共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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土壤结皮对坡面水分入渗及侵蚀产沙具有重要影响,但其具体作用过程和机理尚存在一定争论。以乌拉山矿山废弃地客土坡面为研究对象,采用原位冲刷试验,研究不同坡长(2,4,6,8,10 m)和产流产沙过程中,土壤结皮对径流泥沙的影响。结果表明：(1)2 m土壤结皮坡面总径流和泥沙量显著增加,分别是对照坡面的2.17,1.56倍;4～10 m土壤结皮坡面总径流量和总泥沙量降低,其中总径流量为对照坡面的67.17%～78.45%,总泥沙量为对照坡面的54.53%～83.56%。(2)土壤结皮坡面与对照坡面产流速率随产流时间变化基本一致,呈现波动稳定或略微提高趋势;产沙速率在对照坡面随产流时间呈下降趋势,而在结皮土壤坡面呈现下降与稳定2种趋势。(3)累积径流量、累积泥沙量与产流时间关系均可用线性函数和幂函数表达。随产流时间变化,土壤结皮坡面对累积径流量的影响可分为全程提高、全程降低、先提高后降低3种类型,对累积泥沙量的影响可分为提高与降低2种类型。因此,土壤结皮对坡面产流产沙过程的抑制或促进作用与坡长和侵蚀发生过程密切相关。 相似文献
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汞在泥炭上的吸附特征研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用批次法研究了汞在三江平原泥炭、吉林双阳泥炭上等温吸附特征及介质pH值、背景离子浓度的影响。实验结果表明:两种泥炭吸附等温线均同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,而与Langmuir方程的拟合效果更好; 在溶液汞浓度相同时,温度升高,泥炭对汞的吸附量降低;在相同的条件下,三江平原泥炭对汞的吸附量大于吉林双阳泥炭对汞的吸附量;两种泥炭对汞的吸附量受pH值的影响明显且都在pH 6.0左右具有最大的吸附量;在酸性条件下,吸附介质的pH值升高利于泥炭对汞的吸附;介质的离子浓度升高,可以使两种泥炭对汞的吸附量迅速降低。 相似文献
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通过对已有土壤侵蚀危险度评价研究的分析,将这些评价方法归纳为土壤抗蚀年限评价法、土壤侵蚀危险度主导因子分级评价法和土壤侵蚀危险度模型评价法3大类,并在对各种评价方法综合分析的基础上,对土壤侵蚀危险度评价的研究方向和发展趋势进行讨论。建议今后加强土壤侵蚀危险度定量评价方法,尤其是模型方法的研究。 相似文献
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A. N. Romanov 《Eurasian Soil Science》2009,42(3):326-333
The effect of the water and salt contents, the soil texture, and the groundwater level on the radiation properties of soils was studied. A methodology was developed for the remote assessment of the degree of soil degradation on the basis of measuring the brightness temperature and emissivity of soils in the microwave region. Criteria based on the remote measurements of radiation parameters of soils for recording changes in the water-physical and other properties of soils, which are necessary for detecting degradation processes at early stages, were substantiated. For the remote assessment of soil degradation, it was proposed to analyze trends in changes with time concerning the emissivities of unfrozen soils occurring at a positive temperature (depending on the soil water content and the groundwater level), the emissivities of frozen nonsaline soils (depending on the soil texture and thermodynamic temperature), and the brightness temperature (depending on the soil salinity and thermodynamic temperature). 相似文献
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木质素对木质纤维素降解性能的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
木质素影响木质纤维素降解性能,明确木质素影响木质纤维素降解的程度和机理,对于植物基因改造、纤维素酶基因改造/筛选、预处理工艺优化均具有重大意义。但是由于木质素和木质纤维素结构的复杂性,木质素对木质纤维素影响的程度和机理尚无定论。该文综述了关于目前研究主要集中在木质素的含量和结构对木质纤维素降解性能的影响上,初始木质素含量和残留木质素含量对同物种和不同物种木质纤维素降解性能的影响;木质素单体比例(syringyl units/guaiacyl units)、键连方式、官能团对木质纤维素降解性能的影响;纯化木质素对木质纤维素降解性能的影响。该文为木质素对纤维素降解性能的影响的相关研究工作提供指导。 相似文献
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F. R. Zaidel’man 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(9):1061-1074
The efficiency of deep reclamation loosening used for soils of different types on the main parent rocks in the Nonchernozemic zone (mantle and moraine loams, Permian and varved loamy clays, and clays) is assessed basing on the results of long-term stationary and analytical investigations. The long-term aftereffect of the deep loosening on the density, porosity, water permeability, and the main elements of the soil water regime and factors limiting the use of deep loosening are considered. Over 6–12 years after the deep loosening, in the area, where active and passive loosening by a plough was made, a zone of elevated water permeability is preserved at the depth of 40–75 cm. Based on this phenomenon, a new technology of deep reclamation loosening, which restores the hydraulic connection between the arable and deeper soil layers, is proposed. The data on active deep rippers that provide soil loosening to the depth of 0.9–1.0 m are presented. Some agroecological aspects related to the duration of deep loosening effects on the soils and their productivity are discussed. Recommendations on the application of passive and active loosening and moling of heavy-textured gleyed soils are suggested for the European part of the Nonchernozemic zone in the Russian Federation. Field and laboratory works on estimating the efficiency of deep loosening continued for 15 years (1976–1990) for heavy-textured soils on the loess-like, fine-stratified varved clays, as well as on acid moraine and calcareous Permian clays and loamy clays in Moscow, Vologda, Novgorod, and Kirov oblasts. 相似文献
