or yeast cultures were introduced as probiotic components. These possess some similar features which render them suitable for probiotic use. But their physiological and ecological traits do not qualify them as probiotics of first choice. The special efficacy of probiotics must be strictly verified in animal nutrition due to restrictive EC-regulations, in pharmacy due to legal restraints, and in food applications in accordance with food law regulations. Safety aspects are considered very restrictively in feed applications, in the food and pharmaceutical sector they should be in accordance with the intended purpose of "fulfilling health claims". In the presented review the different requirements for the application of probiotics in animal nutrition, in food, and in pharmaceuticals will be provided. The special effect of competitive exclusion of pathogenetic and toxinogenic microorganisms in fowl performance are mentioned and even the application of probiotics as marine aquacultures of fish and Crustaceae will be included. Furthermore, the safety aspects resulting from the tremendous amount of industrially produced cultures which are distributed into the environment will be discussed. In conclusion it may be pointed out that probiotics may serve to partially replace the presently reduced or even prohibited application of nutritive antibiotics or chemotherapeutics in animal nutrition and in fulfillment of health claims in man and animals. Economic and environmental aspects will reduce the overall application of probiotics world-wide. Restrictions of use and controls of efficacy and safety are essential and must be implemented periodically. 相似文献
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新兽药安全评价与评审 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对国内外兽药安全评价与风险评估的概念与内容,新兽药研发流程与安全性评价流程,新兽药评审与评价区别进行了论述,并对新兽药安全性评价研究工作目的与结果评价,风险评估与食品安全,特别是每日允许摄入量（ADI）制订和最高残留限量（MRL）的制订等方面进行了论述。对国内企业开发用于食用动物的新兽药有一定指导作用。 相似文献
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乳制品因其丰富的营养和良好的口感获得越来越多消费者青睐,已经成为消费者膳食结构中的重要组成,同时,乳制品的食品安全也是消费者十分关注的焦点问题,因此,管控乳制品食品安全是每个乳制品企业的重中之重。本文综合阐述乳制品生产全过程各环节食品安全管控措施,其中奶源的食品安全需要从牧场建设及管理、养殖活动过程风险控制等方面开展,原辅料的管控需要从验收制度、贮存及上游供应商管控几个方面开展,生产过程管控需要从人员、设备、配料管理及生产环境管控等方面开展。此外还论述了大数据技术在乳制品食品安全风险分析工作中的重要性,以期为相关企业建立及提升自身食品安全管理工作提供参考。 相似文献
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Stärk KD 《Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde》2000,142(12):673-678
Most animal-derived food products originate from production chains consisting of a series of well-defined, separate production steps. Undesired events affecting food safety can principally occur at any point within the production chain. The principle of integrated food safety assurance from stable to table has therefore been established. The livestock holding has thus to be understood as a fix element of the production chain, and the producer has to accept a part of the responsibility for food safety. On a farm, food safety can be negatively affected by animal feed (microbiological or toxicological contamination), management (hygiene, stocking density, cleaning and disinfecting), veterinary treatments (use of antibiotics) and recycling of slurry. Most relevant practices can be summarised under the standard of "good farming practice". HACCP programmes as they are applied in the processing industries could in principle also be used at the farm level. Influential management steps would need to be identified and controlled. This approach is, however, still in its infancy at present. Using the current monitoring systems, microbiological and toxicological problems in food are difficult to be identified before the end of the production chain. As the cause of a problem can be found at the farm level, traceability of products through the production chain is essential. In Switzerland, traceability of animals is realised using compulsory animal identification and the animal movement database. Using this link, information on the health status of a herd could be made available to the slaughterhouse in order to classify animals into food-safety risk categories. This principle is a key element in the ongoing discussion about visual meat inspection in Europe and elsewhere. 相似文献
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乳蛋白是人类膳食蛋白的重要来源,在现代食品工业中,乳及乳蛋白已成为多种食品加工中必不可少的组
分。但作为常见的过敏原之一,乳蛋白引起的食物过敏问题也已成为目前食品安全的重要研究热点。随着乳品工业
的发展,在不同乳品加工中引入的各种乳源以外的食品组分可能会在加工和烹饪条件下与乳蛋白相互作用,改变蛋
白结构,影响抗原表位,进而影响其致敏性。因此,本文从食物基中含有的宏量营养素、微量营养素、功能活性成
分及其他物质四方面探究食品组分对乳蛋白致敏性的影响,旨在提高食品组分中乳蛋白致敏性的科学认识,指导食
品加工安全,以降低乳蛋白致敏性,并为食物过敏性风险评估提供参考。 相似文献
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Quantitative risk assessments are now required to support many regulatory decisions involving infectious diseases of animals. Current methods, however, do not consider the relative values of historical and recent data. A Markov-chain model can use specific disease characteristics to estimate the present value of disease information collected in the past. Uncertainty about the disease characteristics and variability among animals and herds can be accounted for with Monte Carlo simulation modeling. This results in a transparent method of valuing historical testing information for use in risk assessments. We constructed such a model to value historical testing information in a more-transparent and -reproducible manner. Applications for this method include trade, food safety, and domestic animal-health regulations. 相似文献
