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1.
With growing pressure for conservation to pay its way, the merits of compensation for wildlife damage must be understood in diverse socio-ecological settings. Here we compare compensation programs in Wisconsin, USA and Solapur, India, where wolves (Canis lupus) survive in landscapes dominated by agriculture and pasture. At both sites, rural citizens were especially negative toward wolves, even though other wild species caused more damage. Wisconsin and Solapur differ in payment rules and funding sources, which reflect distinct conservation and social goals. In Wisconsin, as wolves recolonized the state, some periodically preyed on livestock and hunting dogs. Ranchers and some hunters were more likely to oppose wolves than were other citizens. The Wisconsin compensation program aimed to restore an iconic species by using voluntary contributions from wolf advocates to pay affected individuals more for wolf losses than for other species. By contrast, wolves had been continuously present in Solapur, and damages were distributed amongst the general populace. Government-supported compensation payments were on offer to anyone suffering losses, yet claims registered were low. There were no significant differences in attitudes of any particular segment of the population, but those losing high value livestock applied for compensation. Residents at both sites did not report (Wisconsin) or expect (Solapur) a change in attitude towards wolves as a result of compensation, yet they support the existence of such programs. To assess the merits of any compensation program, one must disentangle the multiple goals of compensation, such as reducing wolf killing or more fairly sharing the costs of conserving large carnivores. 相似文献
2.
The impact of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, on the rural agricultural economy in the Simao region of Yunnan province, China, was assessed from 1996 to 2000. Elephants were responsible for large-scale crop and property damage, which caused serious human-elephant conflicts in the region. Attempts were made to reduce the conflicts, by building man-made salt ponds in the forest, digging trenches to protect farmland, as well as governmental compensation. An integrated community development and elephant habitat conservation project is in practice in Simao. It is focused to support rural development of the economy and to promote social tolerance to damage caused by elephants. The community-based conservation efforts played an important role in efforts to solve the human-elephant conflicts. 相似文献
3.
H. W. Zoettl R. F. Huettl S. Fink G. H. Tomlinson J. Wisniewski 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,48(1-2):87-109
“New type” forest damages have been observed in West Germany since the mid-1970's and discussed in North America since the early 1980's. Various types of damage are associated with typical foliar discoloration symptoms related to site characteristic nutritional disturbances. The macronutrients are generally Mg, Ca, and K. Based on foliar and soil analysis results diagnostic fertilization trials were established at a wide variety of sites and stands in West Germany as well as in North America. The appropriate application of fast soluble fertilizers proved that damage symptoms associated with nutritional disturbances can frequently be mitigated within a relatively short period. The observed visual revitalization corresponds well with foliar analysis data obtained continuously for the last 5 yr. Soil analyses also reflect the improved nutrient supply. Investigations of older fertilizer trials indicated that stands fertilized before the appearance of “new type” damage symptoms are considerably more vital when compared to the untreated control plots. Remarkable results were derived from histological research. Microscopic analysis of needles proved the regeneration potential on a histological level for moderately yellowed needles after fertilization. Furthermore, needles of nutrient deficient trees reveal typical differences of tissue damages when compared to SO2 fumigated or O3 impacted needles. Thus, histological investigations can be used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between direct and indirect forest damages. 相似文献
4.