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黄土高原风沙区综合治理关键措施组合模式 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过对黄土高原风沙区已治理典型小流域水土保持治理措施的总结 ,选择基础资料比较详实的典型区 ,从土壤侵蚀、治理目标、关键措施及其相互之间关系等方面进行典型调查分析比较和效益评估 ,探讨了水土保持综合治理关键措施与组合方案。目前 ,在西部大开发中 ,风沙区的生态环境势必要优先考虑 ,统筹安排。否则不仅西部大开发难以顺利进行 ,也将会直接影响到东部地区经济的持续、稳定发展和人民生活质量的进一步提高。研究风沙区综合治理对实施以减沙治沙、恢复重建生态环境为目的的水土保持生态环境建设具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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通过对黄土高原风沙区已治理典型小流域水土保持治理措施的总结,选择基础资料比较详实的典型区,从土壤侵蚀、治理目标、关键措施及其相互之间关系等方面进行典型调查分析比较和效益评估,探讨了水土保持综合治理关键措施与组合方案。目前,在西部大开发中,风沙区的生态环境势必要优先考虑,统筹安排。否则不仅西部大开发难以顺利进行,也将会直接影响到东部地区经济的持续、稳定发展和人民生活质量的进一步提高。研究风沙区综合治理对实施以减沙治沙、恢复重建生态环境为目的的水土保持生态环境建设具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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利用嫩江流域控制站大赉水文站的春季解冻期径流量和输沙量资料和同期嫩江流域16个气象站的气象资料,分析了1963-1988年嫩江流域春季解冻期土壤侵蚀对气候变化的响应。结果表明:随着春季解冻期平均气温的升高,温差呈明显减少趋势,降水呈增加趋势;平均气温和降水量均对径流量的增加有正向作用,但降水较气温对径流的影响更为显著;通过对平均气温、降水量、径流量（包括融雪径流）和输沙量进行偏相关分析,春季解冻期的降水量和径流量对输沙量的影响显著,且为正相关,与平均气温成负相关,但影响不显著。 相似文献
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汞在泥炭上的吸附动力学研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用批次法研究了汞在三江平原泥炭和吉林双阳泥炭上的吸附动力学特征及温度、pH值对吸附的影响,实验表明:在相同的实验条件下,三江平原泥炭对汞的吸附速率小于吉林双阳泥炭;温度升高加快泥炭吸附汞的反应速度;两种泥炭对汞的吸附速率受pH值的影响明显且都在pH6.0左右具有最大的吸附量;在酸性介质内,介质的pH值升高,利于泥炭对汞的吸附;两种泥炭对汞的吸附动力学用Hill方程描述最为合适。湿地泥炭土壤较高的吸附容量,以及湿地低温和适当的pH都利于湿地对汞的累积。 相似文献
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Results of field experiments to measure the influence of shelterbelts on wind velocity, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture and yield of millet in a semi-arid environment are presented. It was found that the shelterbelt reduced wind velocity (measured at 2 m above the ground surface) on the leeward side. The reduction in wind velocity ranged from 20 to 10% at distances of 20 and 150 m, respectively, from the belt. Maximum air temperatures were 0.8 to 1.5°C higher at 20 m from the belt on the leeward side than in the open field. Minimum temperatures were, however, of the same magnitudes in both the open and sheltered areas. It is estimated that the moderating influence of the belt on wind extends to a distance of 15 times the height of the trees, while the effect of the belt on air temperature does not extend beyond 10 times the height of the trees.The influence of the shelterbelt on soil temperature was minimal. Maximum soil temperatures at 5 cm depth were 0.5 to 1.0°C higher close to the belt than in the open. Also, the shelterbelt had little influence on the soil moisture during the rainy season. However, immediately following the end of the rains, moisture depletion from the top soil was more rapid on the unprotected side than on the leeward side as the higher wind speeds on the unprotected side hastened the process of evaporation. Millet yield was higher in the sheltered area than in the open with peak yield observed at a distance of 4 times the tree height. 相似文献
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Ripley BD Ritcey GM Harris CR Denommé MA Lissemore LI 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1328-1335