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Hauser R Breidenbach E Thür B Griot C Engels M Stärk K 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,117(5-6):188-192
At the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office risk analyses are conducted according to international standards. A risk analysis contains the elements risk management, risk assessment and risk communication. A risk assessment is based on risk profile, hazard identification and a pathway model. All available information is gathered, documented and assessed and the risk estimated. The question. "What is the probability that unprocessed wild boar meat imported to Switzerland from the federal state Mecklenburg Western Pommerania is contaminated with classical swine fever virus?" was answered by a release assessment. The hazard identification recognized classical swine fever virus and attenuated live virus vaccine used for oral immunization as hazards. The probability of contamination was estimated to be small. The question: "What is the likelihood to introduce Aujeszky's disease to Switzerland and infect the indigenous pig population with the disease, by means of importing pork and meat products?" was answered by assessing the release, exposure and resulting consequences. The risk of an infection of the indigenous pig population was estimated to be very small, as 80% of the imported products derive from countries or zones free from Aujeszky's disease. Furthermore the majority of the imported products are processed. The strict implementation of the regulations governing feeding of food wastes to pigs reduces the probability of exposure. In all assessments the risk management decides on a strategy to deal with the risk, taking into consideration the results and recommendations derived from the risk assessment as well as other relevant factors. 相似文献
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L O Post W C Keller 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2000,16(3):445-53, vi
The availability of antidotes in veterinary medicine has been an issue for more than a decade. Antidotes are available for food animals through extralabel use, regulatory discretion, and compounding. There is little economic incentive for pharmaceutical companies to pursue approval of antidotes and other drug products that have a small market. In addition, human food safety concerns must be addressed when approving antidotes for use in food animals. This article provides a brief history of antidote availability, current mechanisms for procuring food animal antidotes, and availability of specific antidotes for use in food animals. 相似文献
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The animal health pharmaceutical industry has proactively reported on the volumes of member company antimicrobial active ingredients sold in the U.S. At the individual company level, reporting of finished product distribution data to the FDA is a regulatory requirement, with applications to surveillance and pharmacovigilance. An accounting of product manufactured is done for purposes of good business practices, as well as marketing analyses. Additional applications of antimicrobial usage data might include use in risk assessments, such as for the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidance for Industry #152 for the evaluation of the microbiological safety of antimicrobials intended for use in food animals. Compilation of national usage data will be a complex undertaking, hindered by issues such as confidentiality, auditing, field use practice variations, population dynamics (e.g. disease incidence, market conditions for poultry and livestock production), and generic usage. The amounts or volumes in pounds should be considered relative to the large number of animals under husbandry in the United States. Large volumes might seem impressive unless put into proper context. Until such time as a clearly defined application of national usage data is agreed, it is recommended that local usage programs will provide more useful information to perpetuate prudent antimicrobial use in animals. 相似文献
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氯霉素残留的危害及其检测方法 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
氯霉素属广谱抗生素 ,曾在畜牧业中广为应用。但氯霉素有较强的副作用和毒性作用 ,如果氯霉素在食用动物中残留 ,可通过食物链传给人类 ,长期微量摄入氯霉素 ,不仅使人体肠道正常菌群失调 ,而且还会引起多种疾病 ,对人类的健康造成危害。世界上许多国家禁止此药用于生产食品动物 ,并规定了在畜产品中氯霉素不得检出。对于氯霉素的残留 ,存在多种检测方法 ,不同的检测方法具有不同的检出限。检测限问题已成为关注的焦点 ,发达国家对检出限的要求越来越严格 相似文献
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Presently, in the United States, there are no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, except aspirin, that are approved for use in animals intended for food production. Use of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and dipyrone for treatment of food animals may be considered in special circumstances. Such use requires strict adherence to FDA guidelines for extra-label use of drugs. Flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone have been shown to have a favorable influence on the course and outcome of certain diseases. This report reviews information concerning the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutics of phenylbutazone and flunixin as they have been used on an experimental basis in food animals. 相似文献