R. F. Huettl 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1988,41(1-4):95-111
Annual terrestrial inventories carried out in West Germany since 1984 indicate that for the last 4 yr approximately 50% of the forests were damaged. The damages were and are commonly attributed to the adverse effects of acid rain and other air pollutants. As most decline types are associated with nutritional disturbances, it was found that the application of lime and/or fertilizers could reduce or even remove the damages. Therefore, the West German government has established a nationwide program by which up to 80% of the costs of fertilization in forests revealing ”new type“ forest damages are subsidized. In practice, a clear distinction is made between compensative and ameliorative fertilization methods. Compensative fertilization means the application of Mg containing lime (generally 3,000 kg-ha?1) to neutralize further acidic deposition in forest soils. The ameliorative fertilization is focused on the specific application of nutrients, particularly in stands with acute nutritional deficiencies. This is accomplished by means of readily soluble Mg and K fertilizers at application rates of 500 to 1,000 kg-ha?1. In cases of insufficient P supply or for the activation of microbial decomposer chains in organic top soil horizons, P fertilizers are utilized. For ameliorative fertilization, foliar and soil analyses are recommended as a sound basis for fertilizer selection. In many cases, particularly in the States of Bavaria and Baden-Wuerttemberg, Mg containing lime in combination with fast soluble Mg and/or K (P) fertilizers are applied. Between 1984 and 1987, approximately 400,000 ha of “new type” forest damage areas have been limed and/or fertilized in West Germany. As positive as the application of lime and/or fertilizers appear to be, there exists some potential risks and limitations of these practices with regard to restabilization and revitalization of declining forest stands. 相似文献
5.
基于GIS的生态补偿分配模型及其应用研究——以安徽省会经济圈六安市为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
生态补偿已经成为当前全社会所广泛关注的热点问题,补偿额合理分配是区域协调发展研究的重要内容。利用影响生态补偿分配因素的统计数据,综合运用层次分析法和GIS技术确定了影响分配的指标系统,明确了影响分配因素的权重,且通过GIS技术构建分配框架模型,对生态补偿分配结果进行了区域运算和空间表达。结果表明,在六安市生态补偿分配中生态环境与资源、经济发展因素权重较大,而社会公平、科技水平与环境治理权重较小。以六安市碳排放和水资源的生态补偿总量73.38亿元为目标总量,以六安市各行政单元为分配主体,进行了初始分配模型的应用。经计算,六安市区、寿县、霍邱县、舒城县、金寨县和霍山县的获得生态补偿额分别为4.969,7.705,9.172,9.539,28.325和13.942亿元。 相似文献
6.
光伏扶贫是促进贫困地区实现农业现代化的重要手段。该研究运用生态系统服务付费方法,构建光伏扶贫生态系统服务指标评价体系,以及经济价值与经济损失评估模型。以补偿对象的经济损失得以弥补为目的,补偿主体支付补偿后经济价值仍有富余为可行条件,提出3种可行性补偿方案,通过对受益者与影响环境者在经济、环境、社会维度获得的经济价值进行再分配,确定补偿标准,比较判断补偿后的脱贫情况。以炎陵县地面村级光伏扶贫电站为例,选取东北、西北、西南地区的代表性县域光伏扶贫项目进行验证,结果显示:第1种补偿方案,贫困户既是补偿对象又是补偿主体,人均获得补偿净收入1 294.09元,无法实现脱贫;第2、3种补偿方案,贫困户仅作为补偿对象,不支付补偿,人均收入达到3 527.3元,高于最低脱贫标准;延寿县、水城县和大通县的生态补偿效果与炎陵县一致。结果说明,通过良好的生态补偿机制设计,环境保护和消除贫困将协同实现。 相似文献
7.
流域生态补偿标准的测算是目前国内生态补偿领域的研究重点之一,确定上游地区生态环境保护成本是测算生态补偿标准的核心内容。通过分析流域生态补偿存在的问题,建立了基于机会成本和生态系统服务价值的流域生态补偿标准计算方法,并从理论补偿标准入手,引入生态补偿系数,以闽江流域为例,对2005—2014年流域上游地区保护成本及生态服务价值进行测算,测算了闽江流域下游城市应该对上游地区给予生态补偿的补偿量。结果表明:下游必须给上游补偿的资金下限值为1.477 42~3.242 50亿元。针对补偿标准测算结果提出了相应的对策措施,即建立多元化的补偿资金筹措渠道,实现市场机制与政府主导相结合的生态补偿模式。 相似文献
8.
