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1.
This review focuses on the toxicity and metabolism of T-2 toxin and analytical methods used for the determination of T-2 toxin. Among the naturally occurring trichothecenes in food and feed, T-2 toxin is a cytotoxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by various species of Fusarium. Following ingestion, T-2 toxin causes acute and chronic toxicity and induces apoptosis in the immune system and fetal tissues. T-2 toxin is usually metabolized and eliminated after ingestion, yielding more than 20 metabolites. Consequently, there is a possibility of human consumption of animal products contaminated with T-2 toxin and its metabolites. Several methods for the determination of T-2 toxin based on traditional chromatographic, immunoassay, or mass spectroscopy techniques are described. This review will contribute to a better understanding of T-2 toxin exposure in animals and humans and T-2 toxin metabolism, toxicity, and analytical methods, which may be useful in risk assessment and control of T-2 toxin exposure.  相似文献   

2.
The total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury contents of 18 algae food products currently on sale in Spain were determined. The suitability of the analytical methodologies for this type of matrix was confirmed by evaluating their analytical characteristics. The concentration ranges found for each contaminant, expressed in milligrams per kilogram of dry weight, were as follows: total arsenic, 2.3-141; inorganic arsenic, 0.15-88; lead, < 0.05-1.33; cadmium, 0.03-1.9; and mercury, 0.004-0.04. There is currently no legislation in Spain regarding contaminants in algae food products, but some of the samples analyzed revealed Cd and inorganic As levels higher than those permitted by legislation in other countries. Given the high concentrations of inorganic As found in Hizikia fusiforme, a daily consumption of 1.7 g of the product would reach the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by the WHO for an average body weight of 68 kg. A more comprehensive study of the contents and toxicological implications of the inorganic As present in the algae food products currently sold in Spain may be necessary, which might then be the basis for the introduction of specific sales restrictions.  相似文献   

3.
5-Hydroxy-3-mercapto-2-pentanone is claimed in the scientific literature as a key intermediate in the degradation of thiamine and the related generation of aroma compounds; however, there are no analytical NMR and MS data available. We have identified the compound in a thermally treated mixture of thiamine, cysteine, and xylose and characterized it by MS and NMR.  相似文献   

4.
Monitoring of soil organic carbon (SOC) and pH is needed to manage soil protection and tackle possible degradation in support of, i.e, the upcoming European Soil Framework Directive. Harmonized monitoring procedures and protocols produced under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) will be recommended. The uncertainty contributions of sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis in the monitoring of soil pH and organic carbon in agricultural parcels using these harmonized monitoring procedures have been studied.

A within-laboratory comparison between the different analytical methods and sample pretreatments was made on 451 soil samples for SOC and 150 samples for soil acidity. Thereafter, a field study was performed to evaluate the contribution of the sampling method. Finally, an interlaboratory trial (including sampling) was organized to assess the overall monitoring uncertainty.

The results indicate that the influence of different sample pretreatments (e.g., milling) in combination with different analytical methods (elemental combustion versus chemical oxidation) are the main contributions to the observed uncertainty in the monitoring of SOC. For the monitoring of soil acidity, a similar observation was made, showing that differences in the practical implementation of the analytical method (e.g., mechanical shaking) are the main contributions to the monitoring uncertainty. The monitoring uncertainties derived from an interlaboratory trial (including sampling) amounted to ±20% (95% confidence interval, CI) for SOC and ±0.3 pH units (95% CI) for soil acidity on an agricultural parcel.  相似文献   

5.
A liquid chromatographic method using on-line sample cleanup, reverse flow analytical column loading, gradient elution, and postcolumn derivatization with iodine permits direct, rapid determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, as well as ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Limits of quantitation are 5 ppb for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A and 30 ppb for zearalenone. This procedure performs well as a multimycotoxin screen for cereal grains and oilseeds, with more limited success in complete animal feeds.  相似文献   