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Brem G 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,111(7):273-276
Traceability of meat has become a very important aspect of quality assurance of food. DNA analyses could be used for identification and verification of farm animals and animal derived products. A prerequisite is the collection of qualified samples from entire populations of production animals or from regionally or specially characterised animal populations. The expenditure for conventional carrying out collection, preservation, cataloguing, and storage would be enormous. Therefore we have developed a simple, reliable, and inexpensive method for the collection using the ear tagging process and for preservation of samples at room temperature. A similar collection technology can also be used for sampling of carcasses, meat and meat products. Isolation of DNA from these tissue samples can be preformed using a new single step technology. For identifying individuals microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms are analysed. Comparison of DNA fingerprints or SNP signatures allows to traceback samples collected from products to the animals they are coming from. If the system will be established on a nationwide basis the total costs would be less than 0.05 EUR per kilogram meat sold. 相似文献
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The microbiological risk assessment during production, processing and treatment of foods illustrates an important basis for the judgement of the safety of food products. Since the mid-nineties the concept of risk analysis according to Codex Alimentarius requirements ist pursued more intensely. Risk assessment is part of the risk analysis process besides risk management and risk communication. A strict separation between risk management and assessment should lead to a systematic, scientifically based and independent process without considering economic or political constraints whereas the decision on protective measures or the acceptance of risks lies in the responsibility of the managers. Risk assessment can only be successfully implemented in an interdisciplinary approach between physicians, veterinarians, microbiologists, molecularbiologists, food technologists, epidemiologists and mathematicians. Surveillance, monitoring programs and other data collections on a variety of parameters like statistics on foodborne human cases, the prevalence of zoonotic agents in animals, the distribution of micro-organisms in the environment and in foods, the behaviour of micro-organisms during food processing and the consumption habits of consumers deliver the necessary data for risk assessors. With the aim of mathematic modelling and simulation it is possible to calculate the probability of health problems in humans after the consumption of a foodstuff contaminated with a specific pathogenic micro-organism. 相似文献
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Hartung J 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2000,107(12):503-506
The modern consumer is increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals which are kept in intensive systems on specialised farms where the health and well-being is almost completely dependent on the will, ability and care of the farmer. Further demands related to animal production are consumer health (quality and safety of food products), the protection of the environment and cheap food. The currently used husbandry systems are man made and emphasise automation which requires permanent critical observation of the welfare of the animals. Ethological indicators are equally important as health and performance to evaluate keeping systems. Future animal farming will be influenced by new technologies such as electronic animal identification and milking robots, and more important by biotechnology and genome analysis. Veterinary surgeons and farmers have to co-operate on the basis of scientifically sound animal welfare schemes which help to protect our farm animals in modern and intensive livestock production systems. 相似文献
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Risk assessment seeks to estimate the probability and impact of human health effects due to antimicrobial resistance arising from antimicrobial use in animals. Potential ecological pathways for the flow of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and resistance determinants through the food supply and environment are diverse and complicated and this has been a logistical barrier to direct epidemiological measure of risk. Consequently, a number of indirect approaches to assessment have been developed. This paper provides some examples of risk assessments that have been conducted with and without antimicrobial use data, and identifies possible benefits and applications of quantitative antimicrobial use data for risk assessment. 相似文献