Background, aim, and scope
From the beginning of the twentieth century until the 1990s, energy in Upper Lusatia, Saxony in Eastern Germany was produced at power plants that burnt lignite coals. As a result, alkaline fly ash and aerosols from the combustion of brown coal have accumulated in adjacent areas that are partly under forestry. We ask the question, “how have these atmospheric depositions of fly ash influenced the soil physical properties (bulk density, particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, and water repellency) of forest floor horizons?”Materials and methods
The experimental sites represented typical soil types and stands of the sylviculturally used areas in the region of Upper Lusatia. Three forest sites were located close to the emission sources, where high amounts of fly ashes accumulated, and three control sites were without fly ash enrichment. Pore size distribution, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density were examined with undisturbed samples (metal cylinder 100 cm³). Disturbed samples were used for the characterization of particle density, texture, and water repellency (Wilhelmy plate method). Additionally, the carbon content was determined. Scanning electron microscopy was used to show fly ash enrichment.Results
The enrichment of mineral fly ash particles could be proven for sites close to the emission source. Using scanning electron microscopy, spherical fly ash particles could be identified. Total quantities of persistent fly ash enrichment amounted to approximately 150-280 Mg ha–1. The enrichment of fly ash affected the soil-physical characteristics. Close to the emission source (sandy fly ashes), particle density, air capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were significantly increased, whereas the plant available water was significantly reduced. With increasing distance from the emission source (silty fly ashes or no ash enrichment), air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were reduced, while an increase of plant available water was observed. Furthermore, the forest floor horizons close to the emission source were characterized by significantly reduced water repellency due to the dominance of hydrophilic mineral fly ash particles.Discussion
Fly ash deposition in Upper Lusatia must be considered as relevant for properties of forest soils. Mean particle density was significantly higher at sites with fly ash accumulation. This indicates the admixture of mineral particles. While bulk densities were not noticeably influenced, the increase of particle density and the dominance of sandy to coarse silty particles close to the emission sources cause an increase in total porosity, air capacity, and a relative reduction of plant available water. Hollows in spherical fly ash particles might contribute to the meso- and macropores. Due to the admixture of hydrophilic fly ash, the enriched forest floor horizons feature a distinct increase in potential wettability, which coincides with a higher pore and, hence, nutrient and contaminant accessibility. In combination with a higher saturated hydraulic conductivity, an increase in translocation of dissolved substances can be expected especially in the course of acidification, which causes an additional mobilization of nutrients and contaminants.Conclusions
With this study, we could prove the impact of fly ash enrichment on physical soil properties of forest floor horizons. Via SEM, we detected fly ash particles. The amounts of persistent fly ash accumulation could modify particle density, thickness, bulk density, and carbon content. To characterize hydraulic properties, we investigated the pore size distribution, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and a water repellency parameter. Thereby, we detected a distinct increase of coarse pores and an accompanying extremely high saturated hydraulic conductivity. The water repellency parameter indicated a significant decrease of hydrophobicity of fly-ash-enriched forest floor horizons.Recommendations and perspectives
Fly ash enrichment in forest floor horizons not only causes distinct chemical modifications but also alters soil physical properties, which must be considered in further hydrological investigations, as they may influence seepage of water and contaminant translocation within the soil and into groundwater.9.
《Biological conservation》1986,38(4):293-304
A survey of the huillin or southern river otter Lutra provocax distribution was made in Lanin, Puelo and Los Alerces National Parks. Signs of otters were found at only 4 of 175 sites visited and all of these were in the south of Lanin. According to local people the species occurred in all three National Parks until 25–40 years ago.The main reason for the loss of huillines seems to be intensive hunting in the past.The geography and structure of the hydrological basins may help explain the lack of recolonisation by huillines from remnant populations. Signs of mink Mustela vison were found in both Puelo and Los Alerces and, while mink could not have been responsible for the decline of the otter, they may hinder re-establishment of otter populations. Human disturbance and tourism are not thought to have a significant impact on huillin distribution although remote refuges should be maintained, and our results show the importance of good coastal vegetation cover for permanent populations of the species.It is clear that the only important and permanent population of huillines in Argentina, between 39°S and 43°S, occurs at Nahuel Huapi National Park, which was surveyed in 1982–1983. This population is now of critical importance for the conservation of the species, which should retain its ‘endangered’ status in Argentina. Measures to implement huillin conservation are proposed. 相似文献
10.