6.
Amphetamine samples obtained from clandestine laboratories often contain other by-product amines. The most common of these are the alpha-benzylphenethylamine derivatives. This article reports the independent synthesis of reference samples of these amines, spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for their identification, as well as acute toxicological studies. The utility of the analytical methods is demonstrated by the analysis of several amphetamine samples containing these alpha-benzylphenethylamines.  相似文献   

7.
A method of fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied as an analytical and quantitative tool for meat identification. Following alignments of the nucleotide sequences, an oligonucleotide primer pair was designed to amplify the partial sequences within the 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) gene of mitochondrial DNA from porcine, caprine, and bovine meats. No fragment can be amplified from dog, cat, fish, duck, goose, turkey, and chicken DNA with the primer pair. Using fluorescence sensor capillary electrophoresis, the species-specific DNA fingerprints of pork, goat, and beef were generated by restriction enzyme digestion following a fluorescence-labeling PCR amplification. Species identification was conducted on the meat mixtures. The reliably semiquantitative levels were below 1% for binary mixtures of pork, goat, and beef. Cooking and autoclaving of meats did not influence the generation of the PCR-RFLP profiles or the analytical accuracy.  相似文献   

8.
Aroma compounds, quality parameters, and sensory evaluation of Granny Smith apples were analyzed after 3, 5, and 7 months of cold storage in three controlled-atmosphere (CA) treatments, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide were held at 1, 2, and 3%. During poststorage ripening, the apples were kept at 20 degrees C for 1, 5, and 10 days before analytical measurements were made. The highest volatile emission was obtained after 5 months of storage in all CA treatments, reaching its highest value when a low-oxygen CA (LO) was used. Ultralow-oxygen CA (ULO) showed the highest ability to maintain apple firmness. The correlation among analytical and sensory parameters suggests that ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, 1-butanol, pentyl acetate, and tert-butyl propionate are the aroma compounds with the highest influence in the sensorial score. Concerning CA treatments, LO and ULO appear to be very valuable technologies for maintaining the sensorial quality even after 7 months of storage.  相似文献   

9.
The reaction of ninhydrin with primary amino groups to form the purple dye now called Ruhemann's purple (RP) was discovered by Siegfried Ruhemann in 1910. In addition, imines such as pipecolic acid and proline, the guanidino group of arginine, the amide groups of asparagine, the indole ring of tryptophan, the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, amino groups of cytosine and guanine, and cyanide ions also react with ninhydrin to form various chromophores of analytical interest. Since its discovery, extensive efforts have been made to apply manual and automated ninhydrin reactions as well as ninhydrin spray reagents to the detection, isolation, and analysis of numerous compounds of interest across a broad spectrum of disciplines. These include agricultural, biochemical, clinical, environmental, food, forensic, histochemical, microbiological, medical, nutritional, plant, and protein sciences. This reaction is unique among chromogenic reactions in that at pH 5.5 it results in the formation of the same soluble chromophore by all primary amines which react, be they amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins, and even ammonia. Because the chromophore is not chemically bound to the protein or other insoluble material, it is not lost when the insoluble substrate is removed by centrifugation or filtration after the reaction is completed. The visible color of the chromophore is distinctive and is generally not affected by the yellow colors present in many food, plant, and tissue extracts. Adaptations of the classical ninhydrin reaction to specialized needs in analytical chemistry and biochemistry include the use of acid, alkaline, and fluorogenic ninhydrin reagents. To cross-fertilize information among several disciplines wherein an interest in the ninhydrin reaction has developed, and to enhance its utility, this review attempts to integrate and correlate the widely scattered literature on ninhydrin reactions of a variety of structurally different compounds. Specifically covered are the following aspects: historical perspective, chemistry and mechanisms, applications, and research needs. A better understanding of these multifaceted ninhydrin reactions provide a scientific basis for further improvements of this important analytical technique.  相似文献   