The behavior and dissipation of several pesticides on selected cultivars of specialty vegetable crops were compared to determine appropriate preharvest intervals for compliance with maximum residue limits. To reduce application variability, a tank mix of pesticides was applied for each trial. Residues of eight pesticides applied to bok choi, Chinese broccoli, and fuzzy squash were similar for the two leafy vegetables; residues were higher than on squash because of the latter's larger mass-to-surface area ratio. Whereas residues of five of the nine pesticides applied to cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and bok choi did not differ significantly from 3 to 14 days after application, residues of cypermethrin and three fungicides were significantly higher on Chinese cabbage and bok choi. The residue deposits of the pesticides were about 50% lower on Chinese cabbage and 90% lower on cabbage than on bok choi. Dissipation of residues on different cultivars of lettuce and cabbage were compared after application of nine pesticides. With the exception of captan, residues on head lettuce were lower than on the other lettuces on day 1; cultivar differences were not significant for most of the nine applied pesticides on days 3 and 8. Generally, residues of the nine individual pesticides on storage cabbage, savoy cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and tah tsai did not differ significantly from day 1 to day 7 after application. Residue concentrations were generally significantly higher on bok choi than on the other cultivars. Residue deposits generally correlated with the rate of application; residues of captan, however, were about 50% of the predicted value. Significant differences in deposit and dissipation were observed among cultivars and pesticides, with dramatic initial decreases for diazinon and parathion. Because of their higher exposed surface area-to-mass ratios, leafier crops had higher residue concentrations than head varieties. Residues on lettuce cultivars were higher than on the cabbages. The results clearly indicate that structure significantly affects residue deposit and dissipation, and pesticide recommendations cannot always be extended to specialty crops without an investigation of the changes in preharvest intervals to prevent violations of the maximum residue limits. 相似文献
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县域土壤质量数字制图方法比较 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤质量研究几乎涵盖土壤研究的所有领域,土壤质量制图理论与方法是土壤质量研究的一项重要研究内容。该研究以北京市密云县为研究区,基于土壤质量评价最小数据集和指数和法计算的土壤质量指数,探究了在地学模型支持下区域土壤质量数字制图方法。研究设计了5种区域土壤质量数字制图方法,并比较了不同方法的空间数字制图精度。结果显示,目前广泛使用的基于参评指标空间插值结果的土壤质量数字制图方法精度最低、工序较繁琐,且无法反映研究区景观高度异质的特点;而基于计算后的土壤质量指数（soil quality index,SQI）,借助于地统计学方法的土壤质量数字制图方法相对比较科学合理,其中又以基于计算后的SQI和回归克里格法预测效果最好,均方根误差最小,仅为0.01897,相对于基于参评指标空间插值结果的土壤质量数字制图方法,精度相对提高率最大,达到50%以上。综合考虑空间制图精度、工序的繁简程度,在该研究设计的5种方法中基于计算的SQI和回归克里格法最佳,该法避免了地统计插值在景观高度异质区的应用局限性,预测结果与实际最为相符。 相似文献
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高压处理对橡实淀粉晶体特性的影响规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用RINT2000 vertical goniometer型X-衍射仪测定经高压处理的橡实淀粉的晶体特性,研究高压处理对橡实淀粉晶体特性的影响规律.结果表明:高压处理不会改变淀粉的晶体类型,对淀粉晶相有一定的影响.高压处理对淀粉晶相结晶度有极显著影响,对微晶相结晶度有显著影响,对亚微晶相结晶度有一般显著影响.高压处理时淀粉含水率对其结晶度有极显著影响,含水率越高,其结晶度越低.高压处理时的压力大小对淀粉晶相、微晶相结晶度显著影响,高压处理的压力增加,其结晶度降低,在一定条件下延长保压时间可以补偿压力不足的现象. 相似文献
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The statistical technique developed by Greig-Smith for the detection of pattern in vegetation has been modified for use on rhizoplane bacteria. The technique can show whether the bacteria arc randomly distributed, and if they are not, what is the approximate size of the high- and low-density areas. The technique has been applied to records of bacterial abundance in small squares on root surfaces, in one experiment on eight grassland species, and in a second experiment on two of these species recorded in more detail. The results show strongly non-random distribution on all species, not only at the scale of the small colonies clearly visible under the microscope, but also at larger scales, indicating larger areas of high and low density not previously demonstrated. Possible causes of these patterns are discussed. 相似文献
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农田防护林生态作用特征研究 总被引：44，自引：4，他引：44
农田防护林作为生态建设的重要措施,是农田生态系统的屏障,对生态安全与人类生存环境质量的提高有重要的意义。围绕农田防护林对风速结构及风蚀驱动力的影响、林网体系边界层气流物理特征以及对作物生长环境的调节作用等方面,综述了农田防护林生态作用特征及其研究现状与发展。在此基础上分析了农田防护林生态作用特征研究中存在的主要问题,提出了今后农田防护林生态作用特征研究重点与研究热点,对农田防护林学这一学科的深入研究与发展方向提供了有益的借鉴。 相似文献
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景观生态图是以图形的方式客观而概括地反映自然景观生态类型的空间特征。以重庆市北碚区为研究区域,在对北碚区图件及其它资料的研究基础上,加上进一步的野外调查,借鉴前人研究景观生态制图的经验,以遥感影像和一些专题图件为基础数据源,以ArcGIS为平台,将两者有机结合起来,综合制成景观生态图。 相似文献