Bruno Baur Samuel ZschokkeArmin Coray Martin SchläpferAndreas Erhardt 《Biological conservation》2002,105(2):133-142
Habitat destruction and degradation are the major causes for the decline of the endangered grass-feeding flightless beetle Dorcadion fuliginator in Central Europe. We examined habitat characteristics at 19 localities which still support abundant D. fuliginator populations in the southern part of the Upper Rhine valley (border region of Switzerland, Germany and France) to obtain basic information for the management of deteriorating habitats with declining beetle populations. Populations of D. fuliginator were found in different types of grassland on south, south-west and south-east facing slopes and flat ground. Correspondence analysis showed that plant communities of D. fuliginator localities overlap widely with fertilized, dry hay meadows (phyto-sociologically defined as dry type of the Arrhenatheretum community) and to a minor extent with traditionally extensively cultivated dry grasslands (Xerobrometum and Teucrio-Mesobrometum communities). Average indicator scores of the plant communities characterize the habitat of D. fuliginator as fairly light-exposed and warm, but with relatively large ranges in humidity and nutrient content. The results of a 16-year study on the timing of emergence of the first beetles in a population provided further evidence for the high temperature requirements of D. fuliginator. Proposed conservation measures include traditional cultivation of the present secondary, man-made D. fuliginator habitats, introduction of beetles to suitable motorway embankments as well as large-scale measures allowing natural dynamics in the flood plain along the river Rhine, the presumably primordial habitat of this highly endangered beetle. 相似文献
11.
以生态服务的价值观浅析生态补偿和生态资产经营 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
针对国内外生态服务价值及生态补偿的现状,讨论了我国实行生态补偿的必要性和方式,并提出生态资产经营的新思路,认为生产“有机农产品”是一条切实可行的途径,并从案例研究出发提出要发展“全封闭、内循环、零排废”型生态产业。本研究可为实现我国经济、社会和生态协调发展的“多赢”局面提供借鉴。 相似文献
12.
Rehabilitation of the post‐mining landscape of Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg, Germany) represents a complex problem: 85 per cent of this area is currently being recultivated for forests or agriculture and 15 per cent is reserved for nature development. After mining, soil conditions are dry, acidic and nutrient poor. The ‘LENAB’ project aimed at conservation strategies and management options for natural habitats. Two competing basic motives of nature conservation on a small or medium scale were defined: (1) close‐to‐naturalness (allowing natural dynamics to take place without human interference) and (2) biodiversity (selective species and habitat protection). An overall strategy for sustainability of a cultural landscape can only be applied to the entire post‐mining landscape. The application of the two basic motives leads to different management options; this is illustrated by two important vegetation types. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
流域生态补偿作为流域管理的一个热点问题,已经引起社会各界的广泛关注.随着汾河流域的资源开发和经济发展,其生态环境问题日益严重,成为阻碍经济社会持续发展的瓶颈,建立汾河流域科学的生态补偿机制显得尤为重要.基于理论研究与分析,结合汾河流域的实际情况,明晰建立汾河流域生态补偿机制的原因和原则,分析建立汾河流域生态补偿机制的主体、客体、方式和标准,同时提出建立汾河流域生态补偿机制的保障措施,从而构建起汾河流域生态补偿机制的整体框架.在汾河流域引入生态补偿机制,不仅可以调整生态效益及相关的经济效益在保护者与受益者、破坏者与受害者之间的分配关系,而且还可以保护和改善汾河流域的生态环境,促进全流域经济、社会、环境协调持续发展. 相似文献
14.