10.
The development of an analytical method using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometry to monitor cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Spreng) bean fermentation, drying, and roasting processes is reported. The analysis of organic acids and alcohols of crude water extracts of cupuassu ground kernels were monitored by HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The residual protein signals caused deleterious effects on acid and alcohol quantifications. Therefore, the analytical procedures were optimized by sample cleanup and water suppression pulse sequences in order to obtain compatible data using HPLC and 1H NMR. The quantification of lactic acid, acetic acid, and 2,3-butanediol by NMR is 5- to 10-fold faster than by HPLC, with the advantage of providing the identification of several chemical species in a single experiment. Application of these analytical conditions to some cupuassu samples revealed that this methodology can be applied to the quality profiles of fermentation and roasting processes.  相似文献   

11.
A method has been established and validated for identification and quantification of individual, as well as total, anthocyanins by HPLC and LC/ES-MS in botanical raw materials used in the herbal supplement industry. The anthocyanins were separated and identified on the basis of their respective M(+) (cation) using LC/ES-MS. Separated anthocyanins were individually calculated against one commercially available anthocyanin external standard (cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride) and expressed as its equivalents. Amounts of each anthocyanin calculated as external standard equivalent were then multiplied by a molecular-weight correction factor to afford their specific quantities. Experimental procedures and use of a molecular-weight correction factors are substantiated and validated using Balaton tart cherry and elderberry as templates. Cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride has been widely used in the botanical industry to calculate total anthocyanins. In our studies on tart cherry and elderberry, its use as external standard followed by use of molecular-weight correction factors should provide relatively accurate results for total anthocyanins, because of the presence of cyanidin as their major anthocyanidin backbone. The method proposed here is simple and has a direct sample preparation procedure without any solid-phase extraction. It enables selection and use of commercially available anthocyanins as external standards for quantification of specific anthocyanins in the sample matrix irrespective of their commercial availability as analytical standards. It can be used as a template and applied for similar quantification in several anthocyanin-containing raw materials for routine quality control procedures, thus providing consistency in analytical testing of botanical raw materials used for manufacturing efficacious and true-to-the-label nutritional supplements.  相似文献   

12.
Tulathromycin is a novel member of the triamilide class of antibiotics that was developed as a safe and effective single-dose treatment of bovine and porcine respiratory disease. An accurate and precise analytical method was developed for the extraction and measurement of tulathromycin in livestock plasma and lung homogenates. Analytes were solid-phase extracted onto a weak cation exchanger after aqueous dilution of samples and addition of heptadeutero-tulathromycin as an internal standard. Following HPLC with a narrow bore C8 column, quantitative detection of tulathromycin was accomplished by monitoring the transition of a doubly charged precursor ion to a singly charged product ion by tandem mass spectrometry using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Procedures were validated for a dynamic range of 0.1 to 25 ng on column. Observed accuracies were between 90 and 110% of nominal and precision (RSD) varying 7% or less. Response and stability experiments showed that deuterated tulathromycin did not parallel the chemical behavior of tulathromycin. Applicability of the method to livestock studies was tested with plasma and lung samples from cattle and swine dosed with tulathromycin at multiple doses. The results demonstrated that the analytical method performed well in a range of sample concentrations spanning over 3 orders of magnitude and provided dose-exposure relationships for cattle and swine.  相似文献   

13.
There are few pedological investigations of the soils derived from basic rocks in Japan. The object of this paper is to offer fundamental information concerning the genesis and analytical characteristics of a Red-Yellow soil derived from a basic rock (gabbro) of which silica content is approximately 44 per cent.  相似文献   

14.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFAs), found in cottonseed, have been shown to have detrimental health effects to susceptible livestock. Previous quantitative analytical methods for the determination of CPFAs expressed these acids in terms of their relative abundance with respect to other fatty acids in the oil, necessitating the concurrent analysis of other fatty acids. The proposed analytical method describes the quantitation of three relevant CPFAs for cotton (malvalic acid, sterculic acid, and dihydrosterculic acid) in cottonseed in micrograms per gram fresh weight of sample. The method involves extraction of the oil, saponification, and derivatization of the free fatty acids with 2-bromoacetophenone to give the phenacyl esters. These esters are then separated by dual-column reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitated via external standards. This is the first method to include external calibration standards for CPFAs and, as such, is capable of direct quantification with no further data conversion required. CPFA data generated from the analysis of cottonseed, cottonseed meal, and cottonseed oil produced in the United States in 2002 are presented.  相似文献   