Rikke A. Jensen 《Biological conservation》2008,141(7):1806-1818
Expanding populations of geese feeding on farmland during winter and spring conflict with agricultural interests along their migratory flyway in north-western Europe. In Mid-Norway, farmers scare spring-staging pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus off their land to protect crops, and this has had clear effects on goose distribution. To protect the geese, Norwegian authorities have implemented economic compensation to farmers to discourage scaring, but this has not been prioritised to accommodate the biological requirements and dispersal patterns of the geese, though such an approach is clearly needed. To address this need, we assessed the negative effects of scaring geese during 2004-2007, and built a species distribution model to identify sites suitable for goose foraging. We subsequently combined known foraging sites with sites identified by our model and prioritised these sites according to their connectivity, perimeter area ratio, years of historic use and proximity to roost. By combining historic data on foraging sites, a species distribution model, and a simple, accountable site selection process we demonstrate how the current compensation scheme can be made 10 times more efficient through strategic prioritisation. Our approach has direct implications for alleviating similar goose-agriculture conflicts throughout Europe. 相似文献
15.
A. Rodionov S. Nii‐Annang T. Fischer A. Gattinger O. Bens T. Raab R. F. Hüttl 《Soil Use and Management》2014,30(1):78-87
Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition. 相似文献
16.
Acidification and eutrophication of soils had been the main activators for the implementation of forest soil monitoring in Central Europe. Thus, field and lab studies focused on gathering information that is essential for the evaluation of the chemical status and its trend. A systematic assessment of soil physical threats caused by machine use in forests has not been integrated yet into the soil‐monitoring systems. In this study, a first approach to get a deeper insight into structure damages of forest topsoils was derived for 302 systematically distributed grid points in the Federal State of Baden‐Württemberg (SW Germany) during the nation‐wide soil survey performed from 2006 to 2008. We derived an approach to assess structure damage based on a key system using field information on structural and hydromorphic topsoil properties. It covers eight satellites surrounding the central monitoring soil pit at each grid point. Our survey focused on the mere stand area excluding visible damage and systematic skid trails. Analysis of structure‐damage intensity and spatial distribution leads to the conclusion that damage caused by vehicle traffic off the skid trails is a wide‐spread phenomena in Baden‐Württemberg forests, where wheeling is not restricted by steepness of terrain. Although regulations to control machine use recommending vehicle traffic to skid trails and fortified roads have been in place since the early 1980s, soil‐structure damages off these trails have reached significant levels. In the future, it will thus be indispensable to put more emphasis on the importance of soil‐protection aims in the ranking of the economic objectives of forest organizations and forest owners. 相似文献
17.
以生态补偿实现水土资源开发的帕累托最优 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
“帕累托最优”在指导自然资源开发时是一个十分有用的原理,但其“无人受害”的标准过于严苛,现实中很难完全达到。可以采用补偿方式来使很多十分必要却有部分人会因此受损的开发得以进行。但给予补偿的不能仅限于经济福利,还应包括生态福利,这样的补偿便是生态补偿。在流域水资源开发时,下游获利地区应给予上游受损地区一些必要的补偿;为保护环境与维持生态平衡,土地非农流转中除了给予经济补偿外,还应实施生态补偿。只要在实践中逐步实施生态补偿,就一定能实现资源开发的帕累托最优。 相似文献
18.