15.
The results of residue determinations of the growth promotors carbadox, tylosin, and virginiamycin in kidney, liver, and muscle from pigs in feeding experiments are described as well as the analytical methods used. Residues of the carbadox metabolite quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid were found in liver from pigs fed 20 mg/kg in the diet with a withdrawal time of 30 days. No residues were detected in muscle with zero withdrawal time. The limit of determination was 0.01 mg/kg for both tissues. No residues of virginiamycin and tylosin were found in pigs fed 50 and 40 mg/kg, respectively, in the diet, even with zero withdrawal time. Residues of tylosin of 0.06 mg/kg and below were detected in liver and kidney from pigs fed 200 or 400 mg/kg and slaughtered within 3 h after the last feeding.  相似文献   

16.
An analytical procedure is described for determining residues of rotenone in fish muscle, fish offal, crayfish, freshwater mussels, and bottom sediments. Tissue samples were extracted with ethyl ether and extracts were cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography and silica gel chromatography. Sediment samples were extracted with methanol, acidified, partitioned into hexane, and cleaned up on a silica gel column. Rotenone residues were quantitated by liquid chromatography, using ultraviolet (295 nm) detection. Recoveries from sediment samples fortified with rotenone at 0.3 microgram/g were 80.8%, whereas recoveries from tissue samples fortified with 0.1 microgram/g ranged from 87.7 to 96.8%. Samples fortified with 0.3 microgram/g and stored at -10 degrees C for 6 months before analysis had recoveries ranging from 83.2 to 90.5%. Limits of detection were 0.025 microgram/g for sediments and 0.005 microgram/g for tissue samples.  相似文献   

17.
席承藩  趙真 《土壤学报》1962,10(3):235-257
大同盆地位于山西省北部,地带性土壤为淡栗鈣土。这种土壤与內蒙古的集宁和呼和浩特等地的淡栗鈣土相类似,属于同一发生类型;唯只見于大同盆地北部。至于盆地南部地区如渾源一带的土壤,就很少具有淡栗鈣土特征;而和雁門关以南的土壤性状差不多。从这些土壤特性来看,大同盆地正好位于干草原向南部干早灌丛草原过渡的地带。  相似文献   

18.
Simple titrimetric methods have been developed for determination of the vitamin pyridoxine (PRX) in solution, using aromatic N-haloamines, chloramine-T, bromamine-T, and bromamine-B. The method is based on oxidation of PRX by the N-haloamines; the oxidation involves a 2-electron change. The reaction products, pyridoxal and sulfonamides, were identified. The effects of variables, such as pH of the medium and the presence of foreign ions, and pyridoxal, pyridoxalamine, glycerol, and alcohol, on the rate of oxidation were studied. The methods are useful for determining PRX in pharmaceutical formulations and for assaying its cadmium complex. Statistical evaluation showed that analytical results are accurate to within 1%.  相似文献   

19.
The agricultural background, morphology, and classification of soils from the Hans lope, Ragdale, Evesham, Denchworth, Flint and Salop series are presented together with basic analytical measurements of particle size and chemistry and with some details of the field water regimes. This information serves as essential background to other studies of soil structural properties as they relate to management of the same soils.  相似文献   

20.
为了改进图解积分法要反复查列线图的繁琐过程及克服该法不能编程计算的困难，提出了计算喷雾干燥塔直径和高度的一种新方法——解析法。采用解析法导出了过渡区(喷雾干燥大部分情况均落在此区间)计算雾滴水平飞翔距离和时间、雾滴减速运动垂直下降距离和时间的解析式，还导出了层流区、湍流区计算雾滴运动距离的解析式。利用这些解析式结合已报道的层流区及湍流区计算雾滴运动时间的有关解析式即可用解析法求出喷雾干燥塔的直径和高度。算例表明，解析法比图解积分法简便、准确，解析法手算或计算机编程计算均很方便、计算精度可以满足工程设计要求。  相似文献   

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