Efficiency of conservation shortcuts: an investigation with otters as umbrella species 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The use of shortcuts is widespread in conservation practices to help ensure biodiversity conservation with minimal expenditures. An umbrella species is a species whose conservation confers protection to a large number of naturally co-occurring species. The aim of this study is to test the usefulness of the umbrella species concept for conservation management. As our umbrella, we chose a wide-ranging and flagship species, the European otter (Lutra lutra). Otters are widely distributed predators with numerous genera and species, so otter occurrence could virtually be used as “umbrella” in every freshwater habitat. To test the usefulness of the concept, we investigated whether an umbrella species might protect other species in the long term. We compared (1) bird and amphibian species richness in 1993 and in 2003 on nine sites where otters were monitored for 20 years, and (2) bird, amphibian and mollusc species richness between the previous sites and nine bio-equivalent sites where no otter occurrence has been detected for 20 years. The study was carried out for two spatial scales: total otter home range and core areas (most intensely exploited areas). Our results show that species richness was significantly different between years on sites inhabited by otters. However, we showed that biodiversity did not differ between pairs of bio-equivalent sites inhabited or deserted by otters, whatever the estimation method. Our results cast doubt on the validity of umbrella species use as an objective tool for conservation. However, the keystone functional role that otters could play in ecosystems might be an interesting way to reconsider the purpose of the umbrella species concept. 相似文献
19.
干旱程度及时期对复水后大豆生长和代谢补偿效应的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为探讨大豆干旱胁迫及复水生长补偿效应和代谢补偿效应机制,建立最佳节水灌溉模式,采用盆栽称质量控水法,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对大豆生长发育、渗透调节、内源激素调节和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫抑制株高和叶面积增长,在苗期和开花期复水天数为0时降幅分别达12.50%~39.74%、21.71%~52.87%和16.93%~36.27%、27.99%~47.80%;导致脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量升高,在苗期和开花期复水后天数为0的增幅分别达46.97%~131.57%、99.56%~139.37%、6.64%~22.82%和31.68%~136.30%、32.63%~184.51%、15.82%~100.75%;超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但重度胁迫10 d处理呈降低趋势;脱落酸含量升高,赤霉素和玉米素核苷含量降低,而吲哚乙酸含量苗期呈降低趋势,开花期呈升高趋势。复水后,株高和叶面积日增长量表现出短暂快速增长,产生生长超补偿效应;中度胁迫和胁迫5 d处理各代谢指标产生等量或近等量代谢补偿效应,而重度胁迫和胁迫10 d处理产生近等量或部分代谢补偿效应。因此,干旱胁迫后复水产生补偿效应是有条件的,重度胁迫尤其是长时间重度胁迫会降低补偿效应甚至产生伤害效应。同时苗期适度干旱处理可提高开花期再次受旱的适应能力和补偿效应。 相似文献
20.
粮食主产区煤炭资源开发与农用地生态补偿机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]定量测算煤炭资源开采对农用地生态环境影响,构建矿产资源开发与农用地生态补偿新机制。[方法]以黑龙江省粮食主产区鸡西市东山煤矿为例,采用市场价值法、排污费及机会成本法。[结果](1)煤炭资源开发直接影响农用地完整性及粮食生产,间接影响生态环境及矿区居民健康。(2)资源开发企业造成生态损失由破坏及受益企业承担补偿,不明确破坏主体及历史遗留矿山生态环境损害由政府作为生态补偿主体;矿产资源开发对现代农业产区水土资源造成长期及不可逆转性的生态环境损害,土地整理复垦及高标准农田建设是粮食主产区重要补偿客体,生态环境治理区及矿区居民也是补偿客体。(3)鸡西市东山煤矿开采与农用地生态补偿为947.20万元/a,补偿标准为煤炭产值的2.92%。(4)政府以财政转移支付作为生态补偿方式,矿产开发企业以资源开采与农业生态补偿标准形成保证金制度,保证履行生态治理义务。[结论]粮食主产区煤炭资源开发与农用地生态补偿机制应构建以受益企业及政府为补偿主体、土地整理复垦及高标准农田建设项目区、生态环境治理区及矿区居民为补偿客体,测算煤炭开发对农用地的直接及间接影响作为补偿标准,建立多元化的补偿方式。 相